Chapter 3 Interpolation

What is interpolation?
Method of estimating a missing data inside a range of a given
data points
‫طريقة الستقراء (استنتاج) قيمة مفقودة للبيانات من خالل عدة نقاط معلومة كما يلى‬

If we have the data

x 1 2 3 4 5 6
y 1.5 12 29.5 54 85.5 124

and it is required to find y at x=1.3 which is not given.

Why do we use interpolation and do not use curve fitting?

In interpolation we find a curve passing exactly through the
required and given data.
‫نوجد منحنى يمر بالنقطة المطلوبة والنقط االخرى تماما‬

While in curve fitting we find a curve that approximates the

given data.
.‫نوجد منحنى يتوسط (يقترب) من النقط المعطاة‬

Methods of interpolation
- For equal spaced data (for x)
* Newton forward formula
* Newton backward formula
* Gauss method
- For not equal spaced data
* Newton general formula
* Lagrange formula

126
6-1 Equal spaced data
6-1-1 Newton forward formula
Used if the required point near the beginning of the given data.
‫تسنخدم عنما تكون النقطة المطلوبة قريبة من بداية الجدول‬
For the given data
x 𝑥0 𝑥1 𝑥2 𝑥3 𝑥4 … 𝑥𝑛
y 𝑦0 𝑦1 𝑦2 𝑦3 𝑦4 … 𝑦𝑛

Where 𝑥1 − 𝑥0 = 𝑥2 − 𝑥1 . 𝐹ind y at point 𝑥0 < 𝑥 < 𝑥1

We form the following difference table

x y ∆𝑦 ∆2 𝑦 ∆3 𝑦 ∆4 𝑦
𝑥0 𝑦0
∆𝑦0 =
𝑦1 − 𝑦0
∆2 𝑦0 =
𝑥1 𝑦1 ∆𝑦1 − ∆𝑦0
∆𝑦1 = ∆3 𝑦0 =
𝑦2 − 𝑦1 ∆2 𝑦1 − ∆2 𝑦0
∆2 𝑦1 = ∆4 𝑦0 =
𝑥2 𝑦2 ∆𝑦2 − ∆𝑦1 ∆3 𝑦1 − ∆3 𝑦0
∆𝑦2 = ∆3 𝑦1 =
𝑦3 − 𝑦2 ∆2 𝑦2 − ∆2 𝑦1
∆2 𝑦2 =
𝑥3 𝑦3 ∆𝑦3 − ∆𝑦2
∆𝑦3 =
𝑦4 − 𝑦3
𝑥4 𝑦4
𝑥−𝑥0
Denote h = 𝑥1 − 𝑥0 = 𝑥2 − 𝑥1 = ⋯ , 𝑡 =
ℎ
The polynomial approximating the y at x where 𝑥0 < 𝑥 < 𝑥1
𝒕(𝒕−𝟏)
𝑷𝒏 (𝒙) = 𝒚𝟎 + 𝒕 ∆𝒚𝟎 + ∆𝟐 𝒚𝟎
𝟐!
𝒕(𝒕−𝟏)(𝒕−𝟐) 𝒕(𝒕−𝟏)(𝒕−𝟐)(𝒕−𝟑)
+ ∆𝟑 𝒚𝟎 + ∆𝟒 𝒚𝟎 + ⋯
𝟑! 𝟒!

127
Proof:
Let the polynomial approximating the value at x in the form

𝑃𝑛 (𝑥) = 𝑎0 + 𝑎1 (𝑥 − 𝑥0 ) + 𝑎2 (𝑥 − 𝑥0 )(𝑥 − 𝑥1 )

