CLSU Agricultural and Biosystems Engineering Review Class 2021

INTEGRAL CALCULUS

HENRISON C. SANCHEZ
Instructor
Department of Engineering Sciences
College of Engineering, Central Luzon State University

INTRODUCTION

This reviewer is about the concept and application of the fundamental principles of
integration, definite integrals, plane areas, compute areas between two curves and solids of
revolutions and its application to work and fluid pressure.

FUNDAMENTAL PRINCIPLES OF INTEGRATION

Definition of Antiderivative

A function 𝐹 is called antiderivative of a function 𝑓 on a given open interval if for all 𝑥 in the
interval, 𝐹 ′ (𝑥) = 𝑓(𝑥).
Example:
1 1 1
𝐹(𝑥) = 𝑥 3 ; 𝐺(𝑥) = 𝑥 3 + 5 ; 𝐻(𝑥) = 𝑥 3 + √5
3 3 3
𝐹(𝑥), 𝐺(𝑥), and 𝐻(𝑥) are all antiderivatives of 𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑥 2 , because the derivative of 𝐹(𝑥), 𝐺(𝑥), and
𝐻(𝑥) are all equal to 𝑓(𝑥).

Theorem 1.

If 𝐹 is an antiderivative of 𝑓 on a given open interval, then the most general antiderivative (or
indefinite integral) of 𝑓 on the given open interval is
𝐹(𝑥) + 𝐶
where 𝐶 is an arbitrary constant.

The symbol
∫ 𝑓(𝑥) 𝑑𝑥
is used to indicate indefinite integral of 𝑓(𝑥).

Integration formulas

Algebraic, Exponential and Logarithmic Functions

𝑑𝑥
1 ∫ 𝑓 ′ (𝑥) 𝑑𝑥 = 𝑓(𝑥) + 𝐶 5 ∫ = ln|𝑥 | + 𝐶
𝑥
∫[𝑓(𝑥) ± 𝑔(𝑥)]𝑑𝑥 = ∫ 𝑓(𝑥) 𝑑𝑥 𝑎𝑥
2 6 ∫ 𝑎 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = + 𝐶, 𝑎 > 0, 𝑎 ≠ 1
± ∫ 𝑔(𝑥)𝑑𝑥 ln 𝑎

3 ∫ 𝑎𝑓(𝑥)𝑑𝑥 = 𝑎 ∫ 𝑓(𝑥)𝑑𝑥 7 ∫ 𝑒 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = 𝑒 𝑥 + 𝐶
𝑥+1
4 ∫ 𝑥 𝑛 𝑑𝑥 = +𝐶 8 ∫ ln 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = 𝑥 ln 𝑥 − 𝑥 + 𝐶
𝑛+1

Trigonometric Functions
1 ∫ sin 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = − cos 𝑥 + 𝐶 6 ∫ csc 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = ln|csc 𝑥 − cot 𝑥 | + 𝐶

2 ∫ cos 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = sin 𝑥 + 𝐶 7 ∫ sec 2 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = tan 𝑥 + 𝐶

3 ∫ tan 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = ln|sec 𝑥 | + 𝐶 8 ∫ csc 2 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = − cot 𝑥 + 𝐶

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4 ∫ cot 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = ln|sin 𝑥 | + 𝐶 9 ∫ sec 𝑥 tan 𝑥 = sec 𝑥 + 𝐶

5 ∫ sec 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = ln|sec 𝑥 + tan 𝑥 | + 𝐶 10 ∫ csc 𝑥 cot 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = − csc 𝑥 + 𝐶

Inverse Trigonometric and Hyperbolic Functions

𝑑𝑥 𝑥
1 ∫ = arcsin + 𝐶 9 ∫ csch2 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = − coth 𝑥 + 𝐶
2
√𝑎 − 𝑥 2 𝑎
𝑑𝑥 1 𝑥
2 ∫ 2 2 = arctan + 𝐶 10 ∫ sech 𝑥 tanh 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = − sech 𝑥 + 𝐶
𝑎 +𝑥 𝑎 𝑎
𝑑𝑥 1 𝑥
3 ∫ = arcsec + 𝐶 11 ∫ csch 𝑥 coth 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = − csch 𝑥 + 𝐶
𝑥√𝑥 2 − 𝑎2 𝑎 𝑎
𝑑𝑥 𝑥
4 ∫ sinh 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = cosh 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 12 ∫ = sinh−1 +𝐶
√𝑥 2 + 𝑎2 𝑎
𝑑𝑥 𝑥
5 ∫ cosh 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = sinh 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 13 ∫ = cosh−1 + 𝐶 , 𝑥 > 𝑎 > 0
√𝑥 2 − 𝑎2 𝑎
𝑑𝑥 1 𝑥
6 ∫ tanh 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = ln cosh 𝑥 + 𝐶 14 ∫ 2 2 = tanh−1 + 𝐶, 𝑥 2 < 𝑎2
𝑎 −𝑥 𝑎 𝑎
𝑑𝑥 1 𝑥
7 ∫ coth 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = ln sinh 𝑥 + 𝐶 15 ∫ 2 = − coth−1 + 𝐶, 𝑥 2 > 𝑎2
𝑥 − 𝑎2 𝑎 𝑎
8 ∫ sech2 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = tanh 𝑥 + 𝐶

