CAMBRIDGE IGCSE CHEMISTRY

Content
Cambridge
IGCSE a) Planet earth
Chemistry b) The nature of matter
First
semester c) Elements and compounds

d) Chemical reactions

e) Acids, bases and salts

f) Quantitative chemistry
 Content
Lesson 1
1.1 了解三种物质状态：固体、液体和气体中
粒子的排列、运动和能量understand the
a)States of arrangement, movement and energy of the particles
matter in each of the three states of matter: solid, liquid and
gas
b)Atoms
c)Atomic 1.2描述如何实现固体、液体和气体的相互转
化并回忆用于这些相互转换的名称describe how
structure the interconversion of solids, liquids and gases are
achieved and recall the names used for these
interconversions

1.3描述在这些相互转换过程中粒子排列、运
动和能量的变化。describe the changes in
arrangement, movement and energy of particles
during these interconversions.
 The study of chemistry
Chemistry：
•研究材料的性质及其变化的科学。Study of properties of materials and changes that
they undergo
•可应用于生活的各个方面（例如，药物的开发、秋天树叶颜色的变化等）。
Can be applied to all aspects of life(e.g., development of pharmaceuticals, leaf color change in
fall etc.).
 The Molecular Perspective of Chemistry
化学是研究物质的性质和行为的学科。
Chemistry is the study of the properties and behavior of matter.

物质是任何有质量并占据空间的东西。
Matter is anything that has mass and occupies space.

•组成宇宙的材料。Physical material of the universe.

•有质量。Has mass.
•占据一定空间。Occupies space.
•所有物质都是由约100种元素所组成的。~ 100 Elements constitute all
matter.

What is not matter? Light, heat Ideas, thought Radio waves, magnetic fields
!"#$%
Classification of Matter

物质是按物质的状态或组成物质的成分分类的
Matter is classified by state or by composition
State of matter
固体Solid

液体Liquid

气体Gas
三种物质的状态在宏观层面上的属性：
Properties described on the macroscopic level:

•气体：无固定体积或形状，符合容器，可压缩。No
fixed volume or shape, conforms to the container,
compressible.

•液体：体积与容器无关，无固定形状，不可压缩
Volume independent of container, no fixed shape,
incompressible.

•固体：体积和形状独立于容器，刚性，不可压缩
Volume and shape independent of container, rigid,
incompressible.
Changes of State

Gas

Liquid

Solid
 Changes of State

Gas

Liquid

melting {
Solid
 Changes of State

Gas
Boiling
(evaporating) { Liquid

melting {
Solid
 Changes of State

Gas
Boiling
(evaporating) { Liquid
} condensing

melting {
Solid
 Changes of State

Gas
Boiling
(evaporating) { Liquid
} condensing

melting { } freezing

Solid
 Changes of State

Gas
Boiling
(evaporating) { Liquid
} condensing

melting { } freezing

Solid
 Changes of State

Gas
Boiling
(evaporating) { Liquid
} condensing

melting { } freezing

Solid
Sublimation
 Changes of State

Gas

{ }
沸腾、汽化
气体
Boiling
(evaporating)
condensing
蒸发 冷凝、液化
Liquid

{ }
液体

melting freezing
融化 凝固

Solid
Sublimation 升华 固体
状态的改变是一种物理变化——它涉及物质之间的作用力，物质本身的组成没有发
生改变，因此不是化学变化。
Physical changes – therefore involves the forces between the particles of the
substances, instead of these changes of state being chemical changes

蒸发 = 发生在表面，分子有足够的能量蒸发-即从液体变成气体；
Evaporation = happens at the surface, molecules have enough energy to evaporate - i.e.
go from liquid to gas

凝固=液体到固体；Freezing = liquid to solid

熔化=固体到液体；Melting = solid to liquid

沸腾=发生在整个液体中，从液体到气体；Boiling = happens throughout the liquid,

liquid to gas

冷凝=气体变为液体；Condensation = gas to liquid

升华=固体转化为气体；Sublimation = solid to gas

 Heating curve

Temperature
Gas 气体

Boiling point
沸点
液体 Liquid

Melting point
熔点
Solid 固体

Time
 Cooling curve

Gas 气体
Temperature

Condensing
Liquid 液体
冷凝点

Freezing
Solid 固体
冰点

Time
 Progress check

2.1 Give the names for the following physical

changes:

a. Liquid to solid freezing

b. Liquid to gas at a precise temperature boiling
c. Gas to liquid condensing
d. Solid to gas directly sublimation
 Progress check

