DESIGN AND ANALYSIS OF PENTA BAND FILTENNA

FOR S,C,Ku & K BAND APPLICATIONS

A thesis submitted in partial fulfillment of the

requirement for the award of the degree of

Bachelor of Technology
in
Electronics & Communication Engineering

by
V . SRIVANI(Y19EC183)
P . SIVA KRISHNA(Y19EC147)
Y . VINESH BABU(Y19EC188)
P . RAVI VARMA(Y19EC138)

Under the guidance of

Smt. M . Himaja M.Tech.,(Ph.D)
Assistant Professor of ECE

Department of Electronics & Communication Engineering

R.V.R. & J.C. COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING
(Autonomous)
Approved by AICTE :: Affiliated to Acharya Nagarjuna University
Chowdavaram, Guntur - 522019, Andhra Pradesh, India
2023
DESIGN AND ANALYSIS OF PENTA BAND FILTENNA
FOR S,C,Ku & K BAND APPLICATIONS

A thesis submitted in partial fulfillment of the

requirement for the award of the degree of

Bachelor of Technology
in
Electronics & Communication Engineering

by
V . SRIVANI(Y19EC183)
P . SIVA KRISHNA(Y19EC147)
Y . VINESH BABU(Y19EC188)
P . RAVI VARMA(Y19EC138)

Under the guidance of

Smt. M . Himaja M.Tech.,(Ph.D)
Assistant Professor of ECE

Department of Electronics & Communication Engineering

R.V.R. & J.C. COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING
(Autonomous)
Approved by AICTE :: Affiliated to Acharya Nagarjuna University
Chowdavaram, Guntur - 522019, Andhra Pradesh, India
2023
 Department of Electronics & Communication
Engineering

CERTIFICATE

This is to certify that the project report entitled “DESIGN AND ANALY-

SIS OF PENTA BAND FILTENNA FOR S,C,Ku AND K BAND AP-

PLICATIONS” that is being submitted by “V . SRIVANI(Y19EC183), P

. SIVA KRISHNA(Y19EC147), Y . VINESH BA(Y19EC188), P . RAVI

VARMA(Y19EC138)” in partial fulfillment for the award of the Degree of Bach-

elor of Technology in Electronics & Communication Engineering to R.V.R &

J.C College of Engineering (Autonomous) is a record of bonafide work carried out by

him under my guidance and supervision. The results embodied in this project report

have not been submitted to any other University or Institute for the award of any degree

or diploma.

Date:

Signature of Guide Signature of HOD

Smt.M . Himaja M.Tech., (Ph.D) Dr.T.Ranga Babu M.Tech., Ph.D
Assistant Professor of ECE Professor & Head
BTech (Electronics & Communication Engineering) Thesis

Abstract
Numerous antennas are essential in current wireless devices to ensure that they may be
utilized for multiple communication services.This not only makes the system larger, but
also increases power loss.Therefore in the present work it is proposed to design a antenna
for improving the above mentioned parameters by using the filtenna(filtering antenna).In
this paper we designed pentaband filtenna for different microwave frequencies based on
the application.Apart from these the filtenna (filtering antenna) has several benefits like
less weight , reduced profile and higher energy efficiency.The design and simulation is
carried out by using Computer Simulation Technology (CST) Software which provides
better computational results.

Department of ECE, R.V.R. & J.C.College of Engineering (Autonomous) Page i

 Table of contents
Abstract . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . i
Table of Contents . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . iii
List of Tables . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . iv
List of Figures . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . v

1 INTRODUCTION 1
1.1 Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2
1.2 Types of Filtennas . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3
1.2.1 Bandpass filtenna : . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3
1.2.2 Notch filtenna : . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3
1.2.3 Wideband filtenna : . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3
1.2.4 Dual-band filtenna : . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3
1.2.5 Tunable filtenna : . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3
1.2.6 Directional filtenna : . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3
1.3 Electromagnetic spectrum: . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4

2 FUNDAMENTAL PARAMETERS OF FILTENNA 5

2.1 Antenna Efficiency: . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6
2.2 Filter characteristics : . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7
2.3 Impedance matching: . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7
2.4 Radiation Pattern: . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7
2.5 Bandwidth . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8
2.6 Size and Weight . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9
2.7 Returnloss . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9
2.8 Directivity . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9
2.9 Gain . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10
2.10 Voltage Standing Wave Ratio: . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10

3 DESIGN THEORY 12
3.1 Substrate details . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13
3.2 Patch Width . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13
3.3 Effective Dielectric Constant . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13
3.4 Length . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14

4 FILTENNA NETWORKS 15
4.1 Antennas . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16

ii
BTech (Electronics & Communication Engineering) Thesis

4.2 Electronic components . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17

4.3 Signal filteration . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17
4.4 Filter . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 18

5 FILTENNA DESIGN CHALLENGES 19

6 FILTENNA DESIGN 23
6.1 Project Overview . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 24
6.1.1 Process: . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 24
6.2 Computer Simulation Technology (CST) (Software Used to Simulate the
Results) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 24
6.3 Design of filtenna . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 25
6.3.1 Back view: . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 25
6.3.2 Front view: . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 26

