Fgagcgm Ecfu Hgawgm

MGFLGXG@ HGA[GM

Hjsi` ^i`kgfpu 4 Gmfih Fuzgooir RI, Ry, FE.

Hesusu` Jcim 4

Aicjfpja 77

@ur e`hgm (7<78>2<7272)

@jve Gstute (7<78>2<<277)

^\JK\GF RXYHE ECFY AJFY@EAGRE

OGAYCXGR HGA[GM HG@ AJFY@EAGRE

Y@E_I\REXGR ERCGF @IKI\E RYCXG@ RUG\EO AGREF \EGY

7
 

AGXG ^I@KG@XG\

^ude hg` syuaur agfe pg`dgtag` aimghergt Gccgm yg`k Fgmg Isg agri`g gtgs sikgcg liragt
hg` be`tg agsem`yg sime`kkg agfe hgpgt fi`yicisgeag` tukgs Ecfu Hgawgm yg`k lirduhuc
–Mgflgtg`--mgflgtg` hgawgm‖. Rmjcgwgt lirsirtg
–Mgflgtg` lirsirtg sgcgf tehga cupg agfe mg`turag` aipghg
Lgke`hg \gsuc @gle Fumgffgh R.G.[.

^ghg aisifpgtg` e`e agfe e`ke` fi`kubgpag` tirefg agsem aipghg4

G. Lgpga Gmfgh Fuzgooir.RI.Ry. FI sicgau hjsi` picgdgrg` Ecfu Hgawgm hg` yg`k sicgcu
fiflireag` lefle`kg`, hjrj`kg` hg` fgsuag` aipghg agfe.

Agfe fi`yghgre sipi`um`yg lgmwg hgcgf pi`yusu`g` fgagcgm e`e lg`yga siagce aiaurg`kkg`,
jcim silgl etu agfe hi`kg` airi`hgmg` mgte fi`kmgrgpag` aretea hg` sgrg` hife
fi`yifpur`gag` fgagcgm e`e.

Agfe lirmgrgp sifjkg fgagcm e`e hgpgt lirfg`oggt lgke piflgbg hg` fgmgseswg
fgmgseswg siagceg`.
Gamer agtg, agfe ubgpag` tirefgagsem.

78 @J_IFLI\, <><7

^i`uces

<
 

HGOXG\ ERE

AGXG ^I@KG@XG\   .................................................................................................................................. <

HGOXG\ ERE  ................................................................................................................................................. 2

LGL E  ............................................................................................................................................................ 8

^I@HGMYCYG@  ........................................................................................................................................ 8

G.  Cgtgr Licgag`k  .................................................................................................................................. 8

L.  \ufusg` Fgsgcgm  ............................................................................................................................. 9

B.  Xudug`  ............................................................................................................................................... 9

LGL EE  ........................................................................................................................................................... ?

^IFLGMGRG@   ........................................................................................................................................... ?

G.  ^i`kirteg` Mgflgtg` Hgawgm  .......................................................................................................... ?

L.  ^iflgkeg` mgflgtg` hgawgm  ........................................................................................................... ?

LGL EEE  ................................................................................................................................................... 7;
^I@YXY^  .............................................................................................................................................. 7;

G.  Aisefpucg`   ..................................................................................................................................... 7;

L.  Rgrg`  ............................................................................................................................................... 7;

HGOXG\ ERE  ............................................................................................................................................... 7=

2
 

LGL E

^I@HGMYCYG@

G.  Cgtgr Licgag`k

^i`yilgrg` gdgrg` Escgf heai`gc hi`kg` estecgm hgawgm Escgfeygm. Hgawgm hg` Escgf
firupgag` hug mgc yg`k tehga hgpgt hepesgmag`, agri`g Escgf tehga gag` tuflum hg`
 liraiflg`k tg`pg hgawgm. Hgawgm lirou`kse silgkge rum hg` dewg gkgfg Escgf hg`
sitegp usgmg gtgu gatevetgs hi`kg` cesg` gtgu tucesg` hg` cge``yg, yg`k lirseogt fi`yiru,
fi`kgdga fifg`kkec fg`useg cge``yg u`tua lirefg` hg` fi`gtggte Gccgm R[X sisuge
hi`kg` kgres-kgres gqehgm hg` sygregt sirtg gamcga Escgfeygm. 7 Aise`gflu`kg` Escgf he
fuag lufe tircitga pghg hgawgm yg`k hekgcgaag` hg` hecgasg`gag` sibgrg sifpur`g
tg`pg ghg`yg prjlcifgteag yg`k tirdghe hgcgf aimehupg` fgsygrgagt. Jcim agri`g etu,

hgawgm firupgag` sugtu prjsis usgmg u`tua fg`kgdga jrg`k lirefg` aipghg Gccgm
R[X pirbgyg hg` fi`tggte gpg yg`k ticgm heliretgag` jcim \gsuc sirtg fi`kgdga gkgr
fi`yiflgm aipghg Gccgm R[X sigag`-gag` ficemgt-`yg hg` hgawgm dukg firupgag`
usgmg u`tua firigcesgseag` gdgrg` Escgf hgcgf aimehupg` prelghe, aicugrkg, fgsygrgagt,
aimehupg` lirlg`ksg, hg` lir`ikgrg.

Ribgrg rigcetgs, aj`hese hgawgm he E`hj`iseg licuf fi`u`duag` aifgdug` yg`k

 lirgrte. Hgawgm fgsem lirdgcg` he tifpgt hg` fgsem lirputgr pghg pirsjgcg`-pirsjgcg`
acgsea yg`k ghg he fgsygrgagt. Agcgu pu` ghg piraiflg`kg` pghg tgtgrg` tijrites, mgc etu
 licuf fiflireag` fgsuag` yg`k sek`eoeag` lgke piraiflg`kg` hgawgm he E`hj`iseg.
Hgawgm tiraghg`k mg`yg silgtgs tj`tj`g` hg` tehga hedgheag` tu`tu`g`. Jcim agri`g etu,
fgdu fu`hur`yg gatevetgs hgawgm he E`hj`iseg sg`kgt lirkg`tu`k pghg aifgug` airgs,
airdg airgs hg` airdg birhgs ufgt Escgf u`tua ficgauag` pirulgmg`.

8
 

L.  \ufusg` Fgsgcgm

7.  Gpg etu Hgawgm:
<.  Gpg etu mgflgtg` Hgawgm:
2.  Gpg sgdg ogatjr mgflgtg` Hgawgm:
8.  Lgkgefg`g fi`kgtgse mgflgtg` Hgawgm:

B.  Xudug`
Xudug`  
7.  Fi`kitgmue gpg etu hgawgm
<.  Fi`kitgmue gpg sgd mgflgtg` hgawgm
2.  Y`tua fi`kitgmue ogatjr ogatjr mgflgtg` hgawgm
8.  Fi`kitgmue bgrg fi`kgtgse mgfltgg` hgawgm

9
 

LGL EE

^IFLGMGRG@

Hgawgm 
G.  ^i`kirteg` Mgflgtg` Hgawgm 

Lirhgsgrag` hioe`ese, lgmwg mgflgtg` hgawgm ghgcgm pirfgsgcgmg` yg`k fu`buc hgcgf
fi`yiru, fifg`kkec, fi`kgdga hg` fi`dgfu, hi`kg` prjsis yg`k hetg`kg`e jcim pgrg
 pi`kiflg`k hgawgm tirmghgp fgsygrgagt yg`k silgkeg` lisgr wgrkg`yg fifpu`yge jrei`tgse
`ecge luhgyg yg`k tirgrgm ai aimehupg` hgcgf piraiflg`kg` zgfg` fgsg ae`e.