+𝑎2 (𝑥 − 𝑥0 )(𝑥 − 𝑥1 )(𝑥 − 𝑥2 ) + ⋯

𝐴𝑡 𝑥 = 𝑥0 , 𝑦0 = 𝑎0
𝑤ℎ𝑖𝑐ℎ 𝑖𝑠 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑓𝑖𝑟𝑠𝑡 𝑡𝑒𝑟𝑚
𝑦1 − 𝑦0
𝐴𝑡 𝑥 = 𝑥1 , 𝑦1 = 𝑦0 + 𝑎1 (𝑥1 − 𝑥0 ) ⟹ 𝑎1 =
𝑥1 − 𝑥0
𝑥−𝑥0
Denoting ∆𝑦0 = 𝑦1 − 𝑦0 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑡=
𝑥1 −𝑥0
So the second term in the polynomial = ∆𝑦0 𝑡
At 𝑥 = 𝑥2 it can be shown that:
𝑡 (𝑡−1)
the third term in the polynomial = ∆2 𝑦0
2!
Example 1
Use Newton’s formula to find y at x=1.3 , 2.2 from the data
x 1 2 3 4 5 6
y 7 32 93 208 395 672
Solution:
Form the difference table
x y ∆𝒚 ∆𝟐 𝒚 ∆𝟑 𝒚 ∆𝟒 𝒚 ∆𝟓 𝒚
𝟏 𝟕
𝟐𝟓
𝟐 32 36
𝟔𝟏 18
𝟑 𝟗𝟑 𝟓𝟒 𝟎
𝟏𝟏𝟓 𝟏𝟖 0
𝟒 208 𝟕𝟐 0
𝟏𝟖𝟕 18
𝟓 395 90
277
6 672

128
 1.3−1
For x=1.3, using the previous formula 𝑤𝑖𝑡ℎ 𝑡= = 0.3
2−1
(0.3)(−0.7)
𝑝(1.3) = 7 + 0.3 (25) + (36)
2!
(0.3)(−0.7)(−1.7) (0.3)(−0.7)(−1.7)(−2.7)
+ (18) + (0)
3! 4!
(0.3)(−0.7)(−1.7)(−2.7)(−3.7)
+ (0)
5!
= 11.791

For x=2.2, using the previous formula 𝑤𝑖𝑡ℎ 𝑥0 = 2

2.2 − 2
𝑆𝑜 𝑡= = 0.2
2−1
(0.2)(−0.8)
𝑝(2.2) = 32 + 0.2 (61) + (54) +
2!
(0.2)(−0.8)(−1.8) (0.2)(−0.8)(−1.8)(−2.8)
(18) + (0)
3! 4!
= 40.744

6-1-2 Newton backward formula

Used when the required point near the end of the given data.
‫تسنخدم عنما تكون النقطة المطلوبة قريبة من نهاية الجدول‬
For the given data
x 𝒙𝟎 𝒙𝟏 𝒙𝟐 𝒙𝟑 𝒙𝟒
y 𝒚𝟎 𝒚𝟏 𝒚𝟐 𝒚𝟑 𝒚𝟒

it is required to find y at point 𝑥3 < 𝑥 < 𝑥4

129
We form a table as the previous but with new notation ∇
x y ∇𝑦 ∇2 𝑦 ∇3 𝑦 ∇4 𝑦
𝑥0 𝑦0
∇𝑦1 =
𝑦1 − 𝑦0
𝑥1 𝑦1 ∇2 𝑦2 =
∇𝑦2 − ∇𝑦1
∇𝑦2 = ∇3 𝑦3 =
𝑦2 − 𝑦1 ∇2 𝑦3 − ∇2 𝑦2
𝑥2 𝑦2 ∇2 𝑦3 = ∇4 𝑦4 =
∇𝑦3 − ∇𝑦2 ∇3 𝑦4 − ∇3 𝑦3
∇𝑦3 = ∇3 𝑦4 =
𝑦3 − 𝑦2 ∇2 𝑦4 − ∇2 𝑦3
𝑥3 𝑦3 ∇2 𝑦4 =
∇𝑦4 − ∇𝑦3
∇𝑦4 =
𝑦4 − 𝑦3
𝑥4 𝑦4
𝑥−𝑥𝑛
Denoting h = 𝑥1 − 𝑥0 = 𝑥2 − 𝑥1 = ⋯ , 𝑡 =
ℎ

The polynomial approximating y at x , 𝑥3 < 𝑥 < 𝑥4

𝒕(𝒕+𝟏)
𝑷𝟒 (𝒙) = 𝒚𝟒 + 𝒕𝛁𝒚𝟒 + 𝛁𝟐 𝒚𝟒 +
𝟐!
𝒕(𝒕+𝟏)(𝒕+𝟐) 𝒕(𝒕+𝟏)(𝒕+𝟐)(𝒕+𝟑)
𝛁𝟑 𝒚𝟒 + 𝛁 𝟒 𝒚𝟒 + ⋯
𝟑! 𝟒!