7 RESULTS 29
7.1 Return Loss . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 30
7.2 VSWR (Voltage Standing Wave Ratio) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 31
7.3 Directivity . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 32
7.4 Farfield . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 34
7.5 Gain . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 36
7.6 Impedance . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 37
7.7 Consolidated results . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 39

8 APPLICATIONS 40

9 CONCLUSION 42

10 REFERENCES 44

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BTech (Electronics & Communication Engineering) Thesis

List of Tables

6.1 Parameters of Base Antenna . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 28

7.1 Results of designed filtenna . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 39

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BTech (Electronics & Communication Engineering) Thesis

List of Figures

2.1 3D Radiation pattern . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8

2.2 2D Radiation pattern . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8
2.3 Returnloss . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9

6.1 CST . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 25
6.2 Back view . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 26
6.3 Front view . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 27
6.4 Antenna side . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 27
6.5 Filter side . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 28

7.1 Return loss of designed filtenna . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 30

7.2 VSWR of designed filtenna . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 31
7.3 Directivity at 2.4325 GHz . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 32
7.4 Directivity at 6.701 GHz . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 32
7.5 Directivity at 7.3317 GHz . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 33
7.6 Directivity at 16.47 GHz . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 33
7.7 Directivity at 19.873 GHz . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 33
7.8 FarField at 2.4325 GHz. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 34
7.9 FarField at 6.701 GHz. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 34
7.10 FarField at 7.3317 GHz. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 35
7.11 FarField at 16.47 GHz. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 35
7.12 FarField at 19.873 GHz. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 35
7.13 Gain at 2.4325 GHz. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 36
7.14 Gain at 6.701 GHz. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 36
7.15 Gain at 7.3317 GHz. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 36
7.16 Gain at 16.47 GHz. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 37
7.17 Gain at 19.873 GHz. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 37
7.18 Impedance at 2.4325 GHz. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 38
7.19 Impedance at 6.701 GHz. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 38
7.20 Impedance at 7.3317 GHz. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 38
7.21 Impedance at 16.47 GHz. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 38
7.22 Impedance at 19.873 GHz. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 39

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 1
INTRODUCTION
BTech (Electronics & Communication Engineering) Thesis

1.1 Introduction

The demand for wireless services have seen exemplary growth, whether it is Wireless Lo-
cal Area Network(WLAN), Worldwide Interoperatability for MicrowaveAccess (WiMax),
Global Positioning System (GPS) or portable devices such as mobile phone, Bluetooth,
medical equipments, etc.Antenna and filters being inherent passive components in RF fron-
tend system of wireless communication,[1] there is exponential surge in research targeting
to achieve the desired features like light weight,compact, low cost robust front-end sys-
tem with good filtering and radiating properties.[1-2]The performance of front-end sys-
tem deeply affects the efficiency and quality of wireless communication system. Inte-
grating filter and antenna often leads to impedance mismatch, insertionloss, performance
degradation and bulky circuitry due to addition of impedance matching provision. There-
fore,possibilities are explored by the designers to integrate filter and antenna in one module,
while preserving the performance of both. Filtennas are much useful in various applica-
tions like S-band Satellite communication,C-band distance learning, Kuk-band radar and
experimental communications.[3] The flexible filtennas allow to conform different shapes
and surfaces. These filtennas are typically made of thin and lightweight materials.The S-
band frequency operates in the range of 2 GHz-4 GHz.The Cband frequency operates in
the range of 4 GHz-8 GHz.The Ku,K band frequency operates in the range of 12 GHz-
27 GHz. S,C,KuK band frequencies are useful for different applications like radar and
satellite communications and optical communication and experimental communication etc.
The main advantages of filtennas are complexity,cost,size reduction of system,transmission
line (which connects filter and antenna) losses elimination,signal transmission path reduc-
tion,the interface between antenna and filter could be eliminated[4].

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BTech (Electronics & Communication Engineering) Thesis

1.2 Types of Filtennas

1.2.1 Bandpass filtenna :

This type of filtenna is designed to allow signals within a specific frequency range to pass
through while rejecting signals outside that range. It is commonly used in communication
systems to filter out unwanted signals and interference[4].Incorporation of the bandpass fil-
ter,with a wideband antenna is employed to design cognitive radio pattern and polarization
diversity.

1.2.2 Notch filtenna :

A notch filtenna is designed to attenuate or eliminate signals within a specific frequency
range while allowing other frequencies to pass through. It is used to remove interfering
signals from a specific band.

1.2.3 Wideband filtenna :

A wideband filtenna is designed to operate over a wide frequency range, making it useful
in applications where a wide range of signals must be received or transmitted.

1.2.4 Dual-band filtenna :

A dual-band filtenna is designed to operate at two specific frequency bands. It can be used
to receive or transmit signals in two different frequency ranges.

1.2.5 Tunable filtenna :

A tunable filtenna is designed to allow the frequency response to be adjusted to a spe-
cific frequency range. It can be used in applications where the frequency range of interest
changes frequently.

1.2.6 Directional filtenna :

A directional filtenna is designed to have a directional pattern, allowing it to receive or
transmit signals from a specific direction while rejecting signals from other directions. It is
commonly used in radar systems and satellite communications.