2.2 Which change of state takes place during

evaporation?

a. gas to liquid
b. liquid to gas
c. liquid to solid
d. solid to gas
 Kinetic theory

固体、液体和气体是由粒子组成的，他们中的粒
子表现为硬质球体，粒子们不断地从一个地方移
动到另一个地方（在液体和气体中）或不断地振
动（在固体中）Particles in solids, liquids and gases behave
as hard spheres which are constantly moving from place to
place (in liquids and gases) or vibrating (in solids)
动力学理论认为，所有状态的物质中的微粒都在不断运动。
Kinetic Theory states that the tiny particles in all forms of matter
are in constant motion.

• 动能是指运动。Kinetic refers to motion

• 可以帮助我们了解固体、液体和气体的行为以及物理特
性。Helps you understand the behavior of solid,
liquid, and gas as well as their physical properties
动力学理论的基本原则
Principles of Kinetic Theory

ü 所有物质都是由微小的粒子（原子）构成的。 All
matter is made of tiny particles (atoms).

ü 这些粒子不停地运动，越小的粒子速度越快。These
particles are in constant motion; smaller particles move
faster.

ü 随着温度的升高，粒子获得更多的能量，移动得更快。
As the temperature increases, the particles gain more
energy, and they move faster.
 Changes of State

Gas

Liquid

粒子固定在原地不能移动Particles are
Solid fixed in place and cannot move
 Changes of State

Gas

粒子可以在容器内自由移动Particles
Liquid are free to move within a container

粒子固定在原地不能移动Particles are
Solid fixed in place and cannot move
 Changes of State

Gas 粒子可以自由移动Particles are free to

move about

粒子可以在容器内自由移动Particles
Liquid are free to move within a container

粒子固定在原地不能移动Particles are
Solid fixed in place and cannot move
 SOLIDS
• 粒子间有很强的引力Strong
forces of attraction
• 粒子有固定的位置held in
fixed position
• 粒子振动vibrate
 SOLIDS

• 加热固体时，粒子振动得更多更
快as they become hotter, the
particles vibrate more.
• 因此它们会膨胀so they expand
 SOLIDS

•加热时，粒子获得能量。when
heated, particles gain energy.
•它们的振动越来越多。they
vibrate more and more
•强大的引力被克服，粒子开始
移动 = 融化 strong forces are
overcome, particles start to
move = MELTED
 LIQUIDS
•粒子间有较弱的引力Some
attraction between
molecules.
• 粒子可以在容器内自由移动
free to move
•粒子不断随机运动particles
in constantly random motion
 LIQUIDS

•加热液体时，粒子移动得更多
更快，液体开始膨胀when
heated, they move faster
and expand
 LIQUIDS

•加热使粒子获得能量并移动得更快。
heat makes the particles move
faster as they gain energy.
•表面上快速移动的粒子将克服引力
而逃脱 = 蒸发fast moving
particles at the surface will
overcome forces of attraction
and escape = EVAPORATION
 LIQUIDS

•当温度足够高时，粒子有足够的速度和
能量克服作用力并相互逃逸。when
heated enough, particles have enough
speed and energy to overcome forces
and escape each other.
•粒子在大气泡中破裂=沸腾particles
break away in big bubbles of gas =
BOILING
 GASES
• 粒子间没有引力no force of
attraction
• 粒子可以自由呈直线运动
free to move, travel in
straight lines
• 时有碰撞sometimes collide
 GASES

•气体会对容器壁施加压力exert
pressure on wall of container
•粒子不断地随机移动constantly
moving randomly
• 加热气体会加快粒子移动速度move
faster when heated
• 气体可以被压缩can be compressed
• 气体的密度很小very low densities
You can also change the states of matter by
change the pressure!

如果气体的压力增加到足够大，它也会液化。这是因
为粒子被压缩得足够近，粒子之间形成了作用键。A
gas will also liquefy if its pressure is increased enough.
This is because the particles are moved close enough for
bonds to form between the particles.
 So what
evidence is
there for
moving
particles?
 So what
evidence is
there for
moving
particles?