Integration by Substitution

To evaluate an integral ∫ 𝑓(𝑥)𝑑𝑥, it is often useful to replace 𝑥 with a new variable 𝑢 by

means of substitution 𝑥 = 𝑔(𝑢), 𝑑𝑥 = 𝑔′ (𝑢)𝑑𝑢. The equation becomes
∫ 𝑓(𝑥)𝑑𝑥 = ∫ 𝑓(𝑔(𝑢))𝑔′ (𝑢)𝑑𝑢
Example:
1. Evaluate ∫(𝑥 + 3)11 𝑑𝑥.
Let 𝑢 = 𝑥 + 3 ⇒ 𝑑𝑢 = 𝑑𝑥
∫(𝑥 + 3)11 𝑑𝑥 ⇒ ∫ 𝑢11 𝑑𝑢
𝑢12
= +𝐶
12
(𝑥 + 3)12
⇒ +𝐶
12
𝑑𝑥
2. Evaluate ∫
2𝑥−3
𝑑𝑢
Let 𝑢 = 2𝑥 − 3, 𝑑𝑢 = 2𝑑𝑥 → = 𝑑𝑥
2
𝑑𝑢
𝑑𝑥
∫ ⇒∫ 2
2𝑥 − 3 𝑢
1 𝑑𝑢
= ∫
2 𝑢
1
= ln|𝑢| + 𝐶
2
1
⇒ ln|2𝑥 − 3| + 𝐶
2
𝑥 2 𝑑𝑥
3. Evaluate∫
1−2𝑥 3
Let 𝑢 = 1 − 2𝑥 3 , 𝑑𝑢 = −6𝑥 2 𝑑𝑥
1
𝑥 2 𝑑𝑥 − 𝑑𝑢
∫ ⇒∫ 6
1 − 2𝑥 3 𝑢
1 𝑑𝑢
=− ∫
6 𝑢
1
= − ln|𝑢| + 𝐶
6
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⇒ − ln|1 − 2𝑥 3 | + 𝐶
6
4. Evaluate ∫ 𝑒 3𝑥 𝑑𝑥
1
Let 𝑢 = 𝑒 3𝑥 , 𝑑𝑢 = 3𝑒 3𝑥 𝑑𝑥 → 𝑑𝑢 = 𝑒 3𝑥 𝑑𝑥
3
1
∫ 𝑒 3𝑥 𝑑𝑥 ⇒ ∫ 𝑑𝑢
3
𝑢
= +𝐶
3
𝑒 3𝑥
⇒ +𝐶
3
1
5. ∫ sin (2 𝑥) 𝑑𝑥
1 1
Let 𝑢 = 𝑥, 𝑑𝑢 = 𝑑𝑥 → 2𝑑𝑢 = 𝑑𝑥
2 2
1
∫ sin 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 ⇒ ∫ 2sin𝑢 𝑑𝑢
2
= −2cos𝑢 + 𝐶
1
⇒ −2 cos 𝑥 + 𝐶
2
6. ∫ sin2 𝑥 cos 𝑥 𝑑𝑥
Let 𝑢 = sin 𝑥 , 𝑑𝑢 = cos 𝑥 𝑑𝑥
∫ sin2 𝑥 cos 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 ⇒ ∫ 𝑢2 𝑑𝑢
𝑢3
= +𝐶
3
sin3 𝑥
⇒ +𝐶
3
7. ∫ tan 𝑥 𝑑𝑥
sin 𝑥
Recall: tan 𝑥 =
cos 𝑥
Let 𝑢 = cos 𝑥, 𝑑𝑢 = − sin 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 → −𝑑𝑢 = sin 𝑥 𝑑𝑥
sin 𝑥
∫ tan 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = ∫ 𝑑𝑥
cos 𝑥
𝑑𝑢
⇒ ∫−
𝑢
= − ln|𝑢| + 𝐶
= − ln|cos 𝑥 | + 𝐶
⇒ ln|sec 𝑥 | + 𝐶
8. ∫ 𝑥 cot 𝑥 2 𝑑𝑥
𝑑𝑢
Let 𝑢 = 𝑥 2 , 𝑑𝑢 = 2𝑥𝑑𝑥 → = 𝑥𝑑𝑥
2
1
∫ 𝑥 cot 𝑥 2 𝑑𝑥 ⇒ ∫ cot 𝑢 + 𝐶
2
1
= ln|𝑢| + 𝐶
2
1
⇒ ln|𝑥 2 | + 𝐶
2
9. ∫ sec 2 2𝑎𝑥 𝑑𝑥
𝑑𝑢
Let 𝑢 = 2𝑎𝑥, 𝑑𝑢 = 2𝑎𝑑𝑥 → = 𝑑𝑥
2𝑎
1
∫ sec 2 2𝑎𝑥 𝑑𝑥 ⇒ ∫ sec 2 𝑢 𝑑𝑢
2𝑎
tan 𝑢
= +𝐶
2𝑎
tan 2𝑎𝑥
⇒ +𝐶
2𝑎
10. ∫(1 + tan 𝑥)2 𝑑𝑥
∫(1 + tan 𝑥)2 𝑑𝑥 = ∫(1 + 2 tan 𝑥 + tan2 𝑥)𝑑𝑥

= ∫(sec 2 𝑥 + 2 tan 𝑥) 𝑑𝑥 Recall: sec 2 𝑥 = 1 + tan2 𝑥

= tan 𝑥 + 2 ln|sec 𝑥 | + 𝐶

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𝑑𝑥
11. ∫
√25−16𝑥 2
𝑑𝑢
Let 𝑢 = 4𝑥, 𝑑𝑢 = 4𝑑𝑥 → = 𝑑𝑥
4
𝑑𝑥 1 𝑑𝑢 1 4𝑥
∫ = ∫ = arcsin + 𝐶
√25 − 16𝑥 2 4 √52 − (𝑢)2 4 5
𝑑𝑥
12. ∫
𝑥√𝑥 4 −1
𝑑𝑢
Let 𝑢 = 𝑥 2 , 𝑑𝑢 = 2𝑥𝑑𝑥 → 1 = 𝑑𝑥
2𝑢2
𝑑𝑢
( 1)
𝑑𝑥 2𝑢2
∫ ⇒ 1
𝑥√𝑥 4 − 1 𝑢2 √𝑢2 − 1
∫
1 𝑑𝑢
= ∫
2 𝑢√𝑢2 − 1
1
= arcsec 𝑢 + 𝐶
2
1
= arcsec 𝑥 2 + 𝐶
2

Integration by Parts

When 𝑢 and 𝑣 are differentiable functions of 𝑥.

