(yee POLYNOMIALS BASIC CONCEPTS & FORMULAE 1. Polynomial: An algebraic expression of the form age" + ax" + agx"? + ot a. 1X + dy where gy yy. ly are ea) numbers, n is w non-negative integer and ay # is called a polynomial of degree n. 2. Degece of polynomial: The highest power of variable in a polynomial is called the degree of polynomial, 8. ‘Types of polynomials: (i) Constant Polynomial: A polynomial p(x) of degree zero is called a constant polynomial and it is of the form p(x) =k (ii) Linear Polynomial: A polynomial of degree one is called linear polynomial and it is of the form pix) = ax + 4, where a, 6 are real numbers and a4 0. (iif) Quadratic Polynomial: A polynomial of degree two is called quadratic polynomial and it is of the form p(x) = ax" + bx + ¢, where a, b, ¢ are real numbers and ax 0. (iv) Cubie Polynomial: A polynomial of degree three is called cubic polynomial and it is of the form p(x) = ax’ + bx" + ex + d, where a, b, c,d are real numbers anda 0, (@) Bi-quadratic Polynomial: A polynomial of degree four is called bi-quadratic polynomial and it is of the form p(x) = ax' + be? + ex* + de + ¢, where @, 6, c, d,eare real numbers and a # 0. 4. Graph of polynomial: () Graph of a linear polynomial p(x) = ax + b is a straight line. (Ht) Graph ofa quadratic polynomial p(s) = ax* + be + cis a parabola open upwards like U ifa > 0 (ai) Graph of a quadratic polynomial p(x) = ax” + bx + ¢ is a parabola open downwards like 0 if a<0, * (iu) In general a polynomial p(x) of degree n crosses the x-axis at atmost » points, 5. Zeroes of a polynomial: a is said to be zero of a polynomial p(e) if p(a) = 0. () Geometrically, the zeroes of a polynomial p(x) are the x-c0-ardinates of the poi graph of y = p(x) intersects the x-axis, (3) A polynomial of degree ‘n’ can have atmost n zeros. ‘That is @ quadratic polynomial can have atmost 2 zeroes and a cubic polynomi almost 3 zeroes. (itt) 0 may a zero of a polynomial, ' io) Anon-zero constant polynomial have no zeroes,4. In Fig. 2.2, the i a graph of the polynomial p(x) is given. The number of zeroes of the polynomial {CBSE 2020 (30/9/1)} Fig 22 (@ 1 we 1 oh 5. The quadratic polynomial, the sum of whose zeroes is - 5 and their product is 6, is +44 : [CBSE 2020 (80/1/1)) eee (b) x8 5x + 6 (8 -5x-6 (d) =x + x + 6 6, Ione of the zeroes of the quadratic polynomial x* + 3x + his 2, then the value of k is [CBSE 2020 (30/1/1) (@) 10 (6) -10 @-7 @-2 7. The graph of a quadratic polynomial ax’ + bx + ¢ = 0, having discriminant equal to zero, will | touch x-axis at exactly how many points? (a) one (6) wo (©) three (d) can't say 8. The quadratic polynomial p(x) with -24 and 4.as a product and one of the zeros respectively is (a) x= 2-24 (by xP + e204 eter (d) Can't be determined 9. The polynomial (x — a), where a > 0, is a factor of the polynomial q(x) = 4/2x* - /2. Which of these is a polynomial whose facto [CBSE Question Bank} (a) PO +x46 (x8 +x-6 @x-5e4+4 @) P+ &e-3 10. Which of these is a factor of the polynomial p(x)=x° + 4x +5? {CBSE Question Bank] @ @+}) w=) @@+3) @ &-3) 11, Given that m + 2, where m is a positive integer, is a zero of the polynomial q (x)= x* - mx—6. Which of these is the value of m? {CBSE Question Bank] @ 4 3 2 @i 12. Which of these is a zero of the polynomials p(y) = 3y° ~16)-8? {CBSE Question Bank] @?2 8 @-2 @d) 8 13. Consider the polynomial in =, p)=2"-22' +3. What is the value of the polynomial at 22-12? [CBSE Question Banik] @6 5 4 @3 14. Consider the expression x(-43e7, where m is a constant, For what value of m, will the expression be a cubic polynomial? (CBSE Question Bank @ 1 2 o- @ 2 Polynomials \1924, =, 26. 31. ‘The product of the zeros of the polynomial 4x’ + 3x + 7 is 3 3 7 w? o-4 oF @ 4 If two of the zeros of the cubic polynomial ax’ + bx* + cx + d are 0, then the third zero is @ ws ot ot If2 and « are zeros of 2x" - 6x + 2 then the value of « is @ 2 6) 3 @t ds ‘A quadratic polynomial with sum and product of its zeros as 8 and -9 respectively is @) P-8x+9 (6) P-84-9 () x7 +8e-9 (d) P+ &+9 Which of the following is not the graph of a quadratic polynomial? {NCERT Exemplar} @ fi ) @ Fig. 24 (ato) + Hone zero of the quadratic polynomial x?