Brownian
motion!
 Brownian motion
由液体或气体分子对可见颗粒的不均匀随机撞击引起的悬浮液中可见的小颗
粒的随机运动。The random movement of small visible particles in a
suspension caused by the unequal random bombardment of molecules of liquid
or gas on the visible particles.
通过显微镜观察，可以看到烟
雾是由数以百万计的微小颗粒
组成的。一缕烟在灯光下闪闪
发光。

当它们在空气中漂移时，可以
看到它们在曲折的路径中摆动
。1827年罗伯特·布朗
Robert Brown首次注意到了
这一点。因此这种效应被称为
布朗运动。

动力学理论可以解释布朗运动——烟粒大到
足以让人看到，而它们周围一些质量很小，
数千个随机碰撞的气体粒子不停的在“推挤”
它们。
 Any more
evidence for
kinetic
theory?

Diffusion
!
 扩散 Diffusion
粒子从高浓度区域向低浓度区域的移动
Movement of particles from an area of high concentration to an area
of low concentration
要发生扩散，粒子必须能够移动
For this to work, particles must be able to move

因此，在固体中不会发生扩散，因为固体中的粒子不能从一
个地方移动到另一个地方（只会振动）
Therefore, diffusion does not occur in solids, since the particles
cannot move from place to place (only vibrate)
 Progress check

2.3 What effect does the presence of an

impurity have on the freezing point of a liquid?

Lowers
 Progress check

2.4 What do you understand by the word

volatile（易挥发的） when used in chemistry?
Evaporates easily, low boiling point
Put these three liquids in order of volatility
（挥发性）, with the most volatile first: water
(b.p. 100oC), ethanoic acid (b.p. 128oC), ethanol
(b.p. 78oC).
Ethanol, water, ethanoic acid
In the following list, only ____ is not an
example of matter.
A) planets
B) light
C) dust
D) elemental phosphorus
E) table salt
Which states of matter are significantly
compressible?
A) gases only
B) liquids only
C) solids only
D) liquids and gases
E) solids and liquids
 Content
Lesson 1
1.4 理解原子和分子这两个术语understand the
a)States of terms atom and molecule

matter 1.5 理解元素、化合物和混合物三者之间的区

b)Atoms 别understand the differences between
elements, compounds and mixtures
c)Atomic
structure 1.6 描述混合物分离技术，包括简单蒸馏、分
馏、过滤、结晶和纸层析。describe
techniques for the separation of mixtures,
including simple distillation, fractional
distillation, filtration, crystallisation and paper
chromatography.
 Atoms and Molecules

我们在宇宙中看到的一切的基本组成部分都是原子。
“原子”一词的基本意思是“不可分割的”。The
basic building blocks of everything that we see in the
Universe are atoms. The word ‘atom’ basically means
‘indivisible’.
 Atoms and Molecules

我们在宇宙中看到的一切的基本组成部分都是原子。
“原子”一词的基本意思是“不可分割的”。The
basic building blocks of everything that we see in the
Universe are atoms. The word ‘atom’ basically means
‘indivisible’.

原子组合成为分子Combinations of atoms are called

molecules.

For example:

O2 - a molecule of oxygen

H2O - a molecule of water

 Elements, compounds and mixtures

Cu
Cu 元素只由一种原子组成。
例如，纯铜仅由铜原子组
Cu 成。An element consists of
one type of atom only. For
Cu example, pure copper
Cu consists of copper atoms
only.
 Elements, compounds and mixtures

S Fe 在化合物中，粒子通过称
Fe 为化学键的强大力量结合
S 在一起。会发生化学反应。
In a compound the particles
are held together by strong
forces called chemical bonds.
A chemical reaction will have
taken place.
 Elements, compounds and mixtures

在化合物中，粒子通过称
S Fe 为化学键的强大力量结合
Fe 在一起。会发生化学反应。
In a compound the particles
S are held together by strong
forces called chemical bonds.
A chemical reaction will have
taken place.