L.  ^iflgkeg` mgflgtg` hgawgm

7.  Ogatjr e`tir`gc

Mgflgtg` hgawgm sibgrg E`tir`gc ygetu lirupg prjlcif hg` mgflgtg`-mgflgtg` hgawgm
yg`k lirsuflir hg` lirgsgc hgre ce`kaup e`tir`gc aguf fuscefe` si`here. Bj`tjm`yg
ti`tg`k fi`uru``yg augcetgs ecfu sijrg`k hg―e, ti`tg`k aisisugeg`, ti`tg`k fitjhi
 pi`ygfpgeg` hgawgm,pi`ygfpgeg` fgtire hgawgm pghg fgh―u, Mghes ti`tg`k
fi`uru``yg augcetgs ecfu sijrg`k hg―e 
hg―e 
–\gsucuccgm Rgw. lirsglhg 4 —Xehga pg`tgs lgke l gke jrg`k yg`k ljhjm etu
fi`hegfag` ailjhjmg``yg hg` tehga pg`tgs pucg jrg`k yg`k lirecfu
7
fi`hegfag` ecfu`yg‑ (M.\ Gtm-
Gtm -Xmglrg`e). –  

Ecfu pi`kitgmug` firupgag` sugtu mgc yg`k wgdel lgke sitegp ufgt escgf lgea etu
cgae-cgae fgupu` pirifpug` tg`pg fifg`hg`k ufur. Ecfu pi`kitgmug` firupgag`
sgcgm sgtu dgcg` fi`udu surkg gccgm sulmg`gmu wgtg―gcg. Ecfu sidga hucu ticgm hegdgrag`
jcim `gle Fumgffgh pghg pgrg sgmglgt lgea sibgrg tirg`k-tirg`kg` fgupu` sibgrg
siflu`ye-siflu`ye. Ecfu pi`kitgmug` fi`ifpgtag` jrg`k hgcgf aihuhuag` tirmjrfgt
hg` fuceg (te`kke).

Mghes he gtgs fi`dicgsag` ti`tg`k aiwgdelg` u`tua fi`u`tut ecfu, lgea yg`k
 ljhjm gtgu yg`k suhgm lirecfu. Gccgm tehga fifljcimag` jrg`k yg`k ljhjm u`tua
te`kkgc hegf hg` fiflegrag` ailjhjmg`yg. Jrg`k yg`k ljhjm heg`durag` u`tua
 lirtg`yg aipghg jrg`k yg`k fifeceae ecfu. Lgke jrg`k lir ecfu hepire`tgmag` u`tua
fi`dgwgl pirtg`ygg` jrg`k ljhjm hi`kg` lgea. Jrg`k yg`k lirecfu mgrus segp
fi`dgwgl lirlgkge pirtg`ygg`. Ritegp pirtg`ygg` silgea`yg hedgwgl sibgrg re`be hg`

7
 Rg―eh le` gc-Wjmtmg`e,
gc -Wjmtmg`e, Hgawgm Escgf Hgawgm Ledga, (Dgagrtg4 Kifg e`sg`e priss,7558), 5<.

?
 

 dicgs sime`kkg jrg`k yg`k lirtg`yg firgsg pugs. Jrg`k yg`k lirecfu mgrus fi`gflgm
wgwgsg` aiecfug`yg dg`kg` mg`yg fi`hegfag` ecfu yg`k suhgm hehgpgtyg.

Escgf fiwgdelag` aetg u`tua fi`u`tut ecfu hu`eg yg`k fiflire fg`oggt hg`
 lirku`g u`tua fi`u`tu` aetg hgcgf fi`dgcg`e aimehupg` aetg he hu`eg, gkgr tegp-tegp
fuscef dg`kg` sjflj`k hg` gkgr sitegp fuscef hgpgt fi`keaute piraiflg`kg` ecfu

 pi`kitgmug` yg`k hgpgt

h gpgt fiflgwg aifgdug` lgke pi`kmu`e hu`eg e`e hgcgf lgtgs-lgtgs
yg`k herehmge Gccgm swt. Bj`tjm`yg, lg`yga aetg cemgt he E`hj`iseg lgkgefg`g fgtire
yg`k hesgfpgeag` mg`yg lirseogt pi`kucg`kg` sime`kkg pgrg jldia hgawgm fuhgm ljsg`.
Hg` mgc etu hgpgt hesilglag` agri`g aurg`k`yg wgwgsg` ecfu escgf hg` pi`kitgmug`
hu`eg aiescgfg` yg`k tirlgru.

Aiaurg`kg` ecfu yg`kyg`k hefeceae jcim sijrg`k hg―e pghg mgre e`e dukg lg`yga
fi`eflucag` fgsgcgm tirsi`here hgcgf lehg`k hgawgm.Agri`g sire`k agce tirdghe
aikj`bg`kg` pghg ufgt yg`k hegaelgtag` jcim airgkug` yg`k heteflucag` jcim pgrg hg―e
hgcgf fi`itgpag` silugm muauf. Airgkug` e`e gag` lircg`dut pghg aitehga pirbgygg`
tirmghgp sg`k hg―e tirsilut. Bj`tjm mghet ti`tg`k aisisugeg` pi`ygfpgeg` fgtire hgawgm
 pghg fgh―u. 
fgh―u. 

–Hgre Glu Murgergm \G., eg liragtg @gle pir`gm hetg`yg "gpg gfgcgfgc yg`k
 pgce`k utgfg: " dgwgl \gsucuccgm "Efg` aipghg Gccgm hg` \gsuc`yg". Aifuheg` hetg`yg
cgke, "sicg`dut`yg gpg:.", dgwgl "demgh he dgcg` Gccgm", heagtgag` "sicg`dut`yg gpg:"
<
 dgwgl "mgde fglrur".  

Mgc tiraget lireaut`yg hi`kg` hgawgm meafgm ghgcgm fgtire. Ripirte hedicgsag`
Rgyyeh Wutl, sgcgm sgtu agrgatirestea hgawgm meafgm ghgcgm fgtire`yg mgrus pgs hg`
bjbja hi`kg` ailutumg` fgh'u, tehga jvircjgh yg`k fi`kgaelgtag` fgh'u firgsg
tirlilg`e silicuf sg`kkup ficgasg`gag``yg. Deag hifeaeg`, fgag hgawgm meafgm
fi`kmgrusag` ghg`yg aisisugeg` g`tgrg pi`ygfpgeg` fgtire hg` aifgfpug` sulyiateo
fgh'u.

^i`ygfpgeg` hgawgm mgrus hgcgf lgtgs yg`k hefi`kirte jcim fgh'u, lgea sibgrg
 pifeaerg` (pifgmgfg`), fgupu` picgasg`gg``yg. Rtgtifi` yg`k lirlu`ye "gdga lebgrg
2
fg`useg sisuge hi`kg` aghgr gagc firiag" , gkga`yg fi`kgbu aipghg pi`iag`g` fgtire
hgawgm meafgm. Fgasuh hgre u`kagpg` tirsilut deag heagetag` hi`kg` hgawgm lirgrte
 pire`tgm u`tua lirhgawgm hi`kg` fifpirmgteag` aj`hese sulyiateo fgh'u.Grte`yg,
fgtire hgawgm mgrus hgpgt hebir`g gagc (tme`aglci) hgre sike aifgfpug` ajk`eteo hg`
hgpgt hecgasg`gag` (gpcebglci) hgre sike aifgfpug` pesea.

< Fumgffgh le` Esfg―ec Gc-Luamgry,

Gc -Luamgry, R{gm{em{ Gc-Luamgry, (Lierut4 Hg0r Gc-Emyg―
Gc- Emyg― Xurgtm Gc-
Gc- ”Grgly, ttp), Duz. 7, <7<. 
<7<. 
2
 Ogtme Ugag`, Ageog @gh'u Ecg gc Escgf, <=.