—5x + k is-4, then the value of k is (@) 36 (b) -36 18 @ -18 the graph of a polynomial intersects the x-axis at exactly two points, then it (@) cannot be a linear or a cubic polynomial (6) can be a quadratic polynomial only (0 can be a cubic oF a quadratic polynomial (d) can be a linear or a quadratic polynomial ‘The zeros of the quadratic polynomial Sthethkeo (@) both cannot be positive (}) both cannot be negative (0) are always equal (@) are always unequal ‘The number of polynomials having zeros 1 and -2 is (a) 1 6) 2 3 (@) more than 3 A quadratic polynomial, whose zeros are 5 and ~8 is @) P+ 13x-40 by 2 4 4x3 (©) *-3e + 40 (d) x + 3x40J answer any four questions from (i) to (v). fficient method of load, and so can be found in bridges and in eee Read the following and The below pictures are few natural examples of parabolic sh: quadratic polynom' curve represents an ina variety of forms. [CBSE Question Bank} polynomial, ax*+ bx + ¢, where a, b, and ¢ (@ In the standard form of quadratic @ Allare real numbers. (b) Allare rational numbers, o ‘a’ ipa non zero real number and b and ¢ are any real numbers. (d) All are integers. 7 Ge at qt omic =P (@)D>0 wp<0 @pz0 @p=0 ii) ir cand are thereon af the quadrai polynomial 2° -» + 8h nen ws oF oy @?2 (iv) The graph of * + 1=0 marndi coneng, nite eraucie: 2 @) Intersects x-axis at two distinct points. wi i | (6) Touches x-axis ata point. ge hestcceg Ss doprey © Neither touches nor intersects x-axis. | oe rr dey | (@) Either touches or intersects 2x8 are re ae(0) Ifthe sum of the roots is-p and product ofthe roots is =F sthen the quadratic polynomiat is Z 2, 1 1 @ i(-pet+ 5 +1) wr(mt+5-1) © (ete m5) @ ile =m 5) 2. Read the following and answer any four questions from (i) (o (0). An axona isa body posture, originally and still a general term fora sitting meditation pose, and later extended in hatha yoga and modern yoga as exercise, to any type of pose or postion, adding teckning, sanding, inverted, twisting, and balancing poses. Inthe figure, one can observe that poses can be related to representation of quaciratic polynomial [CBSE Queition Bank} Fig. 28 (i) The shapes of the poses shown are (a) Spiral () Ellipse (©) Linear (@) Parabola Ww The graph of parabola opens downward, if (azo (a =0 @a0 (iii) In the graph, how many zeros are there for the polynomial? @o lt 2 @s3 241 Mathematics-X: Term-1(iv) The two zerves in the above shown graph are @24 2.4 oO-a4 (d) 2,-8 (0) The zeros of the quadratic polynomial 4/37 +5: - 2/3 are ef | qt & se Shs Oa Ong 4 wens Oa 4 Read the following and answer any four questions from (i) to (0). asketball and soccer are played with a spherical ball. Even though an athlete dribbles the ball in both sports, a basketball player uses his hands and a soccer player uses his feet. Usually, soccer is played outdoors on a large field and basketball is played indoor on @ court made up of wood, The projectile (path traced) of soccer ball and basketball are in the form of parabola representing quadratic polynomial [CBSE Question Bank} (#) The shape of the path traced shown is (a) Spiral (6) Ellipse (© Linear (@) Parabola (ii) ‘The graph of parabola opens upward, if (@a)a=0 (a0 (iii) Observe the following graph and answer. In the above graph, how many zeros are there for the polynomial? @0 1 2 ws eS aASSERTION-REASON QUESTIONS ist of two statements—Assertion(A) and Reason{R). Answer these te option given below: (planation for A. true and R is not the correct explanation for A. The following questions cons questions selecting the appropria (a) Both A and R are true and R is the correct &x (6) Both A and R are (c) Ais true but R is false. (d) Ais false but R is true. (2 ¥3) is one zero of the quadratic polynomial then other zero will be (2 + v3) 1, Assertion (A): Reason (R): Irrational zeros (roots) always occurs in pairs. 2. Assertion (4): If both zeros of the quadratic polynomial x ~ 2kx + 2 are in magnitude but opposite in sign then value of k is S atk +c8 = sum of zeros of a quadratic polynomial of degree 3. Pls) = 14x? — 2x7 + Bx! + Tx Bisa polynomi of in any polynomial p(x) is the degree of the poly omial fix). The number of nomial ‘The highest power ‘The graph y = f{x) is shown in figure, for the polym zeros of f(x) is 4. ¥ Fig, 217 (n): The number of zero of the polynomial fix) is the number of point of which /(x) cuts or touches the axes. 2. (a) 3. (d) 4. HINTS/SOLUTIONS OF SELECTED Mca 1. Let p(x) =x" - Bx -m (m + 3) => pla) = x7 -(m + 3)x tmx —m (m +3) = x{x-(m + 3)) +m {x-(m + 3)} : For zeros of p(x) a pla) = (x + m) {x -(m + 3)} = 0 => x=-mmt3 Its zeros are -m,m + 3. | ul Option (b) is correct. : ‘The degree of polynomial having zeroes -3 and 4 only i only two zeros, is 2 because it will be a quadratic polynomial.