Generally
𝒕(𝒕+𝟏) 𝒕(𝒕+𝟏)(𝒕+𝟐)
𝑷𝒏 (𝒙) = 𝒚𝒏 + 𝒕 𝛁𝒚𝒏 + 𝛁 𝟐 𝒚𝒏 + 𝛁 𝟑 𝒚𝒏
𝟐! 𝟑!

𝒕(𝒕 + 𝟏)(𝒕 + 𝟐)(𝒕 + 𝟑) 𝟒

+ 𝛁 𝒚𝒏 + ⋯
𝟒!

130
 Example 2
Use Newton’s formula to find y at x=5.4, 4.7 from the data
x 1 2 3 4 5 6
y 7 32 93 208 395 672
Solution
Form the difference table
x y ∇𝑦 ∇2 𝑦 ∇3 𝑦 ∇4 𝑦 ∇5 𝑦
1 7
25
2 32 36
61 18
3 93 54 0
115 18 0
4 208 72 0
187 18
5 395 90
277
6 672
5.4−6
For x=5.4 using previous formula, 𝑡 = = −0.6
6−5

(−0.6)(0.4)
𝑝(5.4) = 672 + (−0.6)(277) + (90) +
2!
(−0.6)(0.4)(1.4) (−0.6)(0.4)(1.4)(2.4)
(18) + (0) +
3! 4!
(−0.6)(0.4)(1.4)(2.4)(3.4)
(0) = 493.992
5!
4.7−5
For x=4.7 using previous formula with , 𝑡 = = −0.3
6−5

(−0.3)(0.7)
𝑝(4.7 ) = 395 + (−0.3)(187) + (72) +
2!
(−0.3)(0.7)(1.7) (−0.3)(0.7)(1.7)(2.7)
(18) + (0) +
3! 4!

= 330.269

131
6-1-3 Gauss central formula
Used if the required point near the center of the given data.
‫تسنخدم عنما تكون النقطة المطلوبة قريبة من منتصف الجدول‬
We form the difference table

x y ∆𝒚 ∆𝟐 𝒚 ∆𝟑 𝒚 ∆𝟒 𝒚 ∆𝟓 𝒚 ∆𝟔 𝒚
𝒙−𝟑 𝒚−𝟑
∆𝒚−𝟑
𝒙−𝟐 𝒚−𝟐 ∆𝟐 𝒚−𝟑
∆𝒚−𝟐 ∆𝟑 𝒚−𝟑
𝒙−𝟏 𝒚−𝟏 ∆𝟐 𝒚−𝟐 ∆𝟒 𝒚−𝟑
∆𝒚−𝟏 ∆𝟑 𝒚−𝟐 ∆𝟓 𝒚−𝟑
𝒙𝟎 𝒚𝟎 ∆𝟐 𝒚−𝟏 ∆𝟒 𝒚−𝟐 ∆𝟔 𝒚−𝟑
∆𝒚𝟎 ∆𝟑 𝒚−𝟏 ∆𝟓 𝒚−𝟐
𝒙𝟏 𝒚𝟏 ∆ 𝟐 𝒚𝟎 ∆𝟒 𝒚−𝟏
∆𝒚𝟏 ∆ 𝟑 𝒚𝟎
𝒙𝟐 𝒚𝟐 ∆ 𝟐 𝒚𝟏
∆𝒚𝟐
𝒙𝟑 𝒚𝟑

Gauss forward formula:

Using shaded cells
𝒕(𝒕 − 𝟏) 𝟐 𝒕(𝒕𝟐 − 𝟏) 𝟑
𝑷𝒏 (𝒙) = 𝒚𝟎 + 𝒕∆𝒚𝟎 + ∆ 𝒚−𝟏 + ∆ 𝒚−𝟏 +
𝟐! 𝟑!
𝒕(𝒕𝟐 − 𝟏)(𝒕 − 𝟐) 𝟒 𝒕(𝒕𝟐 − 𝟏)(𝒕𝟐 − 𝟒) 𝟓
∆ 𝒚−𝟐 + ∆ 𝒚−𝟐 + ⋯
𝟒! 𝟓!