;
 

Mghes he gtgs fifugt hegcjk g`tgrg @gle silgkge hg'e hg` pi`g`yg silgkge fgh'u
yg`k fife`tg ogtwg fi`ki`ge gfgcg` gpg yg`k pgce`k utgfg hgcgf Escgf. Cilem cg`dut
fi`urut mghet tirsilut dgwglg` licegu ghgcgm efg` aipghg Gccgm hg` \gsuc-@yg,
aifuheg` fi`keaute demgh hg` mgde fglrur. Fi`grea hgcgf piflgmgsg` e`e, agri`g
 pi`icusurg` tirmghgp aetgl-aetgl mghets fu'tglgrgm hetifuag` ghg`yg mghets hi`kg`
rihgase pirtg`ygg` sirupg aipghg @gle. Mghets rewgygt El` Fgs'uh fesgc`yg, hi`kg`
 pirtg`ygg` yg`k sgfg, hetifuag` dgwglg` yg`k lirlihg hgre \gsucuccgm.

Hgcgf mghets tirsilut hesilutag` lgmwg gfgcg` yg`k utgfg ghgcgm smgcgt pghg
wgatu`yg, lirlugt lgea aipghg aihug jrg`k tug, hg` lgru aifuheg` demgh he dgcg`
8
Gccgm .Rihg`kag` hgcgf Mghets Glu Hguh hgre 'Glhuccgm El` Mulsye \gsucuccgm
fi`dgwgl pirtg`ygg` tirsilut hi`kg` dgwglg` Xmuc gc Weygf (fifpirpg`dg`k rgag'gt
9
hgcgf smgcgt).  

^gagr Mghets El` \gdgl fi`gflgmag` sgtu rewgygt lgmwg gfgc yg`k pgce`k
utgfg ghgcgm zearuccgm. Ycgfg e`e aifuheg` fi`bjlg u`tua fi`dicgsag` ti`tg`k
airgkgfg` dgwglg` \gsuc hgcgf fi`dgwgl sgtu pirtg`ygg` yg`k sgfg tirsilut, agtg`yg
fgsgcgm e`ecgm yg`k fiflugt aisucetg` pifgmgfg` jrg`k lg`yga. Ricg`dut`yg El` \gdgl
fi`bjlg fi`dicgsag` pg`hg`kg`-pg`hg`kg` hesiaetgr fgsgcgm e`e.

^g`hg`kg` pirtgfg fi`kgtgag` lgmwg gfgcg` yg`k pgce`k utgfg yg`k hefgasuh
he se`e ghgcgm silgkeg` hgre gfgcg` tirutgfg yg`k liketu lg`yga, luag` sifgtg-fgtg
gfgcg` utgfg etu si`hereg`. ^g`hg`kg` aihug fi`kgtgag` lgmwg \gsucuccgm fi`dgwgl
 pirtg`ygg` lirhgsgrag` pirteflg`kg` sulyiateo fgh'u.Fgasuh`yg dgwglg`-dgwglg`
\gsucuccgm he se`e firupgag` gfgcg` yg`k pgce`k utgfg lgke`yg sibgrg amusus yg`k
?
 licuf ti`tu fi`dghe gfgcg` utgfg lgke cge``yg.  

Lgea pg`hg`kg` ti`tg`k silgkeg` hgre gfgcg` utgfg gtgu gfgcg` pgce`k utgfg
sibgrg amusus, aihug`yg lirg`kagt hgre pirlihgg` fgh'u sime`kkg fi`kmgrusag` pucg
 pirlihgg` fgtire yg`k mgrus hesgfpgeag` aipghg firiag.[gcgupu` fgtire yg`k
hesgfpgeag` lirlihg, luag` lirgrte pi`ygfpgeg` hgawgm licegu tehga aj`sesti` hg`
 lirti`tg`kg` sgtu hg` cge``yg. Hi`kg` hifeaeg`, dgwglg` @gle ti`tg`k gfgcg` yg`k
 pgce`k sifpur`g hi`kg` Efg`, gtgu smgcgt gtgu mgde pghg mgaiagt`yg ghgcgm
ghgcg m sgfg. Etucgm
silgl`yg hgcgf mghets El` Fgs'uh, pi`yilutg` lirlugt lgea aipghg jrg`k tug silgkge
;
mga mgflg hedicgsag` siticgm pi`yilutg` smgcgt yg`k firupgag` mga Gccgm.  

Aitiragetg` fgtire tirsilut ghgcgm mgc yg`k fiste hepgmgfe hg` hedgheag`
 pirteflg`kg` jcim hg'e aiteag hemghgpag` jcim pirtg`ygg` fgh'u`yg.Deag hgawgm meafgm

8
 Glu Esfg'ec gc Luamgre, Rgmem Luamgre, (Fguqe' gc Escgf), Duz <2, ??.
9
 2Eleh, Duz 8, 58.
?
 Tge` gc He` Gle Ogrgd El` \gdgl gc Mg`lgcy, Ogtm Gc-Lgry ce Rygrm R}gm}em} Gc-Luamgre, (Lierut4 Fguqe' gc Hurgr gc-
Rg`eyygm, 755;), 7=.
;
 Eleh, 75-<>.

=
 

fi`kmgrusag` aibjbjaag` g`tgrg fgtire hgawgm hg` ailutumg` fgh'u, fgag sipgtut`yg
 dgwglg` yg`k helireag` ghgcgm dukg yg`k sisuge hi`kg` aj`hese sulyiateo fgh'u.Gtgs
hgsgr cjkeag e`e, fgag hgpgt hepgmgfe pi`hgpgt yg`k fi`kgtgag` lgmwg pirlihgg`
 dgwglg` @gle gtgs pirtg`ygg` fgh'u`yg firupgag` dgwglg` amusus hi`kg`
fifpirteflg`kag` sulyiateoetgs sepi`g`yg.

Aiamususg` dgwglg` etu, agtg El` \gdgl, tircemgt aiteag hemghgpag` aipghg El`
Fgs'uh yg`k sibgrg sulyiateo fgsem fifeceae Elu hg` ticgm cgfg fgsua Escgf. Lirlihg
hi`kg` Glu Murgergm, wgcgupu` eg fgsem fifeceae jrg`k tug, `gfu` lgru licgag`kg`
fgsua Escgf sime`kkg fgsem pircu u`tua hefjtevgse gag` grte Efg` hg` demgh. Hifeaeg`
etu sgcgm sgtu bj`tjm cge` hgre gpceagse hgawgm meafgm sipirte yg`k hegdgrag` rgsuc
aipghg duru hgawgm.

Aitiragetg` fgtire tirsilut ghgcgm mgc yg`k fiste hepgmgfe hg` hedgheag`
 pirteflg`kg` jcim hg'e aiteag hemghgpag` jcim pirtg`ygg` fgh'u`yg. hgawgm
fi`kmgrusag` aibjbjaag` g`tgrg fgtire hgawgm hg` ailutumg` fgh'u, fgag sipgtut`yg
 dgwglg` yg`k helireag` ghgcgm dukg yg`k sisuge hi`kg` aj`hese sulyiateo fgh'u. Mghes
ti`tg`k fitjhi pi`ygfpgeg` hgawgm silgkgefg`g lireaut 4

–Herewgygtag` hgre Glhuccgm el` Gle Fgs―uh, sisu`kkum`yg rgsucuccgm lirsglhg4

—Xehgacgm sijrg`k `gle yg`k heutus Gccgm hgre ufgt silicufau, aibugce hgre ufgt`yg
tirhgpgt jrg`k-jrg`k mgwgreyu` (pgrg piflicg hg` pi`keaut) yg`k ficgasg`gag`
su``gm`yg sirtg ficgasg`gag` pire`tgm-pire`tgm`yg. Aifuheg`, hgtg`k ki`irgse siticgm
firiag1 firiag fi`kgtgag` sisugtu yg`k tehga firiag airdgag` hg` firiag
fi`kirdgag` sisugtu yg`k tehga hepire`tgmag`. Jcim agri`g etu, segpg yg`k lirdemgh
tirmghgp firiag hi`kg` tg`kg``yg, fgag eg ghgcgm jrg`k fuafe`, segpg yg`k lirdemgh
ficgwg` firiag hi`kg` cesg``yg, fgag eg ghgcgm jrg`k fuafe`. Hg` segpg yg`k
 lirdemgh ficgwg` firiag hi`kg` mgte`yg, fgag eg ghgcgm jrg`k fuafe`. sihg`kag` he
=
 lgwgm etu sifug tehga ghg aiefg`g` fisaepu` mg`yg silisgr lede sgwe (M. \. Fuscef).‖  

