ASSIGNMENT

Module II: Classification of Data

1. Construct a frequency distribution of the marks obtained by 50 students in economics as given
below:
42, 53, 65, 63, 61, 47, 58, 60, 64, 45, 55, 57, 82, 42, 39, 51, 65, 55, 33, 70, 50, 52, 53, 45, 45, 25,
36, 59, 63, 39, 65, 30, 45, 35, 49, 15, 54, 48, 64, 26, 75, 20, 42, 40, 41, 55, 52, 46, 35, 18.
(Take the first-class interval as 10 - 20)
 2. Explain through a mind-map the two-way and three-way classification of data

Qualitative classification or classification according to attributes:

When the characteristics of the data are non-measurable, it is called a qualitative data. The examples of non-
measurable characteristics are sex of a person, marital status, colour, honesty, intelligence,etc. These
characteristics are also known as attributes. When qualitative data are given,various items can be classified into
two or more groups according to a characteristic. If the data are classified only into two categories according to
the presence or absence of an attribute, the classification is termed as dichotomous or twofold classification. It
should be noted here that in a two-way classification, it is possible to have simultaneous classification according
to an attribute and a variable. On the other hand, if the data are classified into more than two categories
according to an attribute,it is called a manifold classification. For example, classification of various students of a
college according to the colour of their eyes like black, brown, grey, blue, etc. The conditional classification,
given above, is also an example of a manifold classification. If the classification is done according to a single
attribute, it is known as a one-way classification. On the other hand, the classification done according to two or
more attributes is known as a two-way or multi way classification, respectively. The example of a three-way
classification, where population is dichotomised according to each attribute; sex,honesty and smoking habit, is
given below:

Let us also look at an example of a two-way classification:

3. Explain the different types of classification of data.

Types of Classification
The nature of classification depends upon the purpose and objective of investigation. The following are some
very common types of classification:

1. Geographical (or spatial) classification: When the data are classified according to geographical location or
region, it is called a geographical classification.

2. Chronological classification: When the data are classified on the basis of its time of occurrence, it is called a
chronological classification. Various time series such as National Income figures (annual), annual output of
wheat, monthly expenditure of a household,daily consumption of milk, etc., are some examples of chronological
classification.

3. Conditional classification: When the data are classified according to certain conditions,other than
geographical or chronological, it is called a conditional classification.

4. Qualitative classification or classification according to attributes: When the characteristics of the data are
non-measurable, it is called a qualitative data. The examples of non- measurable characteristics are sex of a
person, marital status, colour, honesty, intelligence,etc. These characteristics are also known as attributes.
When qualitative data are given,various items can be classified into two or more groups according to a
characteristic. If the data are classified only into two categories according to the presence or absence of an
attribute, the classification is termed as dichotomous or twofold classification. It should be noted here that in a
two-way classification, it is possible to have simultaneous classification according to an attribute and a variable.
On the other hand, if the data are classified into more than two categories according to an attribute,it is called a
manifold classification. For example, classification of various students of a college according to the colour of
their eyes like black, brown, grey, blue, etc. The conditional classification, given above, is also an example of a
manifold classification. If the classification is done according to a single attribute, it is known as a one-way
classification. On the other hand, the classification done according to two or more attributes is known as a two-
way or multi way classification, respectively. The example of a three-way classification, where population is
dichotomised according to each attribute; sex,honesty and smoking habit, is given below:
Let us also look at an example of a two-way classification:

5. Quantitative classification or classification according to variables: In case of quantitative data, the

characteristic is measurable in terms of numbers and is termed as variable, e.g.,weight, height, income, the
number of children in a family, the number of crime cases in a city, life of an electric bulb of a company, etc. A
variable can take a different value corresponding to a different item of the population or universe.

Variables can be of two types (a) Discrete and (b) Continuous.

A) Discrete Variable: A discrete variable can assume only some specific values in a given interval. For
example, the number of children in a family, the number of rooms on each floor of a multistory building,
etc.
B) Continuous Variable: A continuous variable can assume any value in a given interval.For example,
monthly income of a worker can take any value, say, between 1,000to 2,500. The income of a worker can
be 1,500.25, etc.
 4. An ungrouped frequency of 150 surveyed houses is given below. Explain and depict how would
you count this frequency using tally marks.

Organization of the Data

Now that you have your data, what can be done with them? These data are raw data. We have to organise it in
some meaningful way to take out the information. Consider the above question as example of a collection of
data of different houses. From this raw data, you can count the number of different houses

Tally Marks

Tally marks are the representation of the data in the form of vertical lines. We put one vertical line (|) for each of
the four counts. A diagonal line (\) is put for the fifth count. These marks are tally marks.

 Tally marks for Number 4 is ||||

 Number 5 is represented as

 The representation of 6 as and so on.

Frequency Distribution

The representation of the various observations and tally marks in a form of table is the frequency distribution.
The frequency is the number of the times an observation occurs. It is the number of repetitions.
Representation of this data:
5. Describe the objectives of good claasification?

Objectives of a Good Classification:

1. To present a mass of data in a condensed form.
2. To highlight the points of similarity and dissimilarity.
3. To bring out the relationship between variables.
4. To highlight the effect of one variable by eliminating the effect of others.
5. To facilitate comparison.
6. To prepare data for tabulation and analysis.