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BTech (Electronics & Communication Engineering) Thesis

1.3 Electromagnetic spectrum:

The types of electromagnetic radiation are broadly classified into the following classes
(regions, bands or types):
1.Gamma radiation
2.X-ray radiation
3.Ultraviolet radiation
4.Visible radiation
5.Infrared radiation
6.Terahertz radiation
7.Microwave radiation
8.Radio waves

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 2
FUNDAMENTAL PARAMETERS OF
FILTENNA
BTech (Electronics & Communication Engineering) Thesis

A filtenna is a type of antenna that combines a filter and an antenna into a single device.
The fundamental parameters of a filtenna include:
1.Antenna Efficiency
2.Filter characteristics
3.Impedance matching
4.Radiation pattern
5.Size and weight
6.Bandwidth
7.Returnloss
8.Directivity
9.Gain
10.Voltage Standing Wave Ratio

2.1 Antenna Efficiency:

The total antenna efficiency e0 is used to take into account losses at the input terminals
and within the structure of the antenna. Such losses may be due to
• Reflections because of the mismatch between the transmission line and the antenna
•I 2 R losses (conduction and dielectric).
• Reference terminals and losses of an antenna[4]. In general, the overall efficiency can be
written as shown in below equation 2.1.

e0 = er ec ed (2.1)

e0 = total efficiency (dimensionless)

er = reflection(mismatch) efficiency = (1 − T 2 ) (dimensionless)
ec = conduction efficiency (dimensionless)
ed = dielectric efficiency (dimensionless)
T= voltage reflection coefficient at the input terminals of the antenna

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BTech (Electronics & Communication Engineering) Thesis

2.2 Filter characteristics :

a) Lowpass filters pass low frequencies and attenuate high frequencies

b) Highpass filters pass high frequencies and attenuate low frequencies

c) Bandpass filters pass a certain band of frequencies

d) Bandstop filters attenuate a certain band of frequencies

2.3 Impedance matching:

Antenna impedance matching involves matching the input impedance at the end of the an-
tenna’s feedline to the feedline’s characteristic impedance.[5-6] Filter circuits are normally
used, as they can be configured to provide specific impedance right at the desired transmis-
sion frequency.

2.4 Radiation Pattern:

An antenna radiation pattern or antenna pattern is defined as a mathematical function or

a graphical representation of the radiation properties of the antenna as a function of space
coordinates.In most cases, the radiation pattern is determined in the far field region and is
represented as a function of the directional coordinates.the following figure 2.1 and figure
2.2 represents Radiation pattern
For an antenna, there are three types of radiation patterns

a) Field pattern( in linear scale) typically represents a plot of the magnitude of the elec-
tric or magnetic field as a function of elevation angle.

b) Power pattern( in linear scale) typically represents a plot of the square of the magni-
tude of the electric or magnetic field as a function of elevation angle.

c) Power pattern( in dB) represents the magnitude of the electric or magnetic field, in
decibels, as a function of elevation angle. The different representations of radiation
patterns are

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BTech (Electronics & Communication Engineering) Thesis

Figure 2.1: 3D Radiation pattern

(a) Polar form (b) cartesian form

Figure 2.2: 2D Radiation pattern

2.5 Bandwidth

Bandwidth is another fundamental antenna parameter. Bandwidth describes the range of

frequencies over which the antenna can properly radiate or receive energy. Often, the de-
sired bandwidth is one of the determining parameters used to decide upon an antenna. For
instance, many antenna types have very narrow bandwidths and cannot be used for wide-
band operation. Bandwidth is typically quoted in terms of VSWR. For instance, an antenna

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BTech (Electronics & Communication Engineering) Thesis

may be described as operating at 100-400 MHz with a

V SW R < 1.5 (2.2)

2.6 Size and Weight

Antenna Basics (Main) A weighting method is a means of selecting the weights that mul-
tiply the signals from the antennas in an antenna array: The weights used in the antenna
array are fundamental in controlling the behavior of the array.
The length of the antenna is inversely proportional to the frequency and directly propor-
tional to the wavelength. The higher the frequency and the shorter the wavelength, the
shorter the antenna can be made.

2.7 Returnloss

Figure 2.3: Returnloss

An antenna’s Return Loss is a figure that indicates the proportion of radio waves arriving
at the antenna input that are rejected as a ratio against those that are accepted. It is specified
in decibels (dB) relative to a short circuit (100 percent rejection). Consider the antenna
being used in transmit mode.

2.8 Directivity

Directivity of an antenna defined as the ratio of the maximum radiation intensity in a given
direction from the antenna to the radiation intensity averaged over all directions. The aver-
age radiation intensity is equal to the total power radiated by the antenna divided by 4π as

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BTech (Electronics & Communication Engineering) Thesis

shown in equation 2.3 .

Umax(θϕ) Umax
D= = 4π (2.3)
UO prad

The maximum gain in a desired direction of an antenna is also called as directivity. The
gain and directivity of antenna are related as

Gain = ecd D(θϕ) (2.4)

ecd is antenna radiation efficiency.