𝑑(𝑢𝑣) = 𝑢 𝑑𝑣 + 𝑣 𝑑𝑢
𝑢 𝑑𝑣 = 𝑑(𝑢𝑣) − 𝑣 𝑑𝑢
and
∫ 𝑢 𝑑𝑣 = 𝑢𝑣 − ∫ 𝑣 𝑑𝑢
General rules:
1. The part selected as 𝑑𝑣 must be readily integrable.
Note: Note: It will be easier to choose 𝑢 whose category occurs earlier in LIATE
(Logarithmic, Inverse Trigonometric, Algebraic, Trigonometric, and Exponential) and take
𝑑𝑣 to be the rest of the integrand

2. ∫ 𝑣 𝑑𝑢 must not be more complex than ∫ 𝑢 𝑑𝑣

Examples:
2
1. Find ∫ 𝑥 3 𝑒 𝑥 𝑑𝑥.
2 1 2
Let 𝑢 = 𝑥 2 , 𝑑𝑣 = 𝑥𝑒 𝑥 𝑑𝑥. Then, 𝑑𝑢 = 2𝑥𝑑𝑥, 𝑣 = 𝑒 𝑥
2
2 1 2 𝑥2 2
∫ 𝑥 𝑒 𝑑𝑥 = 𝑥 𝑒 − ∫ 𝑥𝑒 𝑥 𝑑𝑥
3 𝑥
2
1 2 1 2
= 𝑥2𝑒 𝑥 − 𝑒 𝑥 + 𝐶
2 2
2. Find ∫ ln(𝑥 2 + 2) 𝑑𝑥
2𝑥𝑑𝑥
Let 𝑢 = ln(𝑥 2 + 2) , 𝑑𝑣 = 𝑑𝑥. Then 𝑑𝑢 = 2 , 𝑣 = 𝑥
𝑥 +2
2𝑥 2 𝑑𝑥
∫ ln(𝑥 2 + 2) 𝑑𝑥 = 𝑥 ln(𝑥 2 + 2) − ∫ 2
𝑥 +2
4
= 𝑥 ln(𝑥 2 + 2) − ∫ (2 − 2 ) 𝑑𝑥
𝑥 +2
𝑑𝑥
= 𝑥 ln(𝑥 2 + 2) − 2 ∫ 𝑑𝑥 + 4 ∫ 2
𝑥 +2
2
𝑥
= 𝑥 ln(𝑥 + 2) − 2𝑥 + 2√2 arctan +𝐶
√2

3. Find ∫ 𝑥 sin 𝑥 𝑑𝑥
Let 𝑢 = 𝑥, 𝑑𝑣 = sin 𝑥 𝑑𝑥. Then 𝑑𝑢 = 𝑑𝑥, 𝑣 = − cos 𝑥.
∫ 𝑥 sin 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = −𝑥 cos 𝑥 − ∫ − cos 𝑥 𝑑𝑥
= −𝑥 cos 𝑥 − sin 𝑥 + 𝐶

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4. Find ∫ 𝑥 √1 + 𝑥 𝑑𝑥
3
2
Let 𝑢 = 𝑥, 𝑑𝑣 = √1 + 𝑥𝑑𝑥. Then 𝑑𝑢 = 𝑑𝑥 and 𝑣 = (1 + 𝑥)2
3
2 3 2 3
∫ 𝑥 √1 + 𝑥𝑑𝑥 = 𝑥(1 + 𝑥)2 − ∫(1 + 𝑥)2 𝑑𝑥
3 3
2 3 2 2 5
= 𝑥(1 + 𝑥)2 − ( ) (1 + 𝑥)2 + 𝐶
3 3 5
2 3 4 5
= 𝑥(1 + 𝑥)2 − (1 + 𝑥)2 + 𝐶
3 15

5. Find ∫ arctan 𝑥 𝑑𝑥
𝑑𝑥
Let 𝑢 = arctan 𝑥 , 𝑑𝑣 = 𝑑𝑥. Then 𝑑𝑢 = and 𝑣 = 𝑥.
1+𝑥 2
𝑥𝑑𝑥
∫ arctan 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = 𝑥 arctan 𝑥 − ∫
1 + 𝑥2
𝑑𝑢
⇒ 𝑥 arctan 𝑥 − ∫ 2 Sub: 𝑢 = 1 + 𝑥 2
𝑢

1
= 𝑥 arctan 𝑥 − ln 𝑢 + 𝐶
2
1
⇒ 𝑥 arctan 𝑥 − ln(1 + 𝑥 2 ) + 𝐶
2
= 𝑥 arctan 𝑥 − ln √1 + 𝑥 2 + 𝐶

Trigonometric Integrals

Always remember the different trigonometric identities

1
1 sin2 𝑥 + cos 2 𝑥 = 1 7 sin 𝑥 cos 𝑦 = [sin(𝑥 − 𝑦) + sin(𝑥 + 𝑦)]
2
1
2 1 + tan2 𝑥 = sec 2 𝑥 8 sin 𝑥 sin 𝑦 = [cos(𝑥 − 𝑦) − cos(𝑥 + 𝑦)]
2
1
3 1 + cot 2 𝑥 = csc 2 𝑥 9 cos 𝑥 cos 𝑦 = [cos(𝑥 − 𝑦) + cos(𝑥 + 𝑦)]
2
1 1
4 sin2 𝑥 = (1 − cos 2𝑥) 10 1 − cos 𝑥 = 2 sin2 𝑥
2 2
2
1 2
1
5 cos 𝑥 = (1 + cos 2𝑥) 11 1 + cos 𝑥 = 2 cos 𝑥
2 2
1 𝜋
6 sin 𝑥 cos 𝑥 = sin 2𝑥 12 1 ± sin 𝑥 = 1 ± cos ( − 𝑥)
2 2

Examples:
1. ∫ sin2 𝑥 𝑑𝑥
1
∫ sin2 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = ∫ (1 − cos 2𝑥)𝑑𝑥
2
1 1
= 𝑥 − sin 2𝑥 + 𝐶
2 4
2. ∫ cos 2 3𝑥 𝑑𝑥
1
∫ cos 2 3𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = ∫ (1 + cos 6𝑥)𝑑𝑥
2
1 1
= 𝑥 + sin 6𝑥 + 𝐶
2 2
3. ∫ sin3 𝑥 𝑑𝑥
∫ sin3 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = ∫ sin2 𝑥 sin 𝑥 𝑑𝑥