Gauss backward formula :

Using arrows direction
𝒕(𝒕 + 𝟏) 𝟐 𝒕(𝒕𝟐 − 𝟏) 𝟑
𝑷𝒏 (𝒙) = 𝒚𝟎 + 𝒕 ∆𝒚−𝟏 + ∆ 𝒚−𝟏 + ∆ 𝒚−𝟐
𝟐! 𝟑!
+
𝟐
𝒕(𝒕 − 𝟏)(𝒕 + 𝟐) 𝟒 𝒕(𝒕𝟐 − 𝟏)(𝒕𝟐 − 𝟒) 𝟓
∆ 𝒚−𝟐 + ∆ 𝒚−𝟑 + ⋯
𝟒! 𝟓!

132
 Example 3
Use Gauss formula to find y at x=3.3, 3.8 from the data
x 1 2 3 4 5 6
y 7 32 93 208 395 672
Solution
Use difference table in example 1 and Gauss forward formula
3.3 − 3
𝑥0 = 3 , 𝑡 = = 0.3
4−3
0.3 (−0.7)
𝑃𝑛 (3.3) = 93 + 0.3(115) + (54) +
2!
0.3 (0.32 − 1) 0.3(0.32 − 1)(0.3 − 2)
(18) + (0)
3! 4!
0.3(0.32 − 1)(0.32 − 4)
+ (0) = 121.011
5!
Using Gauss backward formula
3.8−4
𝑥0 = 4 , 𝑡 = = −0.2
4−3
(−0.2) (−0.2 + 1)
𝑃𝑛 (3.8) = 208 + (−0.2) (115) + (72)
2!
(−0.2) (−0.2 + 1)(−0.2 − 1)
+ (18) +
3!
(−0.2) (−0.2 + 1)(−0.2 − 1)(−0.2 + 2)
(0) = 179.816
4!

6-2 Unequal spaced data

6-2-2 Newton General formula

For the given data

x 𝒙𝟎 𝒙𝟏 𝒙𝟐 𝒙𝟑 𝒙𝟒 … 𝒙𝒏
y 𝒚𝟎 𝒚𝟏 𝒚𝟐 𝒚𝟑 𝒚𝟒 … 𝒚𝒏

Where 𝑥1 − 𝑥0 ≠ 𝑥2 − 𝑥1 ≠ ⋯

133
Forming the following divided difference table
x y 𝛿𝑦 𝛿 2𝑦 𝛿 3𝑦 𝛿 4𝑦
𝑥0 𝑦0
𝛿𝑦0 =
𝑦1 − 𝑦0
𝑥1 − 𝑥0
𝛿 2 𝑦0 =
𝑥1 𝑦1
𝛿𝑦1 − 𝛿𝑦0
𝑥2 − 𝑥0
𝛿𝑦1 = 𝛿 3 𝑦0 =
𝑦2 − 𝑦1 𝛿 2 𝑦1 − 𝛿 2 𝑦0
𝑥2 − 𝑥1 𝑥3 − 𝑥0
𝛿 2 𝑦1 = 𝛿 4 𝑦0 =
𝑥2 𝑦2 𝛿𝑦2 − 𝛿𝑦1 𝛿 3 𝑦1 − 𝛿 3 𝑦0
𝑥3 − 𝑥1 𝑥4 − 𝑥0
𝛿𝑦2 = 𝛿 3 𝑦1 =
𝑦3 − 𝑦2 𝛿 2 𝑦2 − 𝛿 2 𝑦1
𝑥3 − 𝑥2 𝑥4 − 𝑥1
𝛿 2 𝑦2 =
𝑥3 𝑦3
𝛿𝑦3 − 𝛿𝑦2
𝑥4 − 𝑥2
𝛿𝑦3 =
𝑦4 − 𝑦3
𝑥4 − 𝑥3
𝑥4 𝑦4
Newton general formula
𝑷𝒏 (𝒙) = 𝒚𝟎 + (𝒙 − 𝒙𝟎 )𝜹𝒚𝟎 + (𝒙 − 𝒙𝟎 )(𝒙 − 𝒙𝟏 )𝜹𝟐 𝒚𝟎
+(𝒙 − 𝒙𝟎 )(𝒙 − 𝒙𝟏 )(𝒙 − 𝒙𝟐 )𝜹𝟑 𝒚𝟎
+(𝒙 − 𝒙𝟎 )(𝒙 − 𝒙𝟏 )(𝒙 − 𝒙𝟐 )(𝒙 − 𝒙𝟑 )𝜹𝟒 𝒚𝟎 +…