Fitjhi Hgawgm (Gpprjgbm) ygetu Bgrg-bgrg yg`k hecgauag` jcim sijrg`k

5
ajfu`eagtjr u`tua fi`bgpge sugtu tudug` tirti`tu gtgs hgsgr meafgm hg` agsem sgyg`k.  
Fitjhi ghgcgm ri`bg`g gtgu prjsihur yg`k hecgfperag` u`tua fi`yicisgeag` aikegtg`
7>
gtgu tukgs hife pi`bgpgegg` tudug`.   Fitjhi egcgm bgrg airdg yg`k lirsestif u`tua
77
fifuhgmag` picgasg`gg` u`tua fi`ygfpgeag` silugm fgtire  

Aifu`agrg` fi`urut lgmgsg lirgrte sisugtu yg`k heli`be. Rihg`kag` fi`urut

estecgm, aifu`agrg` lirgrte pirlugtg` yg`k heli`be jcim sygrg' gtgu gkgfg. Bj`tjm`yg

=
 Fuscef le` Mgddgd Gc-@gesglury, R{gmem Fuscef, (Lierut4 Hg0r Gc-Emyg―
Gc- Emyg― Gc-Xurgtm
Gc-Xurgtm Gc-Escgfy, ttp), Duz. 7. ?5.
5
 Xjtj Xgsfgrg, Ajfu`eagse Hgawgm, (Dgagrtg4Kgyg Fiheg ^rgtgfg,755;), 82
7> [gmyu Ecgme, Ajfu`eagse Hgawgm, (Rurglgyg4 EGE@ Rs`g` Gfpic ^riss,<>72), ?2.
77
 Gbip Grepuhe`, ^i`kiflg`kg` Fitjhi Hgawgm, =.

5
 

fi`e`kkgcag` aiwgdelg` gtgu fi`irdg`k mgc-mgc yg`k hemgrgfag`. Fi`e`kkgcag`

aiwgdelg` fesgc`yg fi`e`kkgcag` smgcgt, fi`e`kkgcag` pugsg rgfghmg`, hg`
aiwgdelg`aiwgdelg` cge``yg. Bj`tjm fi`irdg`k yg`k hemgrgfag` fesgc`yg
7<
fi`kaj`sufse fergs, lirze`g, lirduhe, hg` pirlugtg` cge``yg yg`k hemgrgfag`.  

Rijrg`k fuafe` pire`tgmag` u`tua firispj` sikgcg li`tua aifu`agrg` hi`kg`

ficgasg`gag` upgyg hg` usgmg pirulgmg`. Firulgm hgre lirlugt fu`agr fi`dghe
 lirlugt fg'ruo, gtgu sitehga`yg fi`kmi`teag` pirlugtg` fu`agr tirsilut. Xe`kagtg`
usgmg-usgmg tirsilut ghgcgm4

g)  Firulgm hi`kg` tg`kg`

Firulgm aifu`agrg` hi`kg` tg`kg` hefga`ge4 (g) tg`kg` yg`k
sili`gr`yg/oesea (fga`g mgaeae), gtgu (l) firulgm hi`kg`
aiaugtg`/aiaugsgg`yg`k hefeceae`yg (fga`g fgdgze/fitgojrg).
^i`kirteg` mgaeae firulgm aifu`agrg` hi`kg` tg`kg`, fesgc`yg sijrg`k
kuru fi`dgtumag` muaufg` oesea yg`k tehga fiflgmgygag` aipghg seswg yg`k
ficg`kkgr tgtg tirtel te`kagt te`kke. Jrg`ktug yg`k fifuauc g`ga`yg yg`k suhgm
gqec lgcekm agri`g fi`e`kkgcag` smgcgt, hg` bj`tjm-bj`tjm cge``yg.Firulgm
aifu`agrg` hi`kg` tg`kg` hgcgf grte fitgojrg fgasuh`yg ficgauag`
fi`kmi`teag` aifu`agrg` ficgcue aiaugsgg` yg`k hefeceae sisijrg`k. Fesgc`yg
 pi`bglutg` ede` usgmg aipghg pirusgmgg` yg`k ficgauag` picg`kkgrg` muauf,
iteag, `jrfg gtgu gturg` gkgfg. Fesgc`yg fi`dugc fergs, fi`dugc lgrg`k-lgrg`k
mgsec bureg`, hg` lgrg`k-lgrg`k mgrgf cge``yg. Rijrg`k gtgsg` fifibgt sibgrg
tehga mjrfgt lgwgmg``yg yg`k ficgauag` picg`kkgrg` iteag/fjrgc
aigkgfgg`.7?7Cg`kagm pirulgmg` e`e hi`kg` tg`kg` gtgu aiaugsgg` firupgag`
72
te`kagtg` upgyg pgce`k tirte`kke.  
 l)  Firulgm hi`kg` Cesg`

Cg`kagm fi`kmi`teag` aifu`agrg` hi`kg` cesg` hecgauag` gpglecg

cg`kagm pirtgfg (fi`kmi`teag` hi`kg` aiaugtg`) tehga hgpgt hecgasg`gag`.
Firulgm aifu`agrg` hi`kg` cesg` hgpgt hecgauag` hgcgf li`tua-li`tua yg`k
 lifgbgf-fgbgf4 hi`kg` `gsemgt, fgu'ezgm, kirtgag`, ubgpg`, tuecesg`,
 pir`ygtgg` hg` cge`cge``yg. Ficgauag` pirulgmg` hi`kg` bgrg cesg` hecgauag`
hi`kg` fifpirteflg`kag` gspia-gspia aiprelgheg` hg` aidewgg` firiag yg`k
hegdga`yg. Agri`yg, fi`kgdga lirlugt fg'ruo gtgu fi`kmi`teag` aifu`agrg`
mgrus hecgauag` hi`kg` ailedgasg`gg`, fiflireag` `gsemgt yg`k lgea gtgu
 lirhesause sibgrg simgt.
b)  Firulgm hi`kg` Mgte

7< >[gbmehe` Rgputrg, ^i`kg`tgr ecfu hgawgmm, <8<.

72
 7 Fumgffgh Ructmj`, Hisge` Ecfu Hgawgm, (Ujkygagrtg, <>>2), 7>?.