= ∫(1 − cos 2 𝑥) sin 𝑥 𝑑𝑥

= − cos 𝑥 − ∫ cos 2 𝑥 sin 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 Sub: 𝑢 = cos 𝑥

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= − cos 𝑥 + cos 3 𝑥 + 𝐶
3

Special substitution rule

1. For ∫ sin𝑚 𝑥 cos 𝑛 𝑥 𝑑𝑥
a. If 𝑚 is odd, substitute 𝑢 = cos 𝑥.
b. If 𝑛 is odd, substitute 𝑢 = sin 𝑥
2. For ∫ tan𝑚 𝑥 sec 𝑛 𝑥 𝑑𝑥
a. If 𝑛 is even, substitute 𝑢 = tan 𝑥.
b. If 𝑚 is odd, substitute 𝑢 = sec 𝑥

Examples:
1. ∫ cos 4 2𝑥 sin 2𝑥 𝑑𝑥
∫ cos 4 2x sin3 2𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = ∫ cos 4 2𝑥 sin2 2𝑥 sin 2𝑥 𝑑𝑥

= ∫ cos 4 2𝑥 (1 − cos 2 2𝑥) sin 2𝑥 𝑑𝑥

= ∫ cos 4 2𝑥 sin 2𝑥 𝑑𝑥 − ∫ cos 6 2𝑥 sin 2𝑥 𝑑𝑥

Let 𝑢 = cos 2𝑥, 𝑑𝑢 = −2 sin 2𝑥 𝑑𝑥
1 1
⇒ − ∫ 𝑢4 𝑑𝑢 + ∫ 𝑢6 𝑑𝑢
2 2
1 5 1 7
= − 𝑢 + 𝑢 +𝐶
10 14
1 1
⇒ − cos 5 2𝑥 + cos 7 2𝑥 + 𝐶
10 14

2. ∫ cos 5 𝑥 𝑑𝑥
∫ cos 5 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = ∫ cos 4 𝑥 cos 𝑥 𝑑𝑥

= ∫(1 − sin2 𝑥)2 cos 𝑥 𝑑𝑥

= ∫(1 − 2 sin2 𝑥 + sin4 𝑥) cos 𝑥 𝑑𝑥

Let 𝑢 = sin 𝑥 , 𝑑𝑢 = cos 𝑥 𝑑𝑥
⇒ ∫ 𝑑𝑢 − 2 ∫ 𝑢2 𝑑𝑢 + ∫ 𝑢4 𝑑𝑢
2 1
= 𝑢 − 𝑢3 + 𝑢5 + 𝐶
3 5
2 3 1
⇒ sin 𝑥 + sin 𝑥 + sin5 𝑥 + 𝐶
3 5

3. ∫ tan4 𝑥 𝑑𝑥
∫ tan4 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = ∫ tan2 𝑥 tan2 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = ∫ tan2 𝑥 (sec 2 𝑥 − 1) 𝑑𝑥

= ∫ tan2 𝑥 sec 2 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 − ∫ tan2 𝑥 𝑑𝑥

= ∫ tan2 𝑥 sec 2 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 − ∫(sec 2 𝑥 − 1)𝑑𝑥

1 𝑑
= tan3 𝑥 − tan 𝑥 + 𝑥 + 𝐶 Recall: tan 𝑥 = sec 2 𝑥
3 𝑑𝑥

4. ∫ tan3 2𝑥 sec 2 2𝑥
∫ tan3 2𝑥 sec 2 2𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = ∫(tan2 2𝑥 sec 2 2𝑥)(sec 2𝑥 tan 2𝑥 𝑑𝑥)

= ∫(sec 2 2𝑥 − 1)(sec 2 2𝑥)(sec 2𝑥 tan 2𝑥 𝑑𝑥)

= ∫(sec 4 2𝑥) (sec 2𝑥 tan 2𝑥 𝑑𝑥) − ∫(sec 2 2𝑥) (sec 2𝑥 tan 2𝑥 𝑑𝑥)
1 1
= sec 5 2𝑥 − sec 3 2𝑥 + 𝐶 Sub: 𝑢 = sec 2𝑥
10 6

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Partial Fraction

Case 1: Distinct Linear Factors. To each linear factor 𝑎𝑥 + 𝑏 occurring once in the denominator of
𝐴
a proper rational fraction, there corresponds a single partial fraction of the form where 𝐴 is a
𝑎𝑥+𝑏
constant to be determined.
𝑑𝑥
Example: ∫
𝑥 2 −4

The denominator can be factored into (𝑥 − 2)(𝑥 + 2) and be written as

1 𝐴 𝐵
= +
𝑥2 − 4 𝑥 − 2 𝑥 + 2
Multiplying the equation above by (𝑥 − 2)(𝑥 + 2), we have,
1 = 𝐴(𝑥 + 2) + 𝐵(𝑥 − 2)
⇒ 1 = (𝐴 + 𝐵)𝑥 + (2𝐴 − 2𝐵)
Equating the coefficients of 𝑥’s of left-hand side and right-hand side of the equation, we
have,
𝑥1 : 0 =𝐴+𝐵
0
𝑥 : 1 = 2𝐴 − 2𝐵
1 1
Solving the system of two equations,we can get 𝐴 = and 𝐵 = . So we can write
4 4
1 1
𝑑𝑥 4
∫ 2 = ∫( − 4 ) 𝑑𝑥
𝑥 −4 𝑥−2 𝑥+2

1 𝑑𝑥 1 𝑑𝑥
= ∫ − ∫
4 𝑥−2 4 𝑥+2
1 1
= ln|𝑥 − 2| − ln|𝑥 + 2| + 𝐶
4 4
1 𝑥−2
= ln | |+𝐶
4 𝑥+2

Case 2: To each linear factor 𝑎𝑥 + 𝑏 occurring 𝑛 times in the denominator of a proper rational
fraction, there corresponds a sum of 𝑛 partial fractions of the form
𝐴1 𝐴2 𝐴𝑛
+ 2
+ ⋯+
𝑎𝑥 + 𝑏 (𝑎𝑥 + 𝑏) (𝑎𝑥 + 𝑏)𝑛
where the 𝐴's are constants to be determined.