2.9 Gain

Gain of an antenna (in a given direction) is defined as “the ratio of the radiation intensity,
in a given direction, to the radiation intensity that would be obtained if the power accepted
by the antenna were radiated isotropically[7]. The radiation intensity corresponding to the
isotropically radiated power is equal to the power accepted (input) by the antenna divided
by 4. In equation form this can be expressed as equation 2.4 .

radiationintensity U (θ, ϕ)
Gain = 4π = 4π (2.5)
poweraccepted(input) pin

2.10 Voltage Standing Wave Ratio:

Voltage Standing Wave Ratio(VSWR) is also referred to as Standing Wave Ratio (SWR).
VSWR is a function of the reflection coefficient, which describes the power reflected from
the antenna. VSWR is determined from the voltage measured along a transmission line
leading to an antenna. VSWR is the ratio of the peak amplitude of a standing wave to the
minimum amplitude of a standing wave. If the reflection coefficient is given by S11 or

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BTech (Electronics & Communication Engineering) Thesis

reflection coefficient or return loss, then the VSWR is given as

1 + |S11 |
V SW R = (2.6)
1 − |S11 |

The VSWR is always a real and positive number for antennas. The smaller the VSWR is,
the better the antenna is matched to the transmission line and the more power is delivered
to the antenna[8]. The minimum VSWR is 1.0. In this case, no power is reflected from the
antenna, which is ideal.

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 3
DESIGN THEORY
BTech (Electronics & Communication Engineering) Thesis

3.1 Substrate details

Penta Band Filtenna here we use the substrate material is FR4. We use FR4 substrate ma-
terial because.FR stands for ‘ flame retardant, and the number 4 indicates woven glassrein-
forced epoxy resin. The characteristics of FR4 vary significantly depending on the manu-
facturer, although it is commonly known for its mechanical strength and water resistance[8-
9]. The thickness of FR4 is 0.005 mm to 1.55 mm. The dielectric constants are in the range
of 4.08 it depends on the thickness of the substrate material. Here we use FR4 substrate
material of thickness 0.5/0.8 mm and 4.08 is the dielectric constant.

3.2 Patch Width

The patch width depends on the two parameters like the Resonant frequency and the dielec-
tric constant of materials.
r
1 2
W = √ (3.1)
2f ( ϵo µo ) ϵr + 1

Where,
W = Width of Substrate Material,
fr = Resonant Frequency,
ϵr = Relative Permittivity or Dielectric Constant.

3.3 Effective Dielectric Constant

An effective dielectric constant is introduced to account for fringing and wave propagation
in the line.
ϵr + 1 ϵr − 1 h
ϵref f = ( ) + [( ][1 + 12 ]−0.5 ] (3.2)
2 2 w

Where,
h = Height of Substrate Material
ϵref f = Effective Dielectric Constant

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BTech (Electronics & Communication Engineering) Thesis

3.4 Length

The length of the antenna is inversely proportional to the frequency and directly propor-
tional to the wavelength. The higher the frequency and the shorter the wavelength, the
shorter the antenna can be made[10].

1
L=( √ ) − 2∆L (3.3)
2f ϵref f ϵo µo

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 4
FILTENNA NETWORKS
BTech (Electronics & Communication Engineering) Thesis

Filtenna networks may be structured around the following elements:

1.Antennas
2.Electronic components
3.Signal filteration
4.Filter

4.1 Antennas

An antenna is a device that is made out of a conductive, metallic material and has the pur-
pose of transmitting and/or receiving electromagnetic waves, usually radio wave signals.
The purpose of transmitting and receiving radio waves is to communicate or broadcast in-
formation at the speed of light. An antenna is a conductive piece of metal that transmits
and/or receives electromagnetic waves within radio-wave frequencies.[10-12] One example
is a WiFi router, which emits high-frequency radio waves that are used to send and receive
packets of data.
An antenna is a device or mechanism that is made of metallic material and absorbs or emits
electromagnetic waves, also called electromagnetic radiation. Antennas are used for many
types of telecommunication, a type of long-distance communication that uses radio waves
to transmit messages which are then converted into audio or other mediums. AM antennas
and FM antennas are used for devices such as car radios. They transmit and receive sig-
nals that are converted to sound. Wi-Fi antennas transmit packets of data between a Wi-Fi
router and smartphones, tablets, and other devices. Parabolic antennas can communicate
with satellites. They are also used to make radio telescopes and can receive radio waves
from interstellar space[12].
There are several different types of antenna, and each has a specific purpose. For example,
AM, FM, and Wi-Fi antennas all transmit different wavelengths. AM antennas are long
because they transmit long wavelengths, while Wi-Fi router antennas are much shorter be-
cause they transmit much shorter wavelengths. In addition, parabolic antennas can focus or
amplify signals they send and receive.

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BTech (Electronics & Communication Engineering) Thesis

different types of antennas :

1.Wire Antenna
2. Aperture Antenna
3.Microstrip Antenna
4. Array Antenna
5.Reflector Antenna
6. Lens Antenna

4.2 Electronic components

portion of an antenna system that is composed of wires or other types of conductor arranged
in a circular pattern at the base of the antenna at a certain distance above ground. Insulated
from the ground, it forms the lower system of antenna conductors. It is used in places
where it is difficult to obtain a good ground (e.g., where there is extremely rocky soil).
A combination of counterpoise and buried-wire grounds is also possible[13]. A filter is
constructed using two main components, inductor and capacitor. We have already studied
that an inductor allows dc and blocks ac. A capacitor allows ac and blocks dc. A passive
filter is built with passive components such as resistors, capacitors and inductors.where
resistor restricts the flow of current. An active filter makes use of active elements such
as transistors, opamps in addition to resistor and capacitors.where transistor is a kind of
semiconductor that is used as a conductor and insulation of electric current or voltage.