7>
 

Cg`kagm-cg`kagm fi`g`kkucg`ke aifu`agrg` hi`kg` hug bgrg he gtgs

fifircuag` ogsecetgs hg` saeccs yg`k amusus. Deag ogsecetgs hg` saeccs tirsilut tehga
hefeceae, tehga lirgrte lgmwg upgyg pi`kkucg`kg` ljcim hete`kkgcag`. Aiwgdelg`
titgp mgrus hecgasg`gag`, mg`yg sgdg fi`kku`gag` aghgr gtgu te`kagtg` usgmg
yg`k cilem re`kg`, ygetu hi`kg` mgte hgcgf grteg` "aitehgarehmgg` mgte tirmghgp
aifu`agrg`" gtgu "lirhj'g gkgr aifu`agrg` lirmi`te".
Firulgm hi`kg` mgte hekgflgrag` jcim \gsucuccgm silgkge "sicifgm-
cifgm`yg efg`". Grte`yg lgtgs fe`efgc fi`g`kkucg`ke aifu`agrg` ghgcgm
hecgauag` hi`kg` mgte. Hi`kg` hifeaeg`, fgag lirhegf here hg` lirseagp gpgtes
tirmghgp aifu`agrg` firupgag` cg`kagm yg`k sgcgm, agri`g seagp yg`k hifeaeg`
etu firupgag` seagp yg`k "tehga pihuce tirmghgp sisgfg fuafe`". Fgwgs Here
78
hg` E`strjpiase Here hgcgf Gfgr Fg'ruo @gme Fu`agr.  
Aiwgdelg` fi`ikgaag` gfgr fg'ruo `gme fu`agr tehga mg`yg lircgau
 lgke jrg`k cge` sgdg. ^i`ikgaag` e`e dukg mgrus lirdgcg` lirere`kg` hi`kg`
 pi`ikgaag` gfgr fg'ruo `gme fu`agr lgke here si`here/prelghe. Hi`kg` hifeaeg`,
fgag tehga gag` tirdghe aitefpg`kg`, hefg`g sisijrg`k fgfpu fi`ikgaag`
 pire`tgm tirsilut lgke jrg`k cge`, sifi`tgrg here`yg tehga tirdgfgm hi`kg`
 pire`tgm tirsilut.
Rgcgm sgtu ogatjr yg`k fi`yilglag` licuf ioiateo`yg picgasg`gg`
hgawgm ghgcgm agri`g fitjhi yg`k hepgage fgsem lirseogt trghesej`gc gtgu
aj`vi`sej`gc. Aetg licuf lg`yga fi`kiflg`kag` fitjhi hgcgf li`tua hegcjk
e`tirgateo yg`k ajfu`eagteo, sime`kkg pi`kicjcgg` li`tua hgawgm mg`yg
fi`yi`tum gspia ajk`eteo sgdg tg`pg fifpirmgteag` gspia goiateo hg`
 pseajfjtjrea`yg. Hgawgm
Hgawg m yg`k fgsem
f gsem hecgauag` tg`pg tgdua hg` gcgt lg`tu gag`
fi`bgpge sgsgrg` yg`k sg`kgt fe`ef hg` sucet u`tua heivgcugse
79
ailirmgsecg``yg.  
Hgcgf pi`ygfpgeg` silugm pisg` hgawgm, lg`yga pgrg hg― e yg`k mg`yg
fi`kg`hgcag` fitjhi hgawgm hi`kg` bgrg lirbirgfgm. Mgc etu, fiflugt pgrg
fgh―u fi`dghe fuhgm ljsg`. Agri`g tiraisg` tircgcu sire`k helireag` hi`kg`
fitjhi tirsilut.
Rime`kkg mgc etu fi`dghe aurg`k fi`grea pirmgteg` fgh―u. Fgag, silgkge
hg―e silgea`yg fi`kku`gag` fitjhi-fitjhi- fitjhihegtgs supgyg pgrg fgh―u tehga
 ljsg` hg` sicgcu hgpgt lire`jvgse hi`kg` fitjhi  ‒   fitjhi tirsilut, gkgr sggt
ficgauag` hgawgm tehga mg`yg fi`kkucg`k. Xehga fi`ku`gag` fitjhi yg`k
etu- etu sgdg. Ricge` etu, silgkge sijrg`k hg―e, aetg dukg mgrus lesg fi`yisugeag`
 pi`kkug`gg` fitjhi hgawgm hi`kg` aj`hese sg`k fgh―u. Ripirte mgc`yg, lgke

78
 Fjm Gce Gzez, Ecfu Hgawgm, 29=
79 \L.Amgtel ^gmcgwg` Agyj, Fg`gdifi` Hgawgm1 Hgre Hgawgm Aj`vi`fsej`gc Fi`udu Hgawgm Aj`tifpjrir,
(Dgagrtg4 Gfzgm, <>>;), 92-98.

77
 

 pgrg picgdgr siajcgm fi`i`kgm gtgs, aetg hgpgt fi`kku`gag`

fi` kku`gag` fitjhi hesause, gkgr
firiag eaut lirpgrtesepgse hgcgf pi`ygfpgeg` pi`hgpgt.

<.  Ogatjr iastir`gc

Mgflgtg` hgawgm sibgrg iastir`gc yga`e prjlcif-prjlcif, mgflgtg`-mgflgtg`,
hg` tg`tg`kg`-tg`tg`kg` hgawgm yg`k lirsuflir hg` lirgsgc hgre lirlgkge agcg`kg` hg`
 pemga ufgt fg`useg he cugr ce`kaup aguf fuscefe`. Bj`tjm`yg ti`tg`k fiheg hgawgm,
 pifefpe` yg`k hzgcef.
Mghes ti`tg`k fiheg hgawgm
–Hgre Glu Fgs―uh r.g, sgygt ticgm fi`hi`kgrag` rgsucucccgm sgw lirsglhg 4 Gccgm
fi`kicjaag` wgdgm sisijrg`k yg`k fi`hi`kgr sisugtu hgre agfe cgcgu hesgfpgeag``yg
silgkgefg`g yg`k eg hi`kgr. Rilgl, lg`yga yg`k fi`ygfpgeag` cilem fi`dghe cilem
7?
sghgr hgrepghg yg`k mg`yg fi`hi`kgrag`‖  
Fiheg hgawgm ghgcgm gcgt yg`k heku`gag` u`tua fi`ygfpgeag` fgtire hgawgm (
gdgrg` escgf) aipghg fgh―u. Y`tua fi`ygfpgeag` gdgrg` escgf aipghg ufgt. ^ghg
zgfg` fjhir` sipirte siagrg`k e`e, sipirte ticivese, vehij, agsit riagfg`, fgdgcgm, surgt
aglgr hg` yg`k cge`. Hi`kg` lg`yga`yg fiheg yg`k ghg, fgag hg―e mgrus hgpgt fifecem
fiheg yg`k pgce`k ioiateo u`tua fi`bgpge tudug` hgawgm.Xi`tu`yg hi`kg` fifecem yg`k
tipgt gtgu hi`kg` pre`sep-pre`sep fiheg. Ghgpu` yg`k fi`dghe fgsgcgm hese`e ghgcgm
fgsgcgm fifecem.
Fifecem ti`tu sgdg fi`kg`hu`k ajsiaui`se fi`kitgmue hg` fi`kugsge bgrg
fifg`oggtag` pjti`se yg`k hepecem`yg. Xehga mg`yg fifecem u`tua hesefpg` gtgu
helegrag` sgdg. Agri`g siagrg`k ghgcgm irg kcjlgcesgse e`ojrfgse, grte`yg he irg tirsilut
tirdghe pi`kmecg`kg` lgtgs rug`k hg` wgatu hgre mgsec piraiflg`kg` tia`jcjke
ajfu`eagse. Fgsgcgm tia`jcjke ajfu`eagse fi`dghe pi`te`k u`tua heupgygag` gkgr pgrg
hg―e fi`kugsge`yg, agri`g pghg mgaeagt`yg hgawgm ghgcgm prjsis ajfu`eagse lgea
fiheg vesugc, guhej, hg` cilem pi`te`k cgke fiheg guhej vesugc, tirfgsua ticivese.
Hgawgm silgkge sugtu aikegtg` ajfu`eagse aigkgfgg` hemghgpag` aipghg
 piraiflg`kg` hg` aifgdug` tia`cjke ajfu`eagse yg`k sifgae` bg`kkem, fifircuag`
sugtu ghgpgse tirmghgp aifgdug` etu. Grte`yg hgawgm hetu`tut u`tua heaifgs hi`kg`
7;
tirgpg` fiheg ajfu`eagse sisuge hi`kg` g`iag fgh―u (ajfu`eag`) yg`k hemghgpe.  
Cgdu piraiflg`kg` zgfg` lirpgbu hi`kg` te`kagt aifgdug` ecfu pi`kitgmug` hg`
tia`jcjke, tehga tiraibugcce tia`jcjke ajfu`eagse yg`k firupgag` sugtu sgrg`g yg`k
fi`kmulu`kag` sugtu fgsygrgagt hi`kg` fgsygrgagt he lufe cge`. Aibg`kkemg`
tia`jcjke ajfu`eagse eaut fifpi`kgrume sicurum gspia aimehupg` fg`useg tirfgsua he

7?
 Fumgffgh ”Esg Gc-Xerfeh}y,
Gc-Xerfeh}y, Ru`g` Gc-Xerfeh}y, (Lierut4 Hg0r K{grl Gc-Escgfy, 755=),
755=) , Duz. 8. 22
7; Kmgzgce,
F. Lgmre. Fiflg`ku` Airg`kag Hgsgr Ecfu Ajfu`eagse Hgawgm.( Dgagrtg4 ^ihjfg` Ecfu Dgyg, 755;),
22.