(3𝑥+5)
Example: Find ∫ 3 2 𝑑𝑥
𝑥 −𝑥 −𝑥+1

The denominator can be factored as (𝑥 + 1)(𝑥 − 1)2 . Hence,

3𝑥 + 5 𝐴 𝐵 𝐶
= + +
𝑥 − 𝑥 − 𝑥 + 1 𝑥 + 1 𝑥 − 1 (𝑥 − 1)2
3 2

Multiplying the equation above by (𝑥 + 1)(𝑥 − 1)2 , we have,

3𝑥 + 5 = 𝐴(𝑥 − 1)2 + 𝐵(𝑥 + 1)(𝑥 − 1) + 𝐶(𝑥 + 1)
⇒ 3𝑥 + 5 = (𝐴 + 𝐵)𝑥 2 + (−2𝐴 + 𝐶)𝑥 + (𝐴 − 𝐵 + 𝐶)
Equating the coefficients of 𝑥’s of left-hand side and right-hand side of the equation, we
have,
𝑥 2: 0 = 𝐴 + 𝐵
𝑥 1 : 3 = −2𝐴 + 𝐶
𝑥 0: 5 = 𝐴 − 𝐵 + 𝐶
1 1
Solving the system of three equations, we have 𝐴 = , 𝐵 = − and 𝐶 = 4. So we can write,
2 2
(3𝑥 + 5) 1 𝑑𝑥 1 𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥
∫ 3 2 𝑑𝑥 = ∫ − ∫ +4∫
𝑥 −𝑥 −𝑥+1 2 𝑥+1 2 𝑥−1 (𝑥 − 1)2
1 1 4
= ln|𝑥 + 1| − ln|𝑥 − 1| − +𝐶
2 2 𝑥−1
4 1 𝑥+1
= + ln | |+𝐶
𝑥−1 2 𝑥−1

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Definite Integral

Fundamental Theorem of Calculus.

If 𝑓(𝑥) is continuous on the interval 𝑎 ≤ 𝑥 ≤ 𝑏, and if 𝐹(𝑥) is any indefinite integral of 𝑓(𝑥),
then
𝑎 𝑎
∫ 𝑓(𝑥)𝑑𝑥 = 𝐹(𝑥) | = 𝐹(𝑎) − 𝐹(𝑏)
𝑏 𝑏
Properties

𝑏 𝑏
∫ 𝑐𝑓(𝑥)𝑑𝑥 = 𝑐 ∫ 𝑓(𝑥) 𝑑𝑥
1 𝑎 𝑎
For any constant 𝑐

𝑏 𝑏 𝑏
∫ [𝑓(𝑥) ± 𝑔(𝑥)]𝑑𝑥 = ∫ 𝑓(𝑥)𝑑𝑥 ± ∫ 𝑔(𝑥)𝑑𝑥
2 𝑎 𝑎 𝑎

𝑐 𝑏 𝑏
∫ 𝑓(𝑥)𝑑𝑥 + ∫ 𝑓(𝑥)𝑑𝑥 = ∫ 𝑓(𝑥)𝑑𝑥
3 𝑎 𝑐 𝑎

Examples:
5
1. ∫0 𝑥 𝑑𝑥
5 5
𝑥2
∫ 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = |
0 2 0
25
= −0
2
25
=
2
3
2. ∫1 𝑥 3 𝑑𝑥
3 3
𝑥4
∫ 𝑥 3 𝑑𝑥 = |
1 4 1
34 1
= −
4 4
= 20
10 𝑑𝑥
3. ∫−6
𝑥+2
10
𝑑𝑥 10
∫ | |
= ln 𝑥 + 2 |
−6 𝑥+2
−6
= ln 12 − ln 4
= ln 3
1
1 2𝑥 3 𝑥4 2 1 2 1 4
4. ∫−1(2𝑥 2 − 𝑥 3 )𝑑𝑥 = [ − ]| = ( − ) − (− − ) =
3 4 −1 3 4 3 4 3
1 3 1
2𝑥 𝑥4
∫ (2𝑥 2 − 𝑥 3 )𝑑𝑥 = [ − ]|
−1 3 4 −1
2 1 2 1
= ( − ) − (− − )
3 4 3 4
4
=
3

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SOME APPLICATIONS OF INTEGRALS

Areas Between Two Curves

The steps in setting up a definite integral that yields a required are:

1. Make a sketch showing the area sought, a representative (kth) strip, and the approximating
rectangle. We shall generally show the representative subinterval of length Δ𝑥 (𝑜𝑟 Δ𝑦), with
the point 𝑥𝑘 (𝑜𝑟 𝑦𝑘 ) on this subinterval as its midpoint.
2. Write the area of the approximating rectangle and the sum for the n rectangles.
3. Assume the number of rectangle to increase indefinitely, and apply the fundamental
theorem on integration.

Example:
1. Find the area bounded by the parabola 𝑥 = 4 − 𝑦 2 and the 𝑦 axis.

Solution:
The parabola crosses the x-axis at point (4,0), and the y-axis at the points (0,2) 𝑎𝑛𝑑 (0, −2). We
can give two solutions for this problem.
Solution 1: Using horizontal strips. The approximating
rectangle is given by the figure a. The width is Δ𝑦 and the
area is (4 − 𝑦 2 )Δ𝑦. We have the limits of integration for the
resulting definite integral as 𝑦 = −2 and 𝑦 = 2. So we have,
2 2
2
𝑦3
𝐴 = ∫ (4 − 𝑦 )𝑑𝑦 = (4𝑦 − )|
−2 3 −2
23 (−2)3
= [4(2) − ] − [4(−2) − ]
3 3
8 8
= (8 − ) − (−8 + )
3 3
16
= 16 −
3
32
= 𝑠𝑞. 𝑢.
3
Solution 2: Using vertical strips. The
approximating rectangle has width Δ𝑥, the height
is 2𝑦 = 2√4 − 𝑥, and the area is 2√4 − 𝑥Δ𝑥. The
limits of integration are 𝑥 = 0 and 𝑥 = 4.
4
4 3 4
∫ 2√4 − 𝑥𝑑𝑥 = [− (4 − 𝑥)2 ]|
0 3 0
32
= 𝑠𝑞. 𝑢.
3

