CHAPTER : LEVELLING

PRACTICAL : SERIES LEVELLING

4.0 INSTRUMENTS

a) Automatic level.

b) Tripod.

c) Staff.

d) Staff bubbles.

e) Peg

5.0PROCEDURE

a)Let A and B be the two point and the level is set up between A and B anywhere in the ground. A is
a point of known elevation, TBM1 = m.

b)The telescope is directed towards A and reading vertically held staff at point A. This is B.S reading

=… m.

c) The telescope is directed on the staff at point B. The F.S reading is m.

d) Then move level at any stable ground between next point B and C.

e) Repeat the procedure b) and c). Also take reading for B.S and F.S.

f) Repeat the procedure until the unknown point. Then close the reading to TBM1.
 BS IS FS RISE FALL RL ADJ ADJ RL REMAKS
1.415 13.922 - 13 TBM=13.922
1.615 1.645 -0.23 13.692 +0.001 13.963 1
1.535 1.565 0.05 13.742 +0.002 13.744 2
1.565 1.580 -0.015 13.727 +0.003 13.730 3
1.515 1.545 0.02 13.747 +0.004 13.751 4
0.960 1.505 0.05 13.807 +0.005 13.812 5
1.550 1.710 -0.195 13.612 +0.006 13.618 6
1.580 1.715 -0.755 13.857 +0.007 12.864 7
2.475 1.590 -0.04 13.817 +0.008 12.825 8
1.495 0.085 13.902 +0.009 12.911 9
1.465 1.01 13.912 +0.010 13.922 TBM=13.922
15.775 15.785 1.225 1.235

ARITHMETIC CHECK

Σ (BS) - Σ (FS) = Σ (Rise) - Σ (Fall) = Last RL – First RL

15.775-15.785= 1.225-1.235= 13.912-13.922

=-0.01 = -0.01 =0.01

CHAPTER 2 : LEVELLING

PRACTICAL : LONG SECTION AND CROSS SECTION SURVEY

4.0 INSTRUMENTS

a) Automatic level.

b) Tripod.

c) Staff.

d) Staff bubbles.

e) Measurement tape.

f) Peg

5.0 PROCEDURE

a) Set up center line with given points@ equal distance as known as longitudinal section.

b) Set up the points at right angles on either side of the center line of the proposed center line.

c) Set up instrument at any suitable points, a number of change points, CP along with intermediate
sights, IS may be required.

d) The intermediate sights, IS are taken on stations, at breaks in the ground surface, at points of
change of slope and other critical points
 BS IS FS RISE FALL RL ADJ ADJ RL REMARKS
1.375 13.922 - TBM=13.922
1.535 -0.16 13.762 0.004 13.766 1
1.566 -0.03 13.732 0.004 13.736 2
1.565 0 13.732 0.004 13.736 3
1.580 -0.015 13.717 0.004 13.721 4
1.515 0.065 13.782 0.004 13.786 5
1.565 -0.05 13.732 0.004 13.736 6
2.180 -0.615 13.117 0.004 13.121 7
2.265 -0.085 13.032 0.004 12.036 8
1.500 2.425 -0.16 12.872 0.008 12.886 9
1.520 -0.02 12.852 0.008 12.860 10
1.500 0.02 12.872 0.008 13.880 11
0.930 0.57 13.442 0.008 13.450 12
0.580 0.36 13.792 0.008 13.800 13
0.570 0.01 13.802 0.008 13.810 14
0.560 0.01 13.812 0.008 13.820 15
0.610 -0.05 13.762 0.008 13.770 16
0.600 0.01 13.772 0.008 13.780 17
1.595 0.665 -0.065 13.707 0.012 13.719 18
1.620 -0.025 13.682 0.012 13.694 19
1.565 0.055 13.737 0.012 13.749 20
1.585 -0.02 13.717 0.012 13.729 21
1.555 0.03 13.747 0.012 13.759 22
1.505 0.05 13.797 0.012 13.809 23
1.680 -0.175 13.622 0.012 13.634 24
2.450 -0.77 12.852 0.012 12.864 25
2.485 -0.035 12.817 0.012 12.829 26
2.430 2.410 0.075 12.892 0.012 12.908 27
1.415 1.015 13.907 - 13.923 TBM=13.922

6.9 6.915 2.26 -2.275

ARITHMETIC CHECK

Σ (BS) - Σ (FS) = Σ (Rise) - Σ (Fall) = Last RL – First RL

6.9-6.915=2.26-2.275=13.907-13.922

=-0.015= -0.015 =-0.015

CHAPTER : LEVELLING

PRACTICAL : CONTOUR

4.0 INSTRUMENTS

a) Automatic level.

b) Tripod.

c) Staff.

d) Ranging pole.

e) Measurement tape.

