Lesson 01

Sociology and
Anthropology
SABELLINA,CYRUS JOHN P.
 Introduction:
·
·Science come from the Latin word “Scire” (to know)
·PSEUDOSCIENCE – Comes from the Greek word Pseudes (untrue, erroneous,
deceitful)
·Scientific law- is a tried, tested, and proven prevailing fact that is undisputable,
unbreakable, and unchangeable in all similar conditions that it has been tested under.
·Theories- are developed rationalized explanations in an attempt to understand and
explain the occurrence of a phenomenon or the emergence of an outcome.
·Hypothesis- is a conditional assumption, not a claim or generalization.

 MAN IS THE MOST

DIFFICULT TO STUDY AND
PREDICT

 Science

Natural Social
Sciences Sciences

Political Science
Biological Physical Economics
History
Sciences Sciences
Anthropology
Sociology
Biology Chemistry Psychology
Botany Physics
Zoology Geology
Microbiology Meteorology
Parasitology Oceanography Figure 1: Divisions of Science
Virology Astronomy
 SOCIOLOGY ANTHROPOLOGY
(Society and (Human Heritage
Social life and Culture)

PSYCHOLOGY SOCIAL HISTORY

(Human SCIENCE (Past Events and
Behavior) human Progress)
(Man)

POLITICAL
SCIENCE ECONOMICS
(Human Wants)
(State and
Politics) Figure 2: Interrelationship of
Social Sciences centering on Man
Sociology-
the study of social life, social change, and the
social causes and consequences of human
behavior
Known as Scientific study of Society
Derived from the Latin word Socius (associate or
companion) and a Greek word logos (study).
Anthropology-
The scientific study of humanity or those aspects
that make us human and the imprints of human
achievement and progress.
Derived from the Greek words Anthropos (man),
and Logos (study).
Relationship of Sociology
and Anthropology:
Anthropology Sociology

helps by providing insights aids in the study of how group

into strange aspects of past interest and expectations develop a
kind of culture and how social
or even present societies
institutions regulate way of life.
which to historians and Agents of socialization and the
sociologist find them socialization process also pave way to
difficult to comprehend acculturation and assimilation of
and explain. different people.

Relationship of Sociology
and Anthropology:
Anthropology Sociology

Anthropology provides Sociology takes the help of

knowledge about ancient anthropology. The origin of
societies. To have a family, marriage, religion,
comprehensive etc can be understood
understanding of through anthropological
present society. knowledge.
 Kroeber

Pointed out that

Sociology and
Anthropology are twin
sisters.
Similarities and Differences of Sociology and Anthropology
is a science of
is a science of society and
social relationships man and his
Sociology studies modern, behavior.
civilized and complex Anthropology
societies. studies ancient,
The scope of Sociology is they both simple, primitive,
study human
very wide behaviour but and non-literate
Sociologists generally the focus is
societies
different
concentrate their studies Behavior of The scope of
on institutions such as Groups and
institutions Anthropology is
family, marriage, or
very limited.
processes such as social
change, social mobility, Anthropologists
etc usually
Sociologists study ‘small’ concentrate on
as well as ‘large’ societies small societies

SOCIOLOGY ANTHROPOLOGY
 they both study
human behaviour
but the focus is
different

Behavior of Groups
and institutions

 Relevance of Sociology and Anthropology

Sociologist and Anthropologist study society and humanity in order to:

Explain social Resolve social Allows for better Acquire a

Determine socio-cultural personal
phenomenon by problems and
socio-cultural integration by understanding
understanding improve human
trends and understanding of our social
social conditions by
outcomes by cultural roles and
interactions and analyzing socio-
analyzing and differences, functions in
the interplay of cultural issues,
interpreting data cultural relation to
socio-cultural, social policy-
pertaining to meaning, and others in society
political, and making and
social conditions social and how society
economic guiding socio-
and situations. relationship. affects us.
factors. cultural changes.

Division of Sociology and

Anthropology
 Seven Areas of Concentration in
Sociology
Social Organization- this area deals with social institutions,
social stratification and mobility, social groups, and social
relationships.

Social Psychology -This area focuses on collective and

deviant behavior, socialization, and social influences on
personality.

Social Change - this area studies the underlying principles,

processes and dynamics of social change
 Seven Areas of Concentration in
Sociology
Human Ecology- It is an Area of Study that deals with the relationship and
integration of human population with the natural environment.