134
 Example 4
Use Newton’s formula to find y at x=2, 3.8 from the
following data
x 1 1.5 2.5 3.5 4
y 7 16.125 56.875 142.625 208
Solution
Forming the difference table

x y 𝛿𝑦 𝛿 2𝑦 𝛿 3𝑦 𝛿 4𝑦

1
7
18.25

15
1.5 16.125
40.75 3

22.5 0
2.5 56.875
85.75 3

30
3.5 142.625
130.75

4 208

Using Newton general formula

𝑃𝑛 (2) = 7 + (2 − 1)(18.25) + (2 − 1)(2 − 1.5)(15) +
(2 − 1)(2 − 1.5)(2 − 2.5)(3) +
(2 − 1)(2 − 1.5)(2 − 2.5)(2 − 3.5)(0) = 32

𝑃𝑛 (3.8) = 7 + (3.8 − 1)(18.25) + (3.8 − 1)(3.8 − 1.5)(15)

+(3.8 − 1)(3.8 − 1.5)(3.8 − 2.5)(3)
+(3.8 − 1)(3.8 − 1.5)(3.8 − 2.5)(3.8 − 3.5)(0) = 179.9

135
 Example 5
Use Newton’s formula to find y at x=0.21, 0.89 from the
following data
x 0 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.7 0.9
y 4 4.2 4.45 4.8 6.45 8.05

Solution
Forming the difference table

x y 𝛿𝑦 𝛿 2𝑦 𝛿 3𝑦

0 4
1

0.2 4.2 5

2.5 0

0.3 4.45 5

3.5 0

0.4 4.8 5

5.5 0

0.7 6.45 5

0.9 8.05

Using Newton general formula

𝑃𝑛 (0.21) = 4 + (0.21 − 0)(1) + (0.21 − 0)(0.21 − 0.2)(5)
=4.22

𝑃𝑛 (0.89) = 4 + (0.89 − 0)(1) + (0.89 − 0)(0.89 − 0.2)(5)

=7.96

136
6-3 Lagrange interpolation formula

Used for any type of data. But in case of Unequal spaced

Data it is preferred to be small number of data.