7<
 

hgcgf`yg aikegtg` hgawgm silgkge sgcgm sgtu pjcg pi`ygfpgeg` e`ojrfgse hg` upgyg
trg`soir ecfu pi`kitmgug`.

Mgc tirsilut fi`u`duaag` lgmwg prjsis hgawgm lesg tirdghe hi`kg`

fi`kku`gag` lirlkge sgrg`g/fiheg, agri`g piraiflg`kg` ecfu pi`kitgmug` hg`
tia`jcjke sg`kgt fifu`kae`ag` mgc etu. Ecfu pi`kitgmug` hg` tia`jcjke sg`kgt
 lirhgfpga pjseteo silgl hi`kg` hifeaeg` pisg` hgawgm hgpgt fi`yilgr sg`kgt bipgt
hi`kg` dg`kagug` hg` tifpgt yg`k sg`kgt cugs pucg.Hgcgf sugtu prjsis hgawgm, sijrg`k
 duru hgawgm (hg―e) hgpgt fi`kku`gag` lirlgkge sg sgrg`g
rg`g gtgu fiheg. Rgcgm sgtu u`sur
ailirmgsecg` hgcgf lirhgawgm ghgcgm aipg`hgeg` sijrg`k hg―e hgcgf fifecem hg`
7=
fi`kku`gag` sgrg`g gtgu fiheg yg`k ghg  
Hi`kg` lg`yga`yg fiheg yg`k ghg,fgag hg―e mgrus hgpgt fifecem fiheg yg`k
 pgce`k ioiateo u`tua fi`bgpge tudug` hgawgm.Xi`tu`yg hi`kg` fifecem yg`k tipgt gtgu
hi`kg` pre`sep-presep fiheg.Ghgpu` yg`k fi`dghe fgsgcgm hese`e ghgcgm fgsgcgm
fifecem.Fifecem ti`tu sgdg fi`kg`hu`k ajsiaui`sefi`kitgmue hg` fi`kugsge bgrg
fifg`oggtag` pjti`se yg`k hepecem`yg.Xehga mg`yg fifecem u`tua hesefpg` gtgu
helegrag` sgdg.Agri`g siagrg`k ghgcgm irg kcjlgcesgse e`ojrfgse,grte`yg he irg tirsilut
tirdghe pi`kmecg`kg` lgtgs rug`k hg` wgatu hgre mgsec piraiflg`kg` tia`jcjke
ajfu`eagse.
Mghets ti`tg`k pifefpe` yg`k hzgcef
Herewgygtag` hgre El`u ufgr r.g hgre rgsucuccgm Rgw. lirsglhg 4 Ritegp jrg`k
ghgcgm pifefpe` hg` gag` hefe`tg pirtg`kku`k dgwglg` gtgs aipifefpe`g```yg.
Rijrg`k aipgcg ghgcgm pifefpe`. Rijrg`k sugfe ghgcgm pifefpe` lgke aicugrkg`yg hg`
sijrg`k estire pifepe` gtgs rufgm tg`kkg sugfe hg` g`ga`yg. Fgag sitegp agceg` ghgcgm
75
 pifefpe` yg`k gag` hefe`tg pirtg`kku`k dgwglg` gtgs mgc yg`k hepefpe``yg.  
^ghg hgsgr`yg, mghes he gtgs lirlebgrg ti`tg`k iteag aipifefpe`g` hgcgf escgf.
Hgcgf mghes tirsilut hedicgsag` lgmwg iteag pgce`k pjaja hgcgf aipifefpe`g` ghgcgm
tg`kku` dgwgl. Rifug jrg`k hesilut silgkge pifefpe`. Agri`g`yg, silgkge pifefpe`,
firiag sifug fifeauc tg`kku`k dgwgl, siaurg`k-aurg`k`yg tirmghgp here`yg si`here.
Rijrg`k sugfe lirtg`kku`k dgwgl gtgs estre`yg, sijrg`k lgpga lirtg`ku`k dgwgl aipghg
g`ga-g`ga`yg, sijrg`k fgdeag` litg`kku`k dgwgl aipghg piairdg`yg, sijrg`k gtgsg`
 lirtg`kku`k dgwgl aipghg lgwgmg``yg, hg` sijrg`k prisehi`, lupgte, kulir`ur
 lirtg`kku`k dgwgl aipghg rgaygt yg`k hepefpe``yg, hst.
Gag` titgpe, tg`kku`k dgwgl he se`e luag` sifgtg-fgtg lirfga`g ficgasg`gag`
tukgs cgcu siticgm etu sicisge. Ficge`ag` cilem hgre etu, yg`k hefgasuh tg`kku`k dgwgl he
se`e ghgcgm cilem aipghg upgyg sijrg`k pifefpe` u`tua fiwuduhag` aisidgmtirgg` lgke
 pemga yg`k hepefpe`. Elgrgt pi`kiflgcg, eg mgrus firgwgt, fiflire fgag` hg`

7=
 Ghe Rgsj`j. Hehe` Mgoeuhe`, G.F. Rgiouhhe` it. gcc. Rjcuse Escgf gtgs ^rjlcifgteag Yfgt4 Iaj`jfe, ^i`heheag`
hg` Hgawgm.( Dgagrtg4 Kifg E`sg`e ^riss, 755=), 798.
75
 Fumgffgh le` Esfg―ec Gc-Luamgry,
Gc -Luamgry, R{gm{em{ Gc-Luamgry, (Lierut4 Hg0r Gc-Emyg―
Gc- Emyg― Xurgtm Gc-
Gc- ”Grgly,
”Grgly, ttp), Duz. ;. 2;.

72
 

fi`bgreag` tifpgt lirtihum le`gtg`k kiflgcg`yg. Re`kagt`yg, sijrg`k pi`kkiflgcg

 lirtg`kku`k dgwgl u`tua fi`sidgmtirgag` le`gtg`k kiflgcg`yg.