1. 化合物中的粒子很难分离。Particles in a compound
are very difficult to separate.
2. 化合物的性质与组成化合物的原始元素的性质非常
不同。The properties of a compound are very different
to the properties of the original elements.
 Elements, compounds and mixtures

S
Fe
Fe 混合物由不同类型的纯净
S 物组成。A mixture
consists of different types
S of chemicals.
S
Fe
 Elements, compounds and mixtures

S
Fe
Fe 混合物由不同类型的纯净
S 物组成。A mixture
consists of different types
S of chemicals.
S
Fe

1. 混合物中的粒子都很容易分离出来。Particles in a
mixture can all be separated out quite easily.
2. 混合物中不存在化学键No chemical bonds exist
3. 混合物的特性只是混合物中纯净物特性的混合。
Properties of the mixture are just a mixture of the
properties of the separate parts.
•✓非均质混合物（成分、性质和外观不均匀，如花岗岩、砂）。Heterogeneous
(do not have uniform composition, properties and appearance, e.g., granite,
sand).

•✓均质混合物（整体是均匀的，比如溶液）。Homogeneous (uniform
throughout, e.g., solution).

Heterogeneous mixture Heterogeneous mixture Homogeneous mixture

At least two phases One phase
Element, Compound or Mixture?
Classify each of the following as a pure
substance or a mixture. If a mixture, indicate
whether it is homogeneous or heterogeneous:
1.air,
2.tomato juice
3.iodine crystals
4.sand.
Which one of the following is a pure
substance?
A) concrete
B) wood
C) salt water
D) elemental copper
E) milk
Match each diagram with its correct description. Diagrams will be use
once ( 2pts each, 10 pts total )

A B C D E
(1). Pure Element – only one type of atom present. ( )
(2). Mixture of two elements – two types of uncombined
atoms present. ( )
(3). Pure compound – only one type of compound
present. ( )
(4). Mixture of two compounds – two types of compounds
present. ( )

(5). Mixture of a compound and an element. ( )

Techniques for separating mixtures.

过滤Filtration
蒸馏Simple distillation
分馏Fractional distillation
蒸发 Evaporation
分液漏斗 Separating funnel
层析 chromatography
过滤 Filtration

过滤利用了混合物中颗
粒的不同尺寸。
滤液通过滤纸，残留物
被留下。Filtration depends
upon the different size of
particles in a mixture.
The filtrate passes through
the filter paper, the residue
is left behind.

该技术常用于从液体中分离不溶
性固体，例如分离沙子和水。The
technique is used to separate an insoluble
solid from a liquid, eg. sand and water.
✓使用过滤技术分离的固体不应溶于液体。
The solid should not dissolve in liquid.
Ex. Chalk and water mixture.
Ex. The NaCl and H2O in NaCl solution cannot be separated by filtration
(NaCl dissolves in water).

残留物：滤纸上留下的固体。
Residue: The undissolved solid on filter paper.
滤液：通过滤纸的液体。
Filtrate: The liquid which passes
through filter paper.
蒸馏 Simple distillation
简单蒸馏利用了混合物中
不同的沸点。
可收集先蒸发的沸点较低
的物质Simple distillation
depends upon the different
boiling points in a mixture.
The lowest boiling point
evaporates first and can be
collected

该技术用于分离可溶性固体和液
体，例如盐水中的纯净水。The
technique is used to separate a soluble
solid and a liquid, eg. pure water from
salty water.
分馏 Fractional distillation

分馏用于分离沸点不
同的两种液体。
Fractional distillation is
used to separate two
liquids that have
different boiling points.

该技术可用于分离乙醇和水
的混合物。The technique is used
to separate mixtures such as
ethanol and water
蒸发 Evaporation

蒸发用于将可溶性固
体与液体分离，收集
溶液中的固体物质。
Evaporation is used to
separate a soluble solid
from a liquid when you
want to collect the solid.

该技术可用于分离盐水混合
物，获取其中的盐。The
technique is used to separate
mixtures such as salt and water
when the salt is required.
 分液漏斗 Separating funnel

•两种不混溶液体可使用分离漏斗
分离。Two immiscible liquids can
be separated using a separating
funnel.

• 密度更高的液体会沉到底部，
打开旋塞可以将其分离。The
denser liquid sinks to the bottom
and can be removed by opening the
tap.
• Ex. Oil and water mixture
 层析 chromatography

Types of chromatography:
ü 纸层析 Paper chromatography;
ü 柱层析 Column chromatography.
层析 chromatography

纸层析法用于分离和
鉴定有颜色或可以被
染色的混合物。
Chromatography is used
to separate and identify
mixtures that are, or can
be, coloured.