Find the area bounded by the parabolas 𝑦 = 6𝑥 −

𝑥 2 and 𝑦 = 𝑥 2 − 2𝑥
Solution:
The parabolas intersect at points (0,0) and (4,8).
For the approximating triangle, the width is Δ𝑥, the
height is (6𝑥 − 𝑥 2 ) − (𝑥 2 − 𝑥) = 8𝑥 − 2𝑥 2 , and the
area is (8𝑥 − 2𝑥 2 )Δ𝑥.
4 4
2
∫ (8𝑥 − 2𝑥 2 )𝑑𝑥 = [4𝑥 2 − 𝑥 3 ]|
0 3 0
64
= 𝑠𝑞. 𝑢.
3

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Volume of Solids of Revolution

A solid of revolution is generated by revolving a plane area about a line, called the axis of
rotation, in the plane. The volume of a solid of revolution may be found with disc method, washer
method, and shell method.

Disc Method

This method is useful when the axis of rotation is part of the boundary of the plane area.
1. Make a sketch showing the area involved, a representative strip perpendicular to the axis of
rotation, and the approximating rectangle.
2. Write the volume of the disc (or cylinder) generated when the approximating rectangle is
revolved about the axis of rotation, and sum for the 𝑛 rectangles.

When the axis of rotation is the x axis and the top of the plane
area is given by the curve 𝑦 = 𝑓(𝑥) between 𝑥 = 𝑎 and 𝑥 = 𝑏, then the
volume 𝑉 of the solid of revolution is given by
𝑏 𝑏
𝑉 = ∫ 𝜋𝑦 2 𝑑𝑥 = 𝜋 ∫ [𝑓(𝑥)]2 𝑑𝑥
𝑎 𝑎

Similarly, when the axis of rotation is the y axis and one side of the
plane area is given by the curve 𝑥 = 𝑔(𝑦) between 𝑦 = 𝑐 and 𝑦 = 𝑑, then
the volume V of the solid of revolution is given by
𝑑 𝑑
𝑉 = ∫ 𝜋𝑥 2 𝑑𝑦 = 𝜋 ∫ [𝑔(𝑦)]2 𝑑𝑦
𝑐 𝑐

Example: Find the volume generated by revolving the first-quadrant area bounded by the parabola
𝑦 2 = 8𝑥 and its latus rectum (𝑥 = 2) about the x-axis.

Solution:
We divide the plane area vertically, as can be seen
in the figure to the right. When the approximating rectangle
is revolved about the x-axis, a disc whose radius is 𝑦
whose height is Δ𝑥 and whose volume is 𝜋𝑦 2 Δ𝑥 is
generated. We have the lower boundary at 𝑥 = 0 (x-axis)
and upper boundary at 𝑥 = 2 (latus rectum). The volume
then is given by:
2 2
𝑉 = ∫ 𝜋𝑦 2 𝑑𝑥 = 𝜋 ∫ 8𝑥 𝑑𝑥
0 0
2
= 4𝜋𝑥 2 | = 16𝜋 cubic units
0

Washer Method

This method is useful when the axis of rotation is not a part of the boundary of the plane
area.
1. Same as step 1 of the disc method.
2. Extend the sides of the approximating rectangle to meet the axis of rotation. When the
approximating rectangle is revolved about the axis of rotation, a washer is formed whose
volume is the difference between the outer and inner volumes generated by revolving the
rectangles about the axis. Write the difference of the two volumes, and proceed as in step 2
of the disc method.

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If the axis of rotation is the x axis, the upper boundary of

the plane area is given by 𝑦 = 𝑓(𝑥), the lower boundary by 𝑦 =
𝑔(𝑥), and the region runs from 𝑥 = 𝑎 to 𝑥 = 𝑏, then the volume
V of the solid of revolution is given by
𝑏
𝑉 = 𝜋 ∫ {[𝑓(𝑥)]2 − [𝑔(𝑥)]2 }𝑑𝑥
𝑎

Similarly, if the axis of rotation is the y axis and the plane

area is bounded to the right by𝑥 = 𝑓(𝑦), to the left by 𝑥 = 𝑔(𝑦),
above by 𝑦 = 𝑑, and below by 𝑦 = 𝑐, then the volume V is given by
𝑑
𝑉 = 𝜋 ∫ {[𝑓(𝑦)]2 − [𝑔(𝑦)]2 } 𝑑𝑦
𝑐

Example: Find the volume generated by revolving the area cut off from the parabola 𝑦 = 4𝑥 − 𝑥 2 by
the x axis about the line 𝑦 = 6.

Solution:
We divide the area vertically. The solid generated
by revolving the approximating rectangle about the line 𝑦 =
6 is a washer whose volume is 𝜋(62 − (6 − 𝑦)2 )Δ𝑥. The left
and right boundaries can be solved by looking at the
intersection of the given parabola and the x-axis. With this,
we know that we have left boundary at 𝑥 = 0 and right
boundary at 𝑥 = 4. The required volume is then given by:
4 4
𝑉 = 𝜋 ∫ [(6)2 − (6 − 𝑦)2 ]𝑑𝑦 = 𝜋 ∫ (12𝑦 − 𝑦 2 )𝑑𝑥
0 0
4
1408
= 𝜋 ∫ (48𝑥 − 29𝑥 2 + 8𝑥 3 − 𝑥 4 ) 𝑑𝑥 = 𝜋 cubic units
0 15

Shell Method

1. Make a sketch showing the area involved, a representative strip parallel to the axis of
rotation, and the approximating rectangle.
2. Write the volume (mean circumference x height x thickness) of the cylindrical shell
generated when the approximating rectangle is revolved about the axis of rotation, and sum
for the rectangles.