f) Staff bubble

5.0 PROCEDURE

a) Make a grid line ……m x …….m with ranging pole and measurement tape.

b) Mark each point (eg: A, B, C, D and).

c) Start back-sight reading at given TBM = m.

d) Intermediate sight reading at marking point.

e) Then close the reading to TBM

 BS IS FS RISE FALL RL ADJ ADJ RL REMARKS
1.375 13.922 - TBM=13.922
1.535 -0.16 13.762 0.004 13.766 1
1.566 -0.03 13.732 0.004 13.736 2
1.565 0 13.732 0.004 13.736 3
1.580 -0.015 13.717 0.004 13.721 4
1.515 0.065 13.782 0.004 13.786 5
1.565 -0.05 13.732 0.004 13.736 6
2.180 -0.615 13.117 0.004 13.121 7
2.265 -0.085 13.032 0.004 12.036 8
1.500 2.425 -0.16 12.872 0.008 12.886 9
1.520 -0.02 12.852 0.008 12.860 10
1.500 0.02 12.872 0.008 13.880 11
0.930 0.57 13.442 0.008 13.450 12
0.580 0.36 13.792 0.008 13.800 13
0.570 0.01 13.802 0.008 13.810 14
0.560 0.01 13.812 0.008 13.820 15
0.610 -0.05 13.762 0.008 13.770 16
0.600 0.01 13.772 0.008 13.780 17
1.595 0.665 -0.065 13.707 0.012 13.719 18
1.620 -0.025 13.682 0.012 13.694 19
1.565 0.055 13.737 0.012 13.749 20
1.585 -0.02 13.717 0.012 13.729 21
1.555 0.03 13.747 0.012 13.759 22
1.505 0.05 13.797 0.012 13.809 23
1.680 -0.175 13.622 0.012 13.634 24
2.450 -0.77 12.852 0.012 12.864 25
2.485 -0.035 12.817 0.012 12.829 26
2.430 2.410 0.075 12.892 0.012 12.908 27
1.415 1.015 13.907 - 13.923 TBM=13.922
6.9 6.915 2.26

ARITHMETIC CHECK

Σ (BS) - Σ (FS) = Σ (Rise) - Σ (Fall) = Last RL – First RL

6.9-6.915=2.26-2.275=13.907-13.922

=-0.015= -0.015 =-0.015

INTRODUCTION

Levelling is a method of determining the height or low of a point on the surface of the earth. The real
purpose of a level survey is to determine the difference in height between two points.The difference
in height between A and B is the difference between rod readings or ‘staff’. It is used in engineering
to design highways, railways, canals, culverts, to lay out construction projects according to planned
elevations and to calculate volume of earthworks and other materials. In addition to producing a
contour map to give a true picture of the ground surface in the area.

1.0 Total Station

2.0 Levelling Staff

3.0 Staff Bubbles

4.0 Tripod
DISCUSSION

5 main sources of Error in levelling is firstly, Instrumental Errors it is the error that arises on account
of the defects or certain problems associated with the instruments that are used forlevelling. Other
type is, error due to sluggish bubble. It tends remains central though the bubble axis is not
horizontal. The over-sensitive tube may also pose significant difficulty in levelling the instrument.
And if it is too sensitive, it will take a long time to level the instrument. Other than that, rod not of
standard length also instrumental error. The errors may be encountered when the levelling staff is
incorrectly graduated. The graduations of the new staff must be checked utilizing an invar tape to
ensure that the graduations are correct. Moreover, error due to defective tripod. When a shaky
tripod is used, the instrument becomes unstable, and the measurements collected may contain a
variety of mistake, including an increase in inaccurate readings. Secondly, errors due to Natural
causes which is curvature and refraction. The effect of the earth's curvature is to make objects look
lower than they are, whereas the impact of refraction is to make them appear higher than they are.
Other than that, type of natural errors is wind vibrations. Because of the shaking of the instrument,
performing correct work in a windstorm is challenging. Lastly, errors of manipulation. The type of
errors in manipulation is improper levelling of the instrument. Certain faults might occur as a result
of the instrument being levelled incorrectly or carelessly. Aside from that, there was no centralization
of the bubble during the reading. While taking the reading, if the bubble is not in the centre,
mistakes may occur.

CONCLUSION

Throughout this report, I appreciate this opportunity to learn about the levelling procedure. Also
from this work, I understood about the tools used in leveling. For the example, automatic level,
dumpy level, tripod, leveling staff and others. In addition, I learned how to calulate the reduce level
by using rise and fall method and height of collimation. In this leveling work, we should more careful
in the leveling process to avoid errors like making sure the instrument is always inhorizontal level by
checking the bubble, also we should double check the reading taken to avoid errors. It is very nice for
me to understand the scope of work of a site surveyor