Xgpe biretg kiflgcg mg`ygcgm silugm pirufpgfgg`, hg` fg`useg ti`tu lirlihg
hi`kg` le`gtg`k, sime`kkg fi`kkiflgcg fg`useg tehga sgfg hi`kg` fi`kkiflgcg
 le`gtg`k. G`ukirgm gagc luhe yg`k helireag` Gccgm aipghg fg`useg firupgag`
aicilemg` tirsi`here lgke fg`useg u`tua fi`kiflgcgag` here`yg si`here, tg`pg mgrus
fi`kg`tu`kag` mehup`yg aipghg pi`kkiflgcg cge`. Agri`g`yg, pirtgfg-tgfg yg`k
hesgfpgeag` jcim mghes he gtgs ghgcgm lgmwg sitegp fg`useg ghgcgm pifefpe` yg`k
 lirtg`kku`k dgwgl gtgs aisidgmtirgg` here`yg si`here.
Gtgu hi`kg` agtg cge`, sisijrg`k mgrus lirtg`kku`k dgwgl u`tua fi`bgre fgag`
gtgu fi`kmehupe here`yg si`here, tg`pg fi`kg`tu`kag` mehup`yg aipghg jrg`k cge`.
Hi`kg` hifeaeg`, agri`g mgaeagt aipifefpe`g` ghgcgm tg`kku`k dgwgl hg` wuduh
tg`kku`k dgwgl ghgcgm aisidgmtirgg`, fgag lecg jrg`k tug mg`yg siaihgr fiflire fgag`
g`ga-g`ga`yg titgpe tehga fifi`ume stg`hgr keze sirtg ailutumg` pi`heheag``yg tehga
hepi`ume, fgag mgc etu fgsem dgum hgre fga`g tg`kku`k dgwgl yg`k sili`gr`yg.
Hifeaeg` pucg lecg sijrg`k fgdeag` fiflireag` kgde prt (piairdg rufgm tg`kkg)
he lgwgm stg`hgr ufp (upgm fe`efu prjve`se), fgag fgdeag` tirsilut licuf lesg
heagtgag` lirtg`kku`k dgwgl. Liketu pucg lecg sijrg`k pifefpe`, agtgag`cgm prisehi`,
hgcgf fifefpe` `ikire`yg mg`yg silgtgs fi`dghe —pifire`tgm‑ sgdg, `gfu` tehga ghg
upgyg sireus u`tua fi`kg`kagt rgaygt`yg hgre durg`k aifesae`g` fi`udu aisidgmtirgg`,
fgag prisehi` tirsilut licuf lesg heagtgag` ticgm lirtg`kku`k dgwgl. Agri`g tg`kku`k
 dgwgl sijrg`k prisehi` mgrus hewuduhag` hgcgf li`tua ailedgag` yg`k lirpemga pghg
rgaygt aibec hg` aguf fesae`, luag``yg lirpemga pghg aj`kcjfirgt hg` tifg`-tifg`
hiagt. Jcim silgl etu, lecg aighgg` silugm lg`ksg fgsem dgum hgre stg`hgr aisidgmtirgg`,
fgag tg`kku`k dgwgl pifefpe``yg fgsem pircu hepirtg`ygag`.
^grg ucgfg (tjajm gkgfg) sisu`kkum`yg fifeceae pirg` pi`te`k hgcgf
fgsygrgagt. Agri`g aicumurg` gamcga`yg. Ycgfg heg`kkgp silgkge li`ti`k fjrgcetgs,
gamcga, aidudurg` hg` aieamcgsg` tirpicemgrg hi`kg` lgea titgpe deag ucgfg suhgm fgsua
hgcgf hu`eg pjcetea. Ycgfg gag` tirdilga pghg pirfge`g` pjcetea, fiflugt pgrg ucgfg
tehga lesg fi`kme`hgr hgre prj hg` aj`trg pgrg pi`kugsg, trgkes`yg , ucgfg fi`dgheag`
hgcec- hgcec gkgfg silgkge gcgt cikescgteo pjcetea. Aj`hese yg`k hifeaeg` hi`kg` si`here`yg
eaut fifpi`kgrume tirusea`yg Yamuwgm Escgfeygm, heti`kgm fgsygrgagt hi`kg`
hifeaeg` pgrg ucgfg licjf lesg heagtgag` lirtg`kku`k dgwgl agri`g tukgs ucgfg
<>
sili`gr`yg ghgcgm fi`yiru gfgr fg―ruo `gme fu`agr hg` fi`ikgaag` gdgrg` escgf.  
Agtg hgcef fi`urut lgmgsg ygetu lirgsgc hgre lgmgsg Grgl, hi`kg` muruo — h{g, h{g,  
cg, fg‑ yg`k lirfgasuh kicgp. Hgcgf gc- gc - qur―g`, fi`kku`gag` agtg h}ucf dukg lgk{y,
ygetu ficg`kkgr mga jrg`k cge`. Rihg`kag` fi`urut estecgm h}gcef hgcgf gdgrg` escgf

<> \gmfegte hg` @jr Mgfhg`, he`gfeag pirg` Ycgfg hgcgf pjcetea prgates, ( lg`dgrfgse` 4 G`tgsgre priss, <>>?),
728.

78
 

<7
ghgcgm ficitgaag` sisugtu piragrg yg`k luag` pghg tifpgt`yg.   Ghgpu` fgbgf-
fgbgf zgcef, ygetu4
g. Hgcef aipghg Gccgm Ugetu fi`yiautuag` Gccgm hi`kg` mgc cge` hgcgf urusg`
 pirelghgtg`. Hg` e`e firupgag` pu`bga aizgcefg` yg`k pgce`k te`kke. Tgcef aipghg
Gccgm ygetu tehga fgu ficgasg`gag` pire`tgm gccgm hg` cgrg`kg`-@yg. Bj`tjm`yg 4
fi`e`kkgcag` elghgm smgcgt, pugsg, zgagt hg` elghgm cge``yg, lgmag` lirlugt syerea, semer
hg` pirlugtg` tircgrg`k cge``yg.
 l. Hgcef aipghg here si`here Bj`tjm`yg 4 Fiflegrag` here si`here titgp ljhjm,
fesae`, fgcgs, fe`uf- fe`ufg` airgs, lu`um here hg` cge`- cge`.
b. Hgcef aipghg jrg`k cge` (sisgfg fg`useg) Bj`tjm`yg 4 fi`kufpgt, fi`kghu
hjflg, fifoet`gm, fi`bure, firgfpja, pi`yeasgg`, piflu`umg`, hg` cge`-cge`.
h. Hgcef aipghg fgamcua cge` gtgu gcgf siaetgr`yg Bj`tjm`yg 4 fi`ilg`k pjmj`
tg`pg gturg`, fiflug`k sgfpgm siflgrg`kg`, fi`yiflicem le`gtg`k hi`kg` si`dgtg
tufpuc, hg` cge`-cge`. Ghgpu` lilirgpg bj`tjm zgcef , ygetu4
g. Bj`tjm estre yg`k Hgcef4
7) Fi`kmeg`gte sugfe, fesgc`yg fi`dgce` mulu`kg` kicgp hi`kg` preg cge`.
<) Fifgsuaag` sisijrg`k yg`k tehga hesi`g`ke sugfe ai hgcgf rufgm.
2) Fulgzer hg` fi`kmgflur-mgflurag` ug`k pghg yg`k luag` tifpgt`yg.
8) Fi`ygaete sugfe hi`kg` tutur agtg yg`k lurua, fi`bicg, hg`
fi`kidia`yg.
9) Aicugr rufgm tg`pg eze` sugfe
?) Fi`yilgrag` hg` fi`bicg rgmgseg-rgmgseg sugfe hsl.
 l. Bj`tjm sugfe yg`k Hgcef4
7) Xehga fgu ficu`gse mutg`k fgmgr (fgs agwe`).
<) Fi`grea aiflgce fgmgr tg`pg airehmjg` estre.
2) Xehga fi`yihegag` tifpgt te`kkgc lugt
lug t estre/fi`icg`tgrag` estre.
8) Fifpircgauag` estre hi`kg` agsgr.
9) Fiflilg`e airdg estre hecugr aifgfpug``yg.
?) Xehga ghec hgcgf fiflireag` `goagm cgmer hg` lgte` estreestre`yg (lgke
yg`k lirpjcekgfe)
;) Ficefpgmag` tg`kku`k dgwgl sugfe aipghg
aipgh g estre hsl.
b. Bj`tjm piflg`tu yg`k Hgcef4
7) Fesgc`yg sijrg`k piflg`tu tirsilut hesurum licg`dg aifuheg
fi`kgflec ug`k aiflgceg` hgre lirlicg`dg tg`pg fifliretgmu sg`k
fgdeag` hg` fisaepu` fgdeag` tirsilut tehga fi`g`ygag``yg.
<) Rggt fgdeag` ghg herufgm piflg`tu tirsilut rgde` liairdg sihg`kag` sggt
fgdeag` tehga ghg herufgm heg lirfgcgs-fgcgsg`.
h. Bj`tjm pifefpe` yg`k Hgcef4
7) Ficgauag` ajrupse

<7
 Durdg`e, Gc-Xg―reogt,
Gc-Xg―reogt, 725. 
725. 