If the axis of rotation is the y axis and the plane area, in the
first quadrant, is bounded below by the x axis, above by 𝑦 = 𝑓(𝑥), to
the left by 𝑥 = 𝑎, and to the right by 𝑥 = 𝑏, then the volume 𝑉 is given
by
𝑏 𝑏
𝑉 = 2𝜋 ∫ 𝑥𝑦 𝑑𝑥 = 2𝜋 ∫ 𝑥 𝑓(𝑥)𝑑𝑥
𝑎 𝑎

Similarly, if the axis of rotation is the x axis and the plane area,
in the first quadrant, is bounded to the left by the y axis, to the right by
𝑥 = 𝑓(𝑦), below by 𝑦 = 𝑐, and above by 𝑦 = 𝑑, then the volume V is
given by
𝑑 𝑑
𝑉 = 2𝜋 ∫ 𝑥𝑦 𝑑𝑦 = 2𝜋 ∫ 𝑦𝑓(𝑦)𝑑𝑦
𝑐 𝑐𝑑

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Example: Find the volume of the torus generated by revolving the circle 𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 = 4 about the line
𝑥 = 3.

Solution:
Using the sell method, we can see that the approximating rectangle has height of 2𝑦, and
thickness of Δ𝑥. It has a mean distance from the axis of revolution of 3 − 𝑥. Then the volume can be
written as 2𝜋(2𝑦)(3 − 𝑥)Δ𝑥. Since we have a vertical axis of rotation, then we should use the left
and right boundary of the circle. We can see clearly that the left boundary of the circle is at 𝑥 = −2
and the right boundary is at 𝑥 = 2. The required volume is then given by:
2 2
𝑉 = 2𝜋 ∫ 2𝑦(3 − 𝑥) 𝑑𝑥 = 4𝜋 ∫ (3 − 𝑥)√4 − 𝑥 2 𝑑𝑥
−2 −2
2 2
= 12𝜋 ∫ √4 − 𝑥 2 𝑑𝑥 − 4𝜋 ∫ 𝑥 √4 − 𝑥 2 𝑑𝑥
−2 −2
𝑥 𝑥 4𝜋 3 2
= [12𝜋 ( √4 − 𝑥 2 + 2 arcsin ) + (4 − 𝑥 2 )2 ] |
2 2 3
−2
2
= 24𝜋 cubic units

FLUID PRESSURE

Suppose that a flat surface is immersed vertically in a fluid of weight density 𝜌 and that the
submerged portion of the surface extends from 𝑥 = 𝑎 to 𝑥 = 𝑏 along an x-axis whose positive
direction is down. For 𝑎 ≤ 𝑥 ≤ 𝑏, suppose that 𝑤(𝑥) is the width of the surface and that ℎ(𝑥) is the
depth of the point 𝑥. Then we define the fluid force 𝐹 on the surface to be
𝑏
𝐹 = ∫ 𝜌ℎ(𝑥)𝑤(𝑥)𝑑𝑥
𝑎

Example:
1. The face of a dam is a vertical rectangle of height 100 ft and width 200 ft. Find the total fluid
force exerted on the face when the water surface is level with the top of the dam.
Solution:
We introduce Introduce an x-axis with its origin at the water
surface as shown in the figure in the right. At a point 𝑥, the width
of the dam is 𝑤(𝑥) = 200 and depth ℎ(𝑥) = 𝑥. We can also see
that the surface extends from 0 ft up to 100 ft, thus, we have 𝑦 =
0 to 𝑦 = 100. Thus with weight density of the water 𝜌 =
62.4 𝑙𝑏/𝑓𝑡 3 , we obtain the following force on the face.
𝑏 100
𝐹 = ∫ 𝜌ℎ(𝑥)𝑤(𝑥) 𝑑𝑥 = ∫ (62.4)(𝑥)(200) 𝑑𝑥
𝑎 0
100
𝑥 2 100
= 12,480 ∫ 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = 12,480 |
0 2
0
= 62,350,000 𝑙𝑏

2. A plate in the form of an isosceles triangle with base 10 ft and altitude

4 ft is submerged vertically in machine oil as shown at the right. Find
the fluid force 𝐹 against the plate surface if the oil has weight density
𝜌 = 30 𝑙𝑏/𝑓𝑡3.

Solution:
We introduce an x-axis as shown below. We can see that the
plate is submerged entirely, so we have 𝑦 = 0 to 𝑦 = 4. By similar
triangles, the width of the plate, in feet, at a depth of ℎ(𝑥) = (3 +
𝑥) ft satisfies
𝑤(𝑥) 𝑥
=
10 4

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5
𝑤(𝑥) = 𝑥
2
Then, we can calculate the force on the plate as follows:
𝑏 4
5
𝐹 = ∫ 𝜌ℎ(𝑥)𝑤(𝑥) 𝑑𝑥 = ∫ (30) (3 + 𝑥) ( 𝑥) 𝑑𝑥
𝑎 0 2
4
3𝑥 2 𝑥 4
3
= 75 ∫ (3𝑥 + 𝑥 2 ) 𝑑𝑥 = 75 [ + ]|
0 2 3
0
= 3400 𝑙𝑏

WORK

Suppose that an object moves in the positive direction along a coordinate line over the
interval [𝑎, 𝑏] while subjected to a variable force 𝐹(𝑥) that is applied in the direction of motion. Then
we define the work 𝑊 performed by the force on the object to be
𝑏
𝑊 = ∫ 𝐹(𝑥)𝑑𝑥
𝑎
Hooke’s Law
Under appropriate conditions, a spring that is stretched 𝑥 units beyond its natural length
pulls back with a force
𝐹(𝑥) = 𝑘𝑥
Where 𝑘 is constant (spring constant) with units of force per unit length.