4.3 Signal filteration

Signal filtration is a process that removes some unwanted components or features from a
signal. Filtering is a class of signal processing, the defining feature of filters being the
complete or partial suppression of some aspect of the signal.
Most often, this means removing some frequencies or frequency bands. However, filters
do not exclusively act in the frequency domain; especially in the field of image processing

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BTech (Electronics & Communication Engineering) Thesis

many other targets for filtering exist. Correlations can be removed for certain frequency
components and not for others without having to act in the frequency domain.
Due to signal filtration,we get desired signal by removing unwanted signals which is used
for many applications[7].

4.4 Filter

The FILTER function allows you to filter a range of data based on criteria you define.
Filters are widely used in electronics and telecommunication, in radio, television, audio
recording, radar, control systems, music synthesis, image processing, computer graphics,
and structural dynamics.There are many different bases of classifying filters and these over-
lap in many different ways; there is no simple hierarchical classification.
According to the operating frequency range, the filters may be classified as audio frequency
(AF) or radio frequency (RF) filters. Filters may also be classified as :

a) Low Pass Filter : The low pass filter only allows low frequency signals from 0 Hz to
its cut-off frequency, ƒc point to pass while blocking any higher frequency signals.

b) High Pass Filter : The high pass filter only allows high frequency signals from its cut-
off frequency, ƒc point and higher to infinity to pass through while blocking those any
lower.

c) Band Pass Filter : The band pass filter allows signals falling within a certain fre-
quency band set up between two points to pass through while blocking both the lower
and higher frequencies either side of this frequency band[8].

d) Band Stop Filter : The band stop filter blocks signals falling within a certain fre-
quency band set up between two points while allowing both the lower and higher
frequencies either side of this frequency band.

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 5
FILTENNA DESIGN CHALLENGES
BTech (Electronics & Communication Engineering) Thesis

A) To retain both, good antenna operation and good filter performance .

B) To maintain the compactness of the antenna.

Antenna size reduction is restricted by fundamental physical limits, in terms of trade-
off between radiation performances and impedance bandwidth. Miniaturization of
devices leads to the reduction of antennas which becomes one of the most important
challenges.there are many minimization techniques of antennas.like use of materials,
Using a dielectric material, Using a magneto-dielectric material etc..

C) Making good connection between the port and filtenna

D) Designing a filter which has good skirt selectivity and ensuring

it is properly matched to the antenna during integration. selectivity is a receiver’s
ability to discriminate between signals having different frequencies. Selectivity is
often expressed as a ration in dB that compares the signal strength received with that
of a similar signal at a different frequency. Skitr selectivity means selecting a range
of frequencies. For an RF filter selectivity tells us how much of the total bandwidth
will be used by transition bands.
The smaller the transition bands the smaller any necessary guard bands can be and
less of the bandwidth is wasted in this way. Selectivity is also discussed in terms of
the steepness of the filter skirts and is often characterized in terms of so many dB
of attenuation from the pass band at a given offset. In this we can begin to see how
a filters selectivity can be a critical specification when it comes to its suitability for
a given application,[13-14] since often a systems transmission and reception char-
acteristics are given in terms of not just insertion loss in the pass band but clearly
prescribed attenuation requirements in the stop band.

E) To reduce the impedence mismatch.

impedance matching is the practice of designing or adjusting the input impedance
or output impedance of an electrical device for a desired value. Often, the desired
value is selected to maximize power transfer or minimize signal reflection. For ex-
ample, impedance matching typically is used to improve power transfer from a radio

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BTech (Electronics & Communication Engineering) Thesis

transmitter via the interconnecting transmission line to the antenna. Signals on a

transmission line will be transmitted without reflections if the transmission line is
terminated with a matching impedance.If input impedance and output impedance are
not matched then signal reflects more.Threfore signal strength decreases.

F) To decrease circuit size and return losses.

In filtenna design,both antenna and filter are designed in single unit instead of de-
signing indivisually it makes to reduce the size,weight and cost of system.And also it
reduces the power losses also.Filtenna is used in the receiver part of the system con-
tains antenna for transmitting and receivind signals and filter for filtering the signal.

G) The antenna and filter could be integrated , the integrated devices will serve as a
multi-function module that performs filtering and radiation simultaneously.

H) There is always a need for increase in performance in wireless systems.

I) To improve radiation pattern of antenna. The radiation pattern of the antenna is a

graphical representation that shows how the actual field strength of the electromag-
netic field is changing at different points which are at equal distances from the an-
tenna. Radiation Pattern of Antenna shows the distribution of energy radiated by
the antenna in space[15]. More simply, the radiation pattern is a trace out that cor-
responds to the radiation properties of the antenna in space coordinates (i.e., with
respect to angle and distance). It is a graphical way of showcasing the radiation from
the antenna as a function of direction and also known as Field Strength Pattern. Types
of Radiation patterns The common types of Radiation patterns are

a) Omni-directional pattern (also called non-directional pattern): The pattern usu-

ally has a doughnut shape in three-dimensional view.
However, in two-dimensional view, it forms a figure-of-eight pattern.

b) Pencil-beam pattern : The beam has a sharp directional pencil shaped pattern.

c) Fan-beam pattern : The beam has a fan-shaped pattern.