Population studies or Demography- It deals with the study of the characteristics

and growth of a population and its social implications.

Social theory and Method-The Area in which social theories are formulated and
advanced for explaining social phenomenon and for useful applications.

Applied Sociology-This Area involves the utilization of sociological research in

solving social problems and improving social conditions

Four Fields of Discipline in Anthropology

of human species. It deals with the
1.Physical Anthropology- the scientific study
origins, development, adaptations, and characteristics of human from a
biophysical- cultural standpoint.

2.Cultural Anthropology- The Scientific study of culture. It focuses on the cultural

elements and organized way of life of human groups.

3.Archeology – The Scientific study of past human settlements and cultures. It

entails recovery and examination of fossils (organic remains especially human) and
artifacts (remnants of man’s activities)

4.Linguistics- The Scientific study of language. It analyzes the nature, development,

structure, usage, and variation of human languages.
FORERUNNERS OF
SOCIOLOGY
Auguste Comte (1798-1857)
Frenchman who coined the term
“sociology”

Advocated the Application of Scientific

method to social life and positivism or the
use of empirical investigation in order to

uncover laws that govern society.

He is regarded as “Father of Sociology”

Major scholarly work: “Cours de

Philosophie Positive” (The Course in
Positive Philosophy); published from 1830
to 1842 in 6 volumes.
Harriet Martineau Englishwoman who translated the
works of Auguste Comte
(1802-1876)

Wrote the first methodological

treatises in sociology through her
systematic and comparative

observations of societies and
feminist views.

Regarded as “First woman

Sociologist”

Scholarly Work: Society in America

published in 1837
Karl Marx (1818-1883) German who postulated “Economic
Determinism”

Believed that conflict among social

classes causes social change and
that social conditions were
reflective of the economic

situation.

Work: Das Kapital: Kritik der

politischen Okinomie (Capital:
Criticism of the Political Economy);
published from 1867 to 1867 in 4
volumes
Herbert Spencer (1820-1903)

Englishman who coined the

Phrase “survival of the fittest” in

applying evolutionary theory in

understanding and explaining
society.
He published the first sociology
book Principles of Sociology.

Ferdinand Tonnies (1855-1936)

Norwegian who Introduced the
term phrase “conspicuous
consumption” with reference to
consumption undertaken to

make a statement to others
about one’s class or
accomplishments.
He asserted the relevance of
Socio-cultural Factors in
economic behavior.
Work: The Theory of the Leisure
Class: An Economic Study of
Institutions published in 1899.
Ferdinand Tonnies (1855-1936)
German who produced the first
systematic sociological account
of the evolution of society from
ancient to modern.

He introduced the terms

“gemeinschaft” (community)
and “gesellschaft” (society) as
two types of social groups.
Work: Gemeinschaft and
Gesellschaft published in 1887.

Emile Durkheim (1858-1917)

Frenchman who established
sociology as an academic
discipline by having founded and
chaired the first European
Department of Sociology in 1895

at the University of Bordeaux in

France.
He produced the first sociological
research, a case study on suicide.
Work: Les Regles De la Methode
Sociologique (Rules of the
Sociological Method) published in
1895.

Georg Simmel (1858-1919)

German who conceptualized
society being made up of a web of
“patterned interaction” that

human interaction should be

studied in its form.
He coined the terms “Dyad” (group
of two people) and “triad” (group
of three people)
Work: Philosophy of Money- 1907

Max Weber (1864-1920)

German whose concentration of
study is on the sociology of
religion and the bureaucracy.
He directed sociology toward the
study of social action and its

course and consequences by

examining the subjective meanings
of the intended actions of people.
Work: Die Protestantische Ethik
under Geist des Kapitalismus (The
Protestant Ethic and the Spirit of
Capitalism) 1904

Pitirim Sorokin (1889-1968)

Russian who adopted “integralism”
in sociology by uniting science,
philosophy, and religion.
He pioneered studies in “social
mobility” or the movement of

individuals in the social structure.

In 1930, he founded the Sociology
Department at Harvard University
in the US.
Work: Social and Cultural
Dynamics: A Study of Change in
Major Systems of Art, Truth, Ethics,
Law, and Social Relationships;
published in 1957

Talcott Parsons (1902-1979)

American who developed a general
theory of Social Action drawing on
the Disciplines of the social
sciences and reinterpreting
previous theories.