Example: A spring has a spring constant of 5 𝑁/𝑚. How much work is required to stretch the spring
1.8 m beyond its natural length?
Solution:
We want to find the work 𝑊 required to stretch the spring from 0m to 1.8m. We can
compute it as follows:
𝑏 1.8
5 1.8
𝑊 = ∫ 𝐹(𝑥)𝑑𝑥 = ∫ 5𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = 𝑥 2 |
𝑎 0 2
0
= 8.1 𝐽

REVIEW QUESTIONS

𝜋/2
1. Evaluate ∫0 3𝑒 3 sin 𝜃 cos 𝜃 𝑑𝜃 .
A. 15.421 C. 17.048
B. 19.086 D. 20.412

2. Evaluate ∫(3𝑡 − 1)3 𝑑𝑡

1 1
A. (3𝑡 − 1)4 + 𝐶 C. (3𝑡 − 4)4 + 𝐶
12 4
1 1
B. (3𝑡 − 4)4 + 𝐶 D. (3𝑡 − 1)3 + 𝐶
12 4
𝜋
3. What is the integral of sin5 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 if the lower limit is 0 and the upper limit is ?
2
A. 0.233 C. 0.433
B. 0.333 D. 0.533

sin 𝑥
4. Evaluate ∫ 𝑑𝑥
tan 𝑥
A. cos 𝑥 + 𝐶 C. sin 𝑥 + cos 𝑥 + 𝐶
B. sin 𝑥 + 𝐶 D. sec 𝑥 + 𝐶

5. Find the area of the region bounded by the curve 𝑦 = 𝑥 3 and the lines 𝑦 = 1 and 𝑥 = 0.
A. 3/4 C. 4/3
B. 2/3 D. 3/2

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6. Evaluate the integral of (2𝑥 2 + 3𝑥 − 4)𝑑𝑥

2 3 3 2 2 3 3 2
A. 𝑥 + 𝑥 − 4𝑥 + 𝐶 C. 𝑥 + 𝑥 − 4𝑥 + 𝐶
3 2 3 4
3 3 2 2 4 3 3 2
B. 𝑥 + 𝑥 − 4𝑥 + 𝐶 D. 𝑥 + 𝑥 − 4𝑥 + 𝐶
2 3 3 4

7. Integrate the square root of (1 − cos 𝑥)𝑑𝑥

𝑥
A. √2 cos 𝑥 + 𝐶 C. −2 sin + 𝐶
2
𝑥 𝑥
B. −2√2 cos + 𝐶 D. −√2 cos + 𝐶
2 2

8. What is the area (in square units) bounded by the curve 𝑦 2 = 4𝑥 and 𝑥 2 = 4𝑦?
A. 5.33 C. 7.33
B. 6.67 D. 8.67

9. Find the area lying above the 𝑥 − 𝑎𝑥𝑖𝑠 and under the parabola 𝑦 = 4𝑥 − 𝑥 2 .
A. 8.67 C. 10.67
B. 9.67 D. 11.67

10. Integrate: ∫ 𝑥 2 sin 𝑥 𝑑𝑥

A. 𝑥 2 cos 𝑥 + 2𝑥 sin 𝑥 + 2 cos 𝑥 + 𝐶 C. −𝑥 2 cos 𝑥 − 2𝑥 sin 𝑥 + 2 cos 𝑥 + 𝐶
B. −𝑥 2 cos 𝑥 + 2𝑥 sin 𝑥 − 2 cos 𝑥 + 𝐶 D. −𝑥 2 cos 𝑥 + 2𝑥 sin 𝑥 + 2 cos 𝑥 + 𝐶

11. The area bounded by the curve 𝑦 2 = 12𝑥 and the line 𝑥 = 3 is revolved about the line 𝑥 = 3.
What is the volume generated?
A. 186 C. 181
B. 179 D. 184

12. The natural length of a given spring is 8cm. A force of 4 kg will stretch it to a total of 10 cm.
find the work done in stretching it from its natural length to a total length of 16 cm.
A. 6.28 J C. 3.65 J
B. 5.32 J D. 7.17 J

13. Find the volume by revolving the hyperbola 𝑥𝑦 = 6 from 𝑥 = 2 to 𝑥 = 4 about the 𝑥-axis.
A. 30.43 cu.units C. 28.27 cu.units
B. 23.23 cu.units D. 25.53 cu.units

1 𝑥2
14. Evaluate: ∫0 (𝑥+1)4
𝑑𝑥
A. 0.0672 C. 0.0417
B. 0.0821 D. 0.0234
𝑥+2
15. Evaluate ∫ 𝑑𝑥
𝑥+1
A. 𝑥 + ln|𝑥 + 1| + 𝐶 C. 𝑥 + ln|𝑥 + 2| + 𝐶
B. 𝑥 − ln|𝑥 + 1| + 𝐶 D. 𝑥 − ln|𝑥 + 2| + 𝐶
2
16. What is the area bounded by the curves 𝑦 = and the line 𝑦 = 3 − 𝑥?
𝑥
A. 0.327 C. 0.185
B. 0.231 D. 0.114

17. Find the work done in stretching a spring of natural length 8 cm, from 10 cm to 13 cm.
assume a force of 6 N is needed to hold it at a length of 11 cm.
A. 21 N-m C. 0.21 N-m
B. 2.1 N-m D. 0.021 N-m

18. Find the volume generated by rotating the region bounded by 𝑦 = 𝑥, 𝑥 = 1 and 𝑦 2 = 4𝑥,
about the x-axis.
A. 𝜋 C. 3𝜋

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 CLSU Agricultural and Biosystems Engineering Review Class 2021

B. 2𝜋 D. 9𝜋
4𝑑𝑥
19. Evaluate: ∫
3𝑥+2
1
A. 4 ln(3𝑥 + 2) + 𝐶 C. ln(3𝑥 + 2) + 𝐶
3
4
B. ln(3𝑥 + 2) + 𝐶 D. 2 ln(3𝑥 + 2) + 𝐶
3
𝑒 2𝑥
20. Evaluate ∫ 𝑥 𝑑𝑥.
𝑒 +1
1 𝑥
A. 𝑒 + ln(𝑒 𝑥 + 1) + 𝐶 C. ln(𝑒 𝑥 + 1) + 𝐶
2
B. 𝑒 𝑥 − ln(𝑒 𝑥 + 1) + 𝐶 D. 𝑒 𝑥 + ln(𝑒 𝑥 + 1) + 𝐶

ANSWER KEY

1. B 11. C
2. A 12. A
3. D 13. C
4. B 14. C
5. A 15. A
6. A 16. D
7. B 17. C
8. A 18. D
9. C 19. B
10. D 20. B

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