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BTech (Electronics & Communication Engineering) Thesis

d) Shaped beam pattern : The beam, which is non-uniform and patternless is

known as shaped beam.

J) High quality of service. Wide coverage, etc..

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 6
FILTENNA DESIGN
BTech (Electronics & Communication Engineering) Thesis

6.1 Project Overview

6.1.1 Process: The project work is processed into 2 stages.

Stage 1 :
Selecting a suitable antenna.
Designing and simulation of selected filtenna without changing the shape of antenna. Com-
paring the simulation results with the selected filtenna simulation results in the reference
paper.
Stage 2 :
Designing and simulation of filtenna by changing the shape of antenna.
Change of shape of antenna is to be done on the filtenna of stage 1 to improve the results
like s-parameters ,farfield ,radiation pattern and Gain .
By changing the dimensions of the ground plane, better simulation results than that of the
Filtenna of the stage 1 are obtained.

6.2 Computer Simulation Technology (CST) (Software Used to Simu-

late the Results)

The CST Studio Suite Student Edition (SE) introduces you to the world of electromag-
netic simulation, making Maxwell’s equations easier to understand than ever. With this
free edition you have - bar some restrictions - access to our powerful visualization engine
and some of the most advanced solvers of CST Studio Suite, making it ideal for use as part
of coursework as well as for anyone wishing to become more proficient with CST Studio
Suite.[1-2] This free version of the market leading electromagnetic simulation tool is de-
veloped as part of the CST educational program to support learning, teaching and research
at academic institutions. CST STUDIO SUITE Student Edition as figure 6.1 contains the
versatile high-frequency time domain and frequency domain solvers as well as the static
and thermal solvers. It is supported by a set of online examples showing how classic text-
book problems can be solved with simulation. The software can be incorporated into the
coursework for a class, and the online examples mean that it can also be used by individual

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BTech (Electronics & Communication Engineering) Thesis

students for independent extracurricular learning at both undergraduate and postgraduate

level

Figure 6.1: CST

6.3 Design of filtenna

The selected antenna is microstrip line fed DGS(Defected Ground Structure) Filtenna. The
antenna is designed by designing of ground , dielectric and Patch(filtering antenna).

6.3.1 Back view: The design of the ground plane is done in the first step as figure 6.2.
The material used for designing of ground plane : Copper
The height of the ground is 1.5 mm.
The ground structure length and width is varied later by comparing the results with previous
results.
The length of the ground structure is 16.6 mm
The width of the ground structure is 30 mm
Later the dielectric is designed.
The material used for dielectric is:
ϵ=4.08

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BTech (Electronics & Communication Engineering) Thesis

µ=1
Electric tand = 0.015

Figure 6.2: Back view

6.3.2 Front view: The filtenna is a two element antenna consisting of antenna and filter
which are seperated by distance 1.2 mm as figure 6.3
The material used in designing of patch is copper
The height of the patch is 1.5 mm

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BTech (Electronics & Communication Engineering) Thesis

Figure 6.3: Front view

a) Antenna side : Initially the reverse L shaped antenna is designed then modified it
into different shapes.
By comparing the stimulated results of different shaped antennas . The current H
shaped antenna (figure 6.4) gives better results compared to reference model antenna

Figure 6.4: Antenna side

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BTech (Electronics & Communication Engineering) Thesis

b) filter side

Figure 6.5: Filter side

The dimensions of the antenna are as follows :

Table 6.1: Parameters of Base Antenna

Parameter value (mm)

L 30
W 35
lg 16.6
L1 9.1
L2 5
L3 8.1
L4 19.5
W2 3
u 0.5

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 7
RESULTS
BTech (Electronics & Communication Engineering) Thesis

Filtenna simulation using CST involves several steps, including creating a virtual model
of the filtenna, setting up simulation parameters, running the simulation, and analysing the
results. The simulation process involves the creation of a virtual model ofthe antenna,
which includes the filtenna geometry, material properties, and other relevant parameters.
The virtual model is thensolved usingthe FIT (Finite Integration Technique) method, and
the results are analyzed to obtain the antenna’s performance characteristics.
CST provides a comprehensive set of tools for antenna simulation, including an extensive
library of antenna models, a powerful po st- processing tool for analyzing simulation results,
and a user-friendly graphical user interface (GUI).[16-17] The software package also allows
for the optimization of antenna design parameters and automatically performing multiple
simulations to find the optimal design.

7.1 Return Loss

Return loss is an important parameter in antenna design and is often used to optimize the
performance of antenna. It’s a measureof how well the antenna is matched to the transmis-
sion line. A high return loss indicates that the antenna is well matched to the transmission
line, and therefore most of the incident power is transmitted by the antenna, while a low
return loss indicates that thereis a mismatch between the antenna and the transmission line,
which results in significant reflection of the incident signal[9].
A returnloss of 10 dB or less is generally considered acceptable in many applications. The
graphical representation of return loss(S11 ) of pentaband filtenna at different frequencies is
shown in fig 7.1 .