‫ ولكن فى حالة البيانات غير متساوية الفترات‬.‫تستخدم الى نوع من البيانات‬

‫يفضل ان يكون عددها قليل‬

For the given data

x 𝒙𝟎 𝒙𝟏 𝒙𝟐 𝒙𝟑 … 𝒙𝒏
y 𝒚𝟎 𝒚𝟏 𝒚𝟐 𝒚𝟑 … 𝒚𝒏

Lagrange interpolation formula

(𝑥 − 𝑥1 )(𝑥 − 𝑥2 )(𝑥 − 𝑥3 ) … (𝑥 − 𝑥𝑛 )
𝑝𝑛 (𝑥) = 𝑦 +
(𝑥0 − 𝑥1 )(𝑥0 − 𝑥2 )(𝑥0 − 𝑥3 ) … (𝑥0 − 𝑥𝑛 ) 0
(𝑥 − 𝑥0 )(𝑥 − 𝑥2 )(𝑥 − 𝑥3 ) … (𝑥 − 𝑥𝑛 )
𝑦 +
(𝑥1 − 𝑥0 )(𝑥1 − 𝑥2 )(𝑥1 − 𝑥3 ) … (𝑥1 − 𝑥𝑛 ) 1
(𝑥 − 𝑥0 )(𝑥 − 𝑥1 )(𝑥 − 𝑥3 ) … (𝑥 − 𝑥𝑛 )
𝑦 +
(𝑥2 − 𝑥0 )(𝑥2 − 𝑥1 )(𝑥2 − 𝑥3 ) … (𝑥2 − 𝑥𝑛 ) 2

…………..…
(𝑥 − 𝑥0 )(𝑥 − 𝑥1 )(𝑥 − 𝑥2 ) … (𝑥 − 𝑥𝑛−1 )
𝑦
(𝑥𝑛 − 𝑥0 )(𝑥𝑛 − 𝑥1 )(𝑥𝑛 − 𝑥2 ) … (𝑥𝑛 − 𝑥𝑛−1 ) 𝑛

Example 6
Use Lagrange formula to find y at x=0.23, 0.89 from the
following data
x 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.7
y 4.2 4.45 4.8 6.45

137
Solution
(0.23 − 0.3)(0.23 − 0.4)(0.23 − 0.7)
𝑝𝑛 (0.23) = 4.2 +
(0.2 − 0.3)(0.2 − 0.4)(0.2 − 0.7)
(0.23 − 0.2)(0.23 − 0.4)(0.23 − 0.7)
4.45 +
(0.3 − 0.2)(0.3 − 0.4)(0.3 − 0.7)
(0.23 − 0.2)(0.23 − 0.3)(0.23 − 0.7)
4.8 +
(0.4 − 0.2)(0.4 − 0.3)(0.4 − 0.7)
(0.23 − 0.2)(0.23 − 0.3)(0.23 − 0.4)
6.45 = 4.265
(0.7 − 0.2)(0.7 − 0.3)(0.7 − 0.4)

(0.89 − 0.3)(0.89 − 0.4)(0.89 − 0.7)

𝑝𝑛 (0.89) = 4.2 +
(0.2 − 0.3)(0.2 − 0.4)(0.2 − 0.7)
(0.89 − 0.2)(0.89 − 0.4)(0.89 − 0.7)
4.45 +
(0.3 − 0.2)(0.3 − 0.4)(0.3 − 0.7)
(0.89 − 0.2)(0.89 − 0.3)(0.89 − 0.7)
4.8 +
(0.4 − 0.2)(0.4 − 0.3)(0.4 − 0.7)
(0.89 − 0.2)(0.89 − 0.3)(0.89 − 0.4)
6.45 = 7.961
(0.7 − 0.2)(0.7 − 0.3)(0.7 − 0.4)

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 Exercise
From the following data
x 0.5 1 1.5 2 2.5 3
y 1.65 2.72 4.48 7.39 12.18 20.09
Use Newton forward formula to find y at x=0.7
1 − ∆𝑦0 =
𝑎) 0.5 𝑏) 1.65 𝑐) 1.07 𝑑) 7.91
2
2 − ∆ 𝑦1 =
𝑎) 1.15 𝑏) 0.69 𝑐) 1.88 𝑑) 3.12
3
3 − ∆ 𝑦2 =
𝑎) 0.46 𝑏) 0.73 𝑐) 1.24 𝑑) 0.27
4
4 − ∆ 𝑦0 =
𝑎) 0 𝑏) 0.24 𝑐) 0.51 𝑑) 0.27
5
5 − ∆ 𝑦0 =
𝑎) 0.24 𝑏) 0 𝑐) 0.51 𝑑) 0.27
6 − 𝑦(0.7)
𝑎) 1.9 𝑏) 2.4 𝑐) 2.02 𝑑) 14.3
From the same table to find y at x=1.2
7 − 𝑦0 =
𝑎) 0.5 𝑏) 1 𝑐) 1.65 𝑑) 2.72
8 − ∆𝑦0 =
𝑎) 1.65 𝑏) 1.76 𝑐) 1.07 𝑑) 2.91
2
9 − ∆ 𝑦1 =
𝑎) 1.15 𝑏) 0.69 𝑐) 1.88 𝑑) 3.12
3
10 − ∆ 𝑦0 =
𝑎) 0.46 𝑏) 0.73 𝑐) 1.24 𝑑) 0.27