Asserted that action is to be

understood as an end-oriented
process occurring in conditional
circumstances.
Work: The Structure of Social
Action published in 1937

Robert Merton (1910-2003)

American who established
sociology of science as a scientific
discipline.
He introduced the concepts of
“unintended consequences”,

“reference group”, and “role

strain”.
He also introduced the terms “role
model” and “Self-fulfilling
prophecy”
Work: On the Shoulders of Giants
published in 1965.

FORERUNNERS OF
ANTHROPOLOGY
 Johann Friedrich
Blumenbach (1752-1840) German Physician who laid the
foundation of Anthropology as a
scientific discipline.
He divided the human race into five
racial Groups and asserted that
human physical characteristics were
dependent on geography, nutrition,
and customs.
Works: Handbuch der
Naturgeschichte (Manual of Natural
History) published in 1779.

Lewis Henry Morgan (1818-1881)

American Cultural anthropologist

whose studies on kinship led him to
develop a theory of cultural
evolution and produced the first
major scientific account of the origin
and evolution of civilization
Work: Ancient Society published in
1877.

Edward Burnett Tylor

(1831-1917) “Father of Anthropology”
Founder of Cultural Anthropology
First to hold the chair in the subject
at Oxford University in the UK in
1896
Coined the term “Culture” and
enriched research on it.
Work: Researches into the Early
History of Mankind and the
Development of Civilization
published in 1865.

William Graham Summer

(1840-1910)
American Economist and cultural
anthropologist who introduced the
terms “Folkways”, “mores”, and
“ethnocentrism” in socio-cultural
anthropology.
Work: Folkways: A Study of the
Sociological Importance of Usages,
Manners, Customs, Mores, and
Morals; published in 1907.

Franz Boas (1858-1942)

German American cultural anthropologist
who advocated participant-observation in
field-work research and asserted that each
culture had to be understood within
context.
He originated the notion of culture as
learned behavior and pioneered the
concept of life group displays or
“Diorama”.
“Father of American Anthropology” and
regarded by others as the “Father of
Modern Anthropology”
Work: The mind of Primitive Man,
published in 1911.

Ruth Bendeict (1877-1948)

American Cultural anthropologist
who pioneered the application of
anthropology on studying aspects of
advanced societies and became the
first woman professor in
anthropology.
She asserted that every culture
originated from human potentialities
over a period of time by stating the
“the culture pattern of any
civilization makes use of certain
segment of the great arc of potential
human purposes and motivation.”
Work: Patterns of Culture; 1934
Alfred Reginald Radcliffe-
Brown (1881-1955)

English social anthropologist who

developed the theory of “structural
functionalism” with the reference to
the social structure of primitive
civilizations.
Work: Structure and Function in
Primitive Society ;1952

Bronislaw Malinowski
(1884-1942) Polish Anthropology who founded
social anthropology by focusing into
sociological and psychological fields
of enquiry.
Stressed out the importance of
detailed participant observation in
ethnographic research “to grasp the
native’s point of view, his relation to
life, to realize his vision of his world”
Work: Argonauts of the Western
Pacific : 1922.

Ralph Linton (1893-1953)

American Cultural Anthropologist

who sorted out the distinction
between status and role.
He also expounded his views on the
cultural background of personality
showing how each individual’s
experience in a society produce
“status personality”
Work: “The Study of Man” 1936

Margaret Mead (1901-1978)

American Cultural Anthropologist

who contributed her ethnographic
research on adolescent and sexual
behavior in various context.
Work: Coming of Age on Samoa ;1928

 Edward Evan Evans-

Pritchard (1902-1973)
English social Anthropologist who
ethno-graphically investigated
African Cultures especially on
comparative religions.
He placed social history as the
explanatory model for social
anthropology.
Work: Theories of Primitive Religion;
1965.

Claude Levi-Strauss (1908-

2009)
French Social Anthropologist who
introduced “structuralism” in
anthropology to identify common
patterns of behavior and thought in
all human societies.
He asserted his findings that savage
and civilized people have
fundamentally similar minds.
Work: La Pensee Sauvage (The
Savage Mind) 1962.

Thank You