该技术可用于分离混合物，
例如墨水样品中不同颜色的
颜料。The technique is used to
separate mixtures such as the
pigments in an ink sample.
The principle of how
chromatography works:
1.利用物质在溶剂中的溶解度
The solubility of the substance in solvent;

该物质在溶剂中的溶解度越高，越容易在纸张
上上移动。
Higher solubility of the substance in solvent,
the substance is easier to move up the paper.

该物质在溶剂中的溶解度越低，越难在纸张上
移动。
Lower solubility of the substance in solvent, the
substance is harder to move up the paper.
2. 利用固体和物质之间的相互作用。
The interaction between solid and
substance.

固体和物质之间的相互作用越强，物质
越难移动。
Stronger interaction between solid and
substance, Substance is harder to move.

固体和物质之间的相互作用越弱，物质
越容易移动。
Weaker interaction between solid and
substance, Substance is easier to move.
 层析 chromatography
Terms in paper chromatography

流动相：水；有机溶剂；Mobile phase: water; organic solvent;

固定相：滤纸；SiO2颗粒；Stationary phase: filter paper; SiO2 particles;
溶剂前沿：溶剂移动的距离；Solvent front: The distance moved by solvent
比移值 retention factor Rf = (distance moved by the substance) / (distance
moved by solvent). In the following diagram, Rf = 4cm/10cm = 0.4
Rf可用于分辨未知化合物。Rf can be used to determine the unknown
compounds.
Which one of the following is often
easily separated into its components by
simple techniques such as filtering?

A. heterogeneous mixture
B. compounds
C. homogeneous mixture
D. elements
E. solutions
A separation process that depends on
differing solubilities of substances on
mobile phase and stationary phase is called.

A. filtration
B. solvation
C. distillation
D. chromatography
E. all of the above are correct
 The size of an atom

This is the head of a pin. Millions of atoms would fit

onto it.
 A spoonful of sugar

A spoonful of sugar would contain about:

602,000,000,000,000,000,000,000 atoms!
So, atoms are
very, very,
small!
一个原子是元素中可存在的最小的粒子 An
atom is the smallest particle of an element that can
exist.
假设用一把“魔刀”把一颗钻石切成尽可
能小的一块，这样你就有了一个…Cut a
diamond up with a “magic knife” until you have the smallest
piece possible, and you have a ….

碳原子
CARBON
ATOM
This is a block of GOLD
金元素它是一种纯物质，
所以它只包含一种粒
子——金原子Being an
ELEMENT, it is a PURE substance,
so it contains particles of only
ONE kind …

GOLD
ATOMS
THE ATOM
THE ATOM

原子核THE NUCLEUS
THE ATOM

原子核THE NUCLEUS
• 处于原子的中心middle of the
atom
• 包含质子和中子contains
protons and neutrons
• 带正电（质子带正电）positive
charge (protons are positive)
• 原子的重量几乎全部集中于原子
核almost all atom mass is
concentrated in the nucleus
• 相对于原子来说，体积很小tiny
compared to the atom as a
whole
THE ATOM

电子THE ELECTRONS
THE ATOM

电子THE ELECTRONS
• 环绕原子核运动move around the nucleus
• 带负电Negatively charged
• 体积很小，但在很大范围内运动tiny, but cover a lot of space
• 电子轨道体积决定了原子的体积orbit volume determines size
of the atom
• 几乎没有重量virtually no mass
• 环绕原子核占据一定的轨道和电子层occupy orbits or shells
around the nucleus
FACTS ABOUT THE
ATOM!
 FACTS ABOUT THE
ATOM!

1. 普通中性原子不带电。NEUTRAL ATOMS HAVE NO CHARGE

OVERALL

2. 原子中电子带的负电的值等于质子所带正电的值。CHARGE ON
THE ELECTRONS IS THE SAME SIZE AS THE CHARGE ON THE
PROTONS BUT OPPOSITE

3. 普通中性原子中电子和质子的数量相同。IN A NEUTRAL ATOM

THE NUMBER OF ELECTRONS EQUALS THE NUMBER OF
PROTONS

4. 原子可以获得也可以失去电子，当原子带电时，就成为了离子。
ELECTRONS MAY BE LOST OR GAINED. THE ATOM THEN
BECOMES CHARGED, AND IS KNOWN AS AN ION

5. 中子数一般比质子数多一些，但并不能确定。NEUTRON NUMBERS
ARE USUALLY JUST A BIT HIGHER THAN PROTON NUMBERS,
BUT CAN CHANGE
 FACTS ABOUT THE
ATOM!