79
 

<) Xehga fi`sidgmtirgag` rgaygt

2) Xehga ghec pghg rgaygt

B. Fi`kgtgse mgflgtg` Hgawgm 

Gkgr mgflgtg` hgawgm tehga sifgae` ausut hg` lircgrut  ‒   cgrut, pircu sikirg
hebgreag` dgcg` aicugr hgre aificut pirsjgcg` yg`k hemghgpe etu,ygetu4
<<
 
g. ^i`hiagtg` ^irsj`gc, ^i`hiagtg` hi`kg` bgrg e`e tirdghe hi`kg` bgrg
e`hevehugc. G`tgrg hg―e hg` fgh―u cg`ksu`k lirtgtgp fuag sime`kkg fgtire yg`k
hesgfpgeag` cg`ksu`k hetirefg.
 l. ^i`hiagtg` ^i`heheag`, ^ghg fgsg @gle, hgawgm ciwgt pi`heheag`
pi` heheag` hecgauag`
 lirere`kg` hi`kg` fgsua`yg Escgf aipghg agcg`kg` sgmglgt. Liketu dukg pghg
fgsg siagrg`k e`e, aetg hgpgt ficemgt pi`hiagtg` pi`heheag` tirgpceagse hgcgf
ciflgkg ‒   ciflgkg pi`heheag` pisg`tri`, ygygsg` yg`k lirbjrga Escgf gtgupu`
 pirkurug` te`kke yg`k hehgcgf`yg tirhgpgt fgtire- fgtire aiescgfg`.
b. ^i`hiagtg` Hesause, ^i`hiagtg` hesause pghg irg siagrg`k sire`k hecgauag`
ciwgt lirlgkge hesause aigkgfgg`, hg―e lirpirg` silgkge `grgsuflir sihg`k
fgh―u lirpirg` silgkge
silgkge gu`hei`bi.
h. ^i`hiagtg` ^i`gwgrg`, Bgrg e`e hecgauag` @gle hi`kg` fifgage fitjhi yg`k
tipgt tg`pg pgasgg` sime`kkg fgh―u aiteag firispj`e`yg tehga hgcgf aighgg`
tirtiag` lgmag` eg ficgauag``yg hi`kg` `egt yg`k tefluc hgre mgte yg`k pgce`k
hgcgf.
i. ^i`hiagtg` Fese, Fgasuh hgre pi`hiagtg` e`e ghgcgm pi`kerefg` pgrg hg―e ai
hgirgm ‒ 
hgirgm  ‒  hgirgm
 hgirgm he cugr tifpgt hjfesesce.
h jfesesce.
o. ^ircu ghg pi`kaghirg` yg`k sireus u`tua fifprjhuase duru ‒   duru hgawgm
hi`kg` piflgkeg` airdg yg`k rgpe. Ecfu tglcekm licgag tehga buaup u`tua
fi`huau`k prjsis hgawgm, ficge`ag` hepircuag` pucg lirlgkge pi`kugsgg`
hgcgf ecfu ‒ 
ecfu ‒  ecfu
 ecfu tia`jcjke e`ojrfgse yg`k pgce`k futgamer.
k. ^rjsis hgawgm tehga ljcim cgke tirlgtgs pghg hgawgm lec-cesg`, tgpe mgrus
hepircugs hi`kg` hgawgm le Gc-mg0c, le Gc-aetg0lgm (ciwgt tucesg`), le Gcm}eafgm
(hgcgf grte pjcetea) le Gc-Eqtes}gheygm (iaj`jfe), hg` silgkge`yg. Ug`k dicgs,
gbtej`s, spiga cjuhir tmg` wjrh.
m. Fiheg fgssg bitga hg` tirutgfg fiheg iciatrj`ea mgrus hepeaerag` siagrg`k
 dukg. Fiheg iciatrj`ea yg`k hgpgt fi`dghe wgmg`g gtgu sgrg`g hgawgm pircu
hefeceae jcim ufgt escgf. Lecg uhgrg e`hj`iseg he fgsg hipg` hepi`ume jcim
 pisg` ‒   pisg` gkgfg cge` hg` sipe hgre pisg`  ‒   pisg` escgfe, fgag suhgm ti`tu
aighgg` sipirte e`e tehga fi`ku`tu`kag` lgke pi`e`kagtg` hgawgm escgf he tg`gm
ger.

<<
 >Rete Furegm, Fitjhjcjke Hgawgm Aj`tifpjrir, (Ujkdgagrtg4 Fetrg ^ustgag, <>>>), ;=.

7?
 

LGL EEE

^I@YXY^

G.  Aisefpucg`
Aisefpucg`  

Lirhgsgrag` pghg ou`kse fiheg fgssg u`tua fiflire e`ojrfgse pghg amgcgyga,
ti`tu`yg sisuge hi`kg` tudug` hgawgm etu si`here, he fg`g hgawgm ghgcgm lgkeg` yg`k
tehga tirpesgmag` hgre pi`kgcgfg` aiescgfg` sisijrg`k fgag te`hgag` hgawgm hgpgt
hecgauag` hi`kg` lirlgkge bgrg hg` fiheg sipg`dg`k mgc tirsilut tehga lirti`tg`kg`
hi`kg` agehgm Escgf. @gfu` hifeaeg`, agri`g seogt amusus te`hgag` hgawgm, fgag
te`hgag` yg`k mg`yg lireseag` ti`tg`k gdgag`, sirug` pg`kkecg` hg` pi`ygfpgeg` pisg`
sisijrg`k gtgu siaicjfpja jrg`k sime`kkg jrg`k cge` hg` fgsygrgagt fi`dghe fuscef
yg`k hgpgt hesilut silgkge te`hgag` hgawgm hgcgf pi`kirteg` yg`k cugs.7 Hgawgm
firupgag` sisugtu yg`k sg`kgt pi`te`k lgke aicg`ksu`kg` mehup ufgt fg`useg tirutgfg
hgcgf fi`yegrag` sugtu gdgrg` hgcgf fgsygrgagt. Gdgrg` yg`k lgea tehga fustgmec gag`
mecg`k gpglecg tehga hehgawgmag`, hg` silgcea`yg gdgrg` yg`k sisgt hgpgt tirsegr hg`
fifluhgyg hgcgf fgsygrgagt deag hehgawgmag` sibgrg liraise`gflu`kg`. Hi`kg`
gatevetgs hgawgm yg`k liraise`gflu`kg` fgag gag` fi`hjrj`k aifgscgmgtg` mehup
fg`useg lgea he hu`eg fgupu` he gamergX.

L.  Rgrg`
Gamer agtg pi`uces lirmgrgp sifjkg sarepse e`e hgpgt lirfg`oggt lgke piflgbg
hg` amusus`yg pi`uces, pi`uces fi`kubgpag` tirefg agsem yg`k silisgrlisgr`yg hg`
sifjkg Gccgm R[X fiflgcgs`yg hi`kg` lgcgsg` yg`k lircepgt kg`hg aipghg sifug
 pemga yg`k ticgm fiflg`tu, lgea fjrec, fgupu`
fgupu ` fgtirec, me`kkg tirsicisge`yg sarepse e`e.
Mg`yg aipghg Gccgm R[X pi`uces lirhjg hg` fjmj` pirtjcj`kg`, sifjkg pi`uces
si`g`tegsg hetu`duae ai dgcg` yg`k li`gr hg` curus sirtg fi`hgpgtag` ecfu yg`k
 lirfg`oggt sirtg \ehmg-@yg.

7;
 

HGOXG\ ERE

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