Figure 7.1: Return loss of designed filtenna

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BTech (Electronics & Communication Engineering) Thesis

7.2 VSWR (Voltage Standing Wave Ratio)

VSWR or Voltage Standing wave ratio is defined as the ratio of the maximum voltage to
the minimum voltage along the length of the transmission line. In practical applications it
is difficult to achieve a perfect match, and the VSWR value will be higher than1:1.However
,the goal is to minimize the VSWR to ensure maximum power transfer and minimize signal
reflection. A high VSWR canresult in significant signal loss, reduced range, and increased
interference. In general, a VSWR value of less than 2:1 is considered acceptable in most
applications, while values between 1.5:1 and 1.2:1 are considered good[16]. However,
the specific requirements may vary depending on the application, and in some cases, a
VSWR value of less than 1.5:1 may be required for optimal performance. The graphical
representation of VSWR of pentaband filtenna at obtained frequencies is shown in fig 7.2 .

Figure 7.2: VSWR of designed filtenna

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BTech (Electronics & Communication Engineering) Thesis

7.3 Directivity

The Directivity is a measure of the concentration of radiated power in particular direction

relative to the average radiated power.It is a key parameter in antenna design and is closely
related to antenna gain, which is a measure of increase in power that an antenna provides
in a particular direction compared to an isotropic radiator. A high directivity antenna is de-
sirable in many applications,as it allows for greater power concentration in a particular di-
rection, resulting in longer range, better signal-to-noise ratio, and increased signal strength.
The graphical representation of directivity of pentaband filtenna at different frequencies are
shown in fig 7.3 to 7.7 .

Figure 7.3: Directivity at 2.4325 GHz

Figure 7.4: Directivity at 6.701 GHz

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BTech (Electronics & Communication Engineering) Thesis

Figure 7.5: Directivity at 7.3317 GHz

Figure 7.6: Directivity at 16.47 GHz

Figure 7.7: Directivity at 19.873 GHz

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BTech (Electronics & Communication Engineering) Thesis

7.4 Farfield

It is also called as radiation field, as the radiation effect is high in this area. Many of the an-
tenna parameters along with the antenna directivity and the radiation pattern of the antenna
are considered in this region only.The graphical representation of farfield of pentaband fil-
tenna at different frequencies are shown in fig 7.8 to 7.12 .

Figure 7.8: FarField at 2.4325 GHz.

Figure 7.9: FarField at 6.701 GHz.

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BTech (Electronics & Communication Engineering) Thesis

Figure 7.10: FarField at 7.3317 GHz.

Figure 7.11: FarField at 16.47 GHz.

Figure 7.12: FarField at 19.873 GHz.

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BTech (Electronics & Communication Engineering) Thesis

7.5 Gain

Antenna gain is the ability of the antenna to radiate more or less in any direction compared
to a theoretical antenna. If an antenna could be made as a perfect sphere, it would radiate
equally in all directions. The graphical representation of Gain of pentaband filtenna at
different frequencies are shown in fig 7.13 to 7.17 .

Figure 7.13: Gain at 2.4325 GHz.

Figure 7.14: Gain at 6.701 GHz.

Figure 7.15: Gain at 7.3317 GHz.

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BTech (Electronics & Communication Engineering) Thesis

Figure 7.16: Gain at 16.47 GHz.

Figure 7.17: Gain at 19.873 GHz.

7.6 Impedance

Antenna impedance is the resistance and reactance seen at the antenna terminals or the ratio
of electric to magnetic fields at the input. The primary intent of this paper is real-time com-
pensation for changes in the driving point impedance of an antenna due to frequency devi-
ations.The reference impedance in antenna design is typically the characteristic impedance
of the transmission line used to feed theantenna. In most RF applications, this is usually
50ohms, although other values may be used in some applications. When designing an an-
tenna, it is important to ensure that the input impedance of the antenna closely matches
the reference impedance of the transmission line feeding it. This is known as impedance
matching and is necessary for maximum power transfer and minimal signal reflection. In
practice, it is difficult to achieve a perfect match between the input impedance of the an-
tenna and the referenceimpedance of transmission line, and a certain amount of mismatch
is usually unavoidable. However, the goal is to minimize mismatch to achieve the best pos-

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BTech (Electronics & Communication Engineering) Thesis

sible performance. Here, we obtained a value of 49.1493 ohms which is used for real time
applications as shown in below fig. 7.18 to 7.22 at different frequencies .

Figure 7.18: Impedance at 2.4325 GHz.

Figure 7.19: Impedance at 6.701 GHz.

Figure 7.20: Impedance at 7.3317 GHz.

Figure 7.21: Impedance at 16.47 GHz.

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BTech (Electronics & Communication Engineering) Thesis

Figure 7.22: Impedance at 19.873 GHz.

7.7 Consolidated results

Table 7.1: Results of designed filtenna

Frequency(GHz) S11 (dB) VSWR Gain(dB) Directivity(dB)

2.4325 -30.40 1.09 0.24 2.06

6.0701 -25.63 1.11 2.06 4.10

7.3317 -23.05 1.15 1.96 3.16

16.47 -16.41 1.35 4.44 6.57

19.873 -17.18 1.32 4.86 7.06

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 8
APPLICATIONS
BTech (Electronics & Communication Engineering) Thesis

A) Penta Band Filtenna is designed for S,C,Ku,K band applications which is mainly used
for satellite communication transmissions,some wheather radar systems,collision avoid-
ance systems in vehicles and wireless applications.