Particle Mass Charge

Proton 1 +1

Neutron 1 0

Electron 1/2000 -1
Atomic Mass and Atomic Number
Atomic Mass and Atomic Number

23
Na
11

钠元素的符号
Symbol for sodium
 Atomic Mass and Atomic Number

原子质量=
ATOMIC MASS = 23
Na
质子数+中子数
total number of protons
and neutrons
11
 Atomic Mass and Atomic Number

ATOMIC MASS =
total number of protons 23
Na
and neutrons

原子序数 11
ATOMIC NUMBER
=质子数=电子数
= number of protons (also
electrons)
 Atomic Mass and Atomic Number

ATOMIC MASS =
total number of protons 23
Na
and neutrons

ATOMIC NUMBER 11
= number of protons (also
electrons)

中子数 = 原子质量– 原子序数

Number of neutrons = atomic mass– atomic number
 Atomic Mass and Atomic Number

ATOMIC MASS =
total number of protons 23
Na
and neutrons

ATOMIC NUMBER 11
= number of protons (also
electrons)

原子质量永远大于原子序数

Atomic mass is always bigger than the atomic number

 Atomic Mass and Atomic Number

MASS NUMBER=
total number of protons 23
Na
and neutrons

ATOMIC NUMBER 11
= number of protons (also
electrons)

钠原子: 质子数 = 11, 电子数 = 11, 中子数 = 12

For sodium: protons = 11, electrons = 11, neutrons = 12

What is an isotope（同位素）?
 What is an isotope?

同位素是同一元素的不同原子形式，它
们质子数相同，中子数不同
ISOTOPES ARE: different atomic forms of the
same element, having the same number of
PROTONS but different numbers of NEUTRONS
 What is an isotope?

ISOTOPES ARE: different atomic forms of the

same element, having the same number of
PROTONS but different numbers of NEUTRONS

FOR EXAMPLE, there are two common forms of carbon:

Carbon 12
12
6
C 质子数Protons = 6
中子数Neutrons = 6
电子数Electrons = 6
 What is an isotope?

ISOTOPES ARE: different atomic forms of the

same element, having the same number of
PROTONS but different numbers of NEUTRONS

FOR EXAMPLE, there are two common forms of carbon:

Carbon 12 Carbon 14
12 14
6
C 质子数Protons = 6
6
C 质子数Protons = 6
中子数Neutrons = 6 中子数Neutrons = 8
电子数Electrons = 6 电子数Electrons = 6

碳元素的两个常见的同位素
 What is an isotope?

ISOTOPES ARE: different atomic forms of the

same element, having the same number of
PROTONS but different numbers of NEUTRONS

FOR EXAMPLE, there are two common forms of carbon:

Carbon 12 Carbon 14
12 14
6
C 质子数Protons = 6
6
C 质子数Protons = 6
中子数Neutrons = 6 中子数Neutrons = 8
电子数Electrons = 6 电子数Electrons = 6

它们的化学性质是相同的，因为原子核中不同数量的中子不会影响化
学性质。
Chemical properties are the same because the different number of
neutrons in the nucleus doesn’t affect the chemical behaviour at all.
 什么是相对原子质量？
What is RELATIVE ATOMIC MASS?
根据定义：“特定原子的质量与氢原子的质量相比”
By definition: “mass of a particular atom
compared to the mass of an atom of hydrogen”
 What is RELATIVE ATOMIC MASS?

By definition: “mass of a particular atom

compared to the mass of an atom of hydrogen”

那么为什么有些原子的相对原子质量看起来很奇怪呢？
why do some atoms have odd-looking relative
atomic masses?

Eg: Cl
35.5

17
 What is RELATIVE ATOMIC MASS?

It’s because chlorine has two common isotopes (remember

those?)

35 37
17
Cl AND 17
Cl
 What is RELATIVE ATOMIC MASS?