11 − ∆4 𝑦0 =
𝑎) 0.5 𝑏) 0.24 𝑐) 1.24 𝑑) 0.27
12 − 𝑦(1.2)
𝑎) 3.97 𝑏) 2.4 𝑐) 3.31 𝑑) 14.3
From the following data
x 1 2 3 4 5 6
y -2.5 -1 4.5 14 27.5 45
Use Newton backward formula to find y at x=5.5
13 − ∇𝑦5 =
𝑎) 1.5 𝑏) 17.5 𝑐) 13.5 𝑑) 45
2
14 − ∇ 𝑦4 =
139
𝑎) 0 𝑏) 13.5 𝑐) 4 𝑑) 5.5
3
15 − ∇ 𝑦4 =
𝑎) 0 𝑏) 4 𝑐) 13.5 𝑑) 5.5
16 − 𝑦(5.5)
𝑎) 14.3 𝑏) 32.4 𝑐) 41.37 𝑑)35.75
From the following data
x 5 6 6.5 7 8
y 2.72 3.32 3.67 4.06 4.95
Use Newton general formula to find y at x=6.2
17 − 𝛿𝑦0 =
𝑎) 0.7 𝑏) 2.72 𝑐) 0.6 𝑑) 3.32
3
18 − 𝛿 𝑦0 =
𝑎) − 0.003 𝑏) 0.07 𝑐) − 0.005 𝑑) 0.005
19 − ∆4 𝑦0 =
𝑎) − 0.003 𝑏) 0.005 𝑐) 0.07 𝑑) 0.6
20 − 𝑦(6.2) =

Use Lagrange formula to find y at x=0.23, 0.89 from the following data
𝑎) 3.88 𝑏) 5.93 𝑐) 3.46 𝑑) 3.92
x 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.7
y 4.2 4.45 4.8 6.45

21- One term of Lagrange formula is

(𝑥 − 𝑥0 )(𝑥 − 𝑥1 )(𝑥 − 𝑥3 ) … (𝑥 − 𝑥𝑛 )
𝑎) 𝑦
(𝑥2 − 𝑥0 )(𝑥2 − 𝑥1 )(𝑥2 − 𝑥3 ) … (𝑥2 − 𝑥𝑛 ) 3
(𝑥 − 𝑥0 )(𝑥 − 𝑥1 )(𝑥 − 𝑥3 ) … (𝑥 − 𝑥𝑛 )
𝑏) 𝑦
(𝑥2 − 𝑥0 )(𝑥2 − 𝑥1 )(𝑥2 − 𝑥3 ) … (𝑥2 − 𝑥𝑛 ) 1
(𝑥 − 𝑥0 )(𝑥 − 𝑥1 )(𝑥 − 𝑥3 ) … (𝑥 − 𝑥𝑛 )
𝑐) 𝑦
(𝑥2 − 𝑥0 )(𝑥2 − 𝑥1 )(𝑥2 − 𝑥3 ) … (𝑥2 − 𝑥𝑛 ) 2

(𝑥2 − 𝑥0 )(𝑥2 − 𝑥1 )(𝑥2 − 𝑥3 ) … (𝑥2 − 𝑥𝑛 )

𝑑) 𝑦2
(𝑥 − 𝑥0 )(𝑥 − 𝑥1 )(𝑥 − 𝑥3 ) … (𝑥 − 𝑥𝑛 )

22- 𝑝𝑛 (0.23) =
𝑎) 4.365 𝑏) 4.265 𝑐) 4.994 𝑑) 5.324

140