B) C-band refers to the portion of the electromagnetic spectrum allotted for satellite
transmissions in the 4GHz to 8GHz frequency range. C-band satellite antennas are
used frequently in areas of the world where signals can become degraded due to
heavy rain or other intense climate-related conditions.[3]

C) S band is used by airport surveillance radar for air traffic control, weather radar,
surface ship radar, and some communications satellites, especially those satellites
used by NASA to communicate with the Space Shuttle and the International Space
Station.[1][5]

D) K-band frequency is best-suited for short-range communication. Apart from law en-
forcement radar systems, there are non-law enforcement applications of K-band fre-
quency such as automatic door openers, collision avoidance systems, and blind spot
monitoring systems in vehicles.[18]

E) The Ku band is mainly used for satellite communications, especially downlink, used
by directtransmission satellites for satellite television and specific applications such
as the NASA’s
Tracking Data Relay Satellite used for both the space shuttle and for communications
from the International Space Station (ISS)[12],[15].

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 9
CONCLUSION
BTech (Electronics & Communication Engineering) Thesis

In this paper it has been concluded a low-profile and miniaturized Penta Band Filtenna
is designed for S,C,Ku,K band applications which is mainly used for satellite commu-
nication transmissions,some Wi-Fi devices,some wheather radar systems,collision avoid-
ance systems in vehicles and wireless applications.The advantages of filtennas are com-
plexity,cost,size reduction of system,transmission line (which connects filter and antenna)
losses elimination,signal transmission path reduction,the interface between antenna and fil-
ter could be eliminated.
For H Shape(raditing element for H Shape),the obtained values of return loss are small(i.e.
power reflected from antenna is small) and values of gain are large(increses the effective
transmission power in certain direction and reduces the power in others that is used to in-
crease the signal strength) compared to existing model. Finally the results of this filtenna is
used for many applications
Overall, it seems that this filtenna design could have broad applications across a range of
industries and technologies, and could be a valuable addition to the field of antenna design
and engineering.

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 10
REFERENCES
 Bibliography
[1] Pravesh Pal ,Rashmi Sinha and Santosh Kumar Mehto . Synthesis approach to de-
sign a compact printed monopole filtenna for 2.4GHz Wi-Fi Applications.DOI :
10.1002/mmce.22619.

[2] Aicha Bembarka, Larbi Setti, Abdelwahed Tribak, Hamza Nachouane and Hafid Tizyi
. Frequency Tunable Filtenna using defected ground structure filter in the sub-6GHz
for cognitive radio applications . Progress in electromagnetics research C, Vol.118,
2022, pp. 213-229.

[3] H. Nachouane, A. Najid, A. Tribak and F. riouch . Dual port antenna combining sens-
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and telecommunations . Vol.62, No. 2 , P.no: 121-127, 2016.

[4] Ramadan, A.H., J.Costantine, M.Al-Husseini, K.Y. Kabalan , Y. Twak, and C.G.
Christodoulou. Tunable filtenna for cognitive radio applica tions.Progress in Electro-
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[5] Kousaladharma, s. and c. Tellambura. An overview of cognitive radio networks.Wiley

Encycle Electr. Electron. Engg.August 2017.

[6] Mishra SR, Lalitha SK. Implementation of defected groundstructure for microstrip
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[7] Min XL, Zhang H. Compact filtering antenna based on dumbbellshaped resonator.
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[8] Chen X, Zhao F, Yan L, Zhang W. A compact filtering antenna with flat gain response
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[9] Chuang CT, Chung SJ. A compact printed filtering antenna using a ground-intruded
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[10] Zuo S, Wu WJ, Zhang ZY. A simple filtering-antenna with compact size for WLAN
application. Progr Electromagn Res. 2013;39:17-26.

[11] Lin CK, Chung SJ. A compact filtering microstrip antenna with quasi elliptic broad-
side antenna gain response. IEEE Antennas Wirel Propag Lett. 2011;10:381-384.

[12] Shang, X., Lancaster, M. J. Patch Antenna with Integrated Bandpass Filter. 2013.

[13] Hong JSG, Lancaster MJ. Microstrip Filters for RF/Microwave Appli cations. John
Wiley Sons. Inc.; 2004.

[14] Mishra SR, Lalitha SK. Implementation of defected ground structure for microstrip
filtenna design. Int J RF Microw Comput Aided Eng. 2020;30:e219.

[15] Wu WJ, Yin YZ, Zuo SL, Zhang ZY, Xie JJ. A new compact filterantenna for modern
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[16] . Choudhary DK, Chaudhary RK. Compact filtering antenna using asymmetric CPW-
fed based CRLH structure. AEU-Int J Electron Commun. 2020;126:153462.

[17] Hsieh LH, Chang K. Tunable microstrip bandpass filters with two transmission zeros.
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[18] Sam WY, Zakaria ZB. Design of reconfigurable integrated substrate integrated waveg-
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