It’s because chlorine has two common isotopes (remember

those?)

35 37
17
Cl AND 17
Cl

They are found naturally in the ratio 3:1

 What is RELATIVE ATOMIC MASS?

It’s because chlorine has two common isotopes (remember

those?)

35 37
17
Cl AND 17
Cl

They are found naturally in the ratio 3:1

So the average relative atomic mass =

35 + 35 + 35 + 37 = 35.5
4
 What is RELATIVE ATOMIC MASS?

It’s because chlorine has two common isotopes (remember

those?)

35 37
17
Cl AND 17
Cl

They are found naturally in the ratio 3:1

So the average relative atomic mass =

35 + 35 + 35 + 37 = 35.5
4
35.5
So chlorine is written as:
17
Cl
我们在哪里可以找到元素的原子质量和
原子序数，从而计算出原子中质子、中
子和电子的数量？
Where do we find atomic mass and
atomic number of an element, and so
calculate the number of protons,
neutrons and electrons in an atom?
 Where do we find atomic mass and
atomic number of an element, and so
calculate the number of protons,
neutrons and electrons in an atom?

We look in
the Periodic
Table!
 Vertical columns are
called GROUPS, and
numbered from 1 to 8
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8
 Horizontal rows are
called PERIODS, and
numbered from 1 to 7
1

7
So for any given element we can
read off the group and period
number.
 So for any given element we can
read off the group and period
number.

For example:
Silicon (Si) is Group 4 and Period 3
 So for any given element we can
read off the group and period
number.

For example:
Silicon (Si) is Group 4 and Period 3

Also, for any given element we can

record the Atomic Number and
Atomic Mass
Atomic number (4)

Atomic Mass (9)

 Atomic Relative Number of Number of Number of
Element Symbol protons neutrons electrons
number atomic mass

Hydrogen 1 1

Li 7 4

Potassium 19 20

Beryllium 5 4

Ca 20 20

Iron 56 30

Boron 6 5

Ne 10 10
 Atomic Relative Number of Number of Number of
Element Symbol protons neutrons electrons
number atomic mass

Hydrogen H 1 1 1 0 1

Lithium Li 3 7 3 4 3

Potassium K 19 39 19 20 19

Beryllium Be 4 9 4 5 4

Calcium Ca 20 40 20 20 20

Iron Fe 26 56 26 30 26

Boron B 5 11 5 6 5

Neon Ne 10 20 10 10 10
Note: the Periodic Table is
arranged in order of
increasing atomic number,
not mass number.
 How are electrons arranged?
电子没有均匀地传播，而是存在于称为壳的电子层中。
（壳也可以称为电子能级）。Electrons are not evenly spread, but
exist in layers called shells. (The shells can also be called energy levels).
这些壳中的电子的位置通常称为电子排布。The arrangement
of electrons in these shells is often called the electron configuration.

1st shell
2nd shell

3rd shell

请注意，此图不是正确的缩放比例 - 原子大多是空的空间。 如果电子壳是所示的尺寸

，则原子核会太小而无法看到。Note that this diagram is not drawn to scale – the atom is mostly empty
space. If the electron shells are the size shown, the nucleus would be too small to see.
 How many electrons per shell?
每个电子层都有最大的可容纳电子数。 电子将首先填充最
近核心的层。Each shell has a maximum number of electrons that it can
hold. Electrons will fill the shells nearest the nucleus first.
1st shell holds
a maximum of
2 electrons

2nd shell holds

a maximum of
8 electrons

3rd shell holds

a maximum of
8 electrons

This electron arrangement is written as 2,8,8.

 波尔模型 Bohr Models
• 用来描绘原子的结构 Used to represent a model of an atom.
Calculate electron configurations
Which element?
 The Periodic Table can
also help us when we are
trying to work out the
electron configuration of
a particular element.
 The Group Number tells you how many
electrons there are in the outer shell
(orbit) of an element.
For example, oxygen is in Group 6, so has
6 electrons in its outermost shell (2:6)
 The Period Number
tells you how many
shells (orbits) there
are around the
nucleus.
For example, Calcium
is in Period 4, so will
have 4 shells around
the nucleus
 The Period Number
tells you how many
shells (orbits) there
are around the
nucleus.
For example, Calcium
is in Period 4, so will
have 4 shells around
the nucleus