Analytic Geometry

CHAPTER 4
Fundamentals of Geometry: Points, Lines, and Planes
Point
1. A location in space.
2. Has no dimension (no length, no width, no depth).
3. Usually represented by a dot.
4. Named using one capital letter.

For example:

●B
Line
1. A series of points that extends in opposite directions without end.
2. One-dimensional (length).
3. Has an arrowhead on each end representing the fact that it goes on forever.
4. Always straight.
5. Named with a lowercase script letter or by 2 points on the line

For example: Can be called:

Line C
C
Line AB
A B Line BA
Plane
1. A flat surface that extends forever in two dimensions (length & width).
2. Contains infinitely many points and lines.
3. Usually represented by a four-sided figure.
4. Named with a capital script letter or 3 points on the surface of the plane

For example:

A W Can be named:

C
Plane W
B
Plane ABC, plane BCA, plane CBA, etc.
More Definitions:
Collinear points – points that can lie on the same line.

Noncollinear points - points that can’t lie on the same line.

D

Coplanar points – points that can lie on the same plane.

A
Noncoplanar points – points that can’t lie on the same plane.
D
Equidistant – equally distant

Intersect – Two or more figures intersect if they have one or more points in common.

Intersection – All points or sets of points the figures have in common.

When a line and a point intersect, When 2 lines intersect, their
their intersection is a point. intersection is a point.

l
B

When 2 planes intersect, their When a line and plane intersect,

intersection is a line. their intersection is a point.
Line

A line goes on and on in both directions. A line is

drawn with an arrow on each end
Line Segment

A line segment is a part of a line. It is drawn with two endpoints

 Ray

A ray goes on and on in one direction. It is drawn with an

arrow on one end and an endpoint on the other.
Line Relationships
• Parallel Lines Parallel lines are always the
same distance apart. They will
never touch.

• Intersecting Lines Intersecting lines are two

lines that cross each other
• Perpendicular Lines

90 Perpendicular lines are two lines that

intersect to form right angles.

Also, it is a special kind of intersecting lines

because it always form “perfect” right angle.
Introduction to Analytic Geometry
Analytic Geometry - deals with geometric problems using coordinates system thereby
converting it into algebraic problems.

Rene Descartes (1596-1650) introduced coordinates system and thus became the founder
of analytic geometry. Y-axis

Rectangular Coordinates System QUAD II QUAD I

( Cartesian Coordinate System )
Origin ( 0 , 0 )
Parts of a plane
X-axis
1. X-axis
2. Y-axis
QUAD III QUAD IV
3. Origin
4. Quadrants I-IV
PLOTTING POINTS

Plot these 4 points:

A (3, -4)
B (5, 6)
C (-4, 5)
D (-7, -5)
The distance between two points
The Distance Formula
The Distance Formula
y ( x2 , y2 )
d
x1
( x1 , y1 )
( x2 − x1 )
x2
x
 y ( x2 , y2 )
d
( y2 − y1 )
( x1 , y1 ) y2
( x2 − x1 )
y1
x
 y ( x2 , y2 )
d
( y2 − y1 )
( x1 , y1 )
( x2 − x1 )
x

c = a +b
2 2 2

d = ( x2 − x1 ) + ( y2 − y1 )
2 2 2
d = ( x2 − x1 ) + ( y2 − y1 )
2 2 2

d= ( x2 − x1 ) + ( y2 − y1 )
2 2

( x1 , y1 ) ( x2 , y2 )
d= ( x2 − x1 ) + ( y2 − y1 )
2 2
Example
x1 y1 x2 y2 x1 y1 x2 y2
1.( 3, 1 ) ( 2 ,4 ) 2. ( 2, − 7 ) ( 2 , − 1 )

( 2 − 3) + ( 4 − 1) ( 2 − 2) + ( −1 − ( −7 ) )
2
d=
2
d=
2 2

d= ( ) + ( )
2 2
d= ( −1 ) + ( ) 0 6
2 2
3
d= 0 + 36
d= 1 + 9

d = 36
d = 10
d =6
Problem Solving
1. The linear distance between -4 and 17 on the number line is?
2. Find the distance between A(4,-3) and B(-2,5).
3. If the distance between points (3,y) and (8,7) is 13, then y is equal to?
Plot the Points and find the distance in each
segments
1. A(-2,-3), B(6,1), and C(-2,5)
2. A(-3,-3), B(3,3), and C(-4,4)
Slope of a line (m)
- The slope of a line is a number that measures its
"steepness", usually denoted by the letter m. It is the change
in y for a unit change in x along the line.
Problem Solving
1. What is the slope of the line joining the points (4,-3) and (-1,3)?
2. The slope through the points (-4,-5) and (2,7) is?
3. Find the value of k given that the slope of the line joining (3,1) and (5,k) is 2.
Division of a line Segment
The Midpoint
Ratio (r)

•
Find the midpoint of the line segment joining each of the ff.
1. (-3,4) , (3,-4)
2. (9,1), (6,4)
Find the coordinates of the midpoint of the sides of the triangle
whose vertices are:
1. (-1,-2), (5,2), (1,6)
Find the coordinates of the point which is 2/3 of the distance from
the first to the point in each of the ff:
1. (-1,-2), (5,4)
Equation of a LINE

General Equation:
Problem Solving
1.The y-intercept of the line is -3. If (5,2) is a point on the line, determine the
slope of the line.
2.What is the x- intercept of the line passing through (1,4) and (4,1)?
3.Find the equation of a line through (-2,-3) with slope ½.
4. What is the equation of a line that has a slope of -2 and intercepts the x-axis at x = 2?
5. If the points (x,y), (2,-5) and (7,1) lie in a line, find the equation of the line.
System of Linear Equations

Consistent Inconsistent Dependent

One solution No solution Infinite number of

solutions
Lines intersect Lines are parallel
Coincide-Same
line
Line Relationships
Intersecting lines

Intersecting lines are lines that

cross at some point. They share one
point which is called the point of
intersection. It does not matter what
angle the lines meet at, if two lines cross
at a point then they are considered
intersecting lines.

1. Find the solution of the system

3x + y = 1 and 3x + 2y = 6
Standard Equation and Slope Formula
Problem Solving
1. Find the acute angle between the lines
having slopes of 2 and 5.
2. Find the acute angle formed by the lines
2x + 3y + 5 = 0 and 3x – 5y + 8 = 0.
Perpendicular Lines
A line is considered perpendicular to another line if it meets or crosses the
line at a right angle, or 90 degrees.
Standard Equation and Slope Formula
Problem Solving
1. Determine k so that the line 2x – ky + 2 = 0 is perpendicular to the line 3x
+ 2y – 7 = 0.
2. For what value of k will the line kx + 5y = 2k be perpendicular to the line
2x – 3y = 1?
Parallel Lines
Parallel lines are two or more lines that are the same distance apart. These
lines will never intersect. There are many examples of parallel lines in the
world.
1. Determine k so that the line y + 3 = kx will be parallel to the
line 4x + 12y = 12.
Distance between a Point and a Line
1. Find the distance from the point (2,1) to the line 4x – 3y + 5 = 0.
Distance between Parallel Lines
1. Find the distance between two parallel lines
4x – 3y – 9 =0 and 4x – 3y – 24 = 0.