SAMPLING

TECHNIQUES

Mathematics Department
POPULATION VS. SAMPLE

A population includes Sample consists of one or

all elements from a set more data drawn from the
of data. population. It is a subset,
or an incomplete set taken
from a population of
objects or observations.
What is meant by sampling?

Sampling is a technique of selecting individual

members or a subset of the population to make
statistical inferences from them and estimate
characteristics of the whole population.
PROBABILITY VS. NON-PROBABILITY SAMPLING
Probability Sampling is a
sampling technique where a
researcher sets a selection of a
few criteria and chooses
members of a population
randomly. All the members
have an equal opportunity to
be a part of the sample with
this selection parameter.
In non-probability sampling, the
researcher chooses members for
research at random. This
sampling method is not a fixed or
predefined selection process.
This makes it difficult for all
elements of a population to have
equal opportunities to be
included in a sample.
 TYPES OF PROBABILITY
SAMPLING

Mathematics Department
 Simple random sampling
is defined as a sampling
SIMPLE RANDOM SAMPLING technique where every
item in the population
has an even chance and
likelihood of being
selected in the sample.
SIMPLE RANDOM SAMPLING

Pros: there’s no need to divide the population into

subgroups or take any other additional steps before
selecting members of the population at random.
Cons: the samples might not be representative, and it
could be time-consuming for large populations.
Use Case: it’s used when we don’t know too much about
the population.
 Stratified random sampling is
STRATIFIED RANDOM a is a random sampling
wherein the population is
SAMPLING divided into different strata
or divisions. The number of
samples will be
proportionately picked in
each stratum that is why all
strata are represented in the
samples.
STRATIFIED RANDOM SAMPLING

Pros: it captures key population characteristics, so the

sample is more representative of the population.
Cons: it’s ineffective if subgroups cannot be formed.
Use Case: it’s commonly used in geographic sampling
where strata can be states, countries, or ecoregions.
 Systematic random sampling
SYSTEMATIC RANDOM is a random sampling that
uses a list of all the elements
SAMPLING in the population and then
elements are being selected
based on the kth consistent
intervals. To get the kth
interval, divide the
population size by the sample
size.
SYSTEMATIC RANDOM SAMPLING

Pros: it can eliminate clustered selection, and it’s simple to

execute.
Cons: we need to predetermine the estimated population
size. It doesn’t work well if the population has a type of
standardized pattern.
Use Case: it’s used when the relevant data does not exhibit
patterns.
 Cluster sampling is a random
sampling wherein population
CLUSTER SAMPLING is divided into clusters or
groups and then the clusters
are randomly selected. All
elements of the clusters
randomly selected are
considered the samples of the
study.
CLUSTER SAMPLING

Pros: it reduces variability, and it’s easy to conduct.

Cons: it is possible to introduce bias during sampling.
Use Case: it’s used when all individuals in each cluster can
be representative of the populations.
 TYPES OF NON-
PROBABILITY SAMPLING

Mathematics Department
 Convenience sampling is
defined as a method adopted
CONVENIENCE SAMPLING by researchers where they
collect market research data
from a conveniently available
pool of respondents. It is the
most commonly used
sampling technique as it’s
incredibly prompt,
uncomplicated, and
economical.
CONVENIENCE
SAMPLING
 Judgmental sampling, also
called purposive sampling or
JUDGEMENTAL SAMPLING authoritative sampling, is a
non-probability sampling
technique in which the
sample members are chosen
only on the basis of the
researcher’s knowledge and
judgment.
PURPOSIVE
SAMPLING
 Snowball sampling or chain-
referral sampling is defined
SNOWBALL SAMPLING as a non-probability sampling
technique in which the
samples have traits that are
rare to find. This is a sampling
technique, in which existing
subjects provide referrals to
recruit samples required for a
research study.
SNOWBALL SAMPLING

Advantages:
1. It’s quicker to find samples.
2. Cost effective.
3. Sample hesitant subjects.
Disadvantages:
1. Sampling bias and margin of error.
2. Lack of cooperation
 Quota sampling is defined as
a non-probability sampling
QUOTA SAMPLING method in which researchers
create a sample involving
individuals that represent a
population. Researchers
choose these individuals
according to specific traits or
qualities.
EXAMPLES:

1. A researcher writes the name of each student on a piece of

paper, mixes the papers in a bowl, and draws 7 pieces of paper.
2. A researcher selects every 7th student from a random list.
3. A researcher tells the class to count and then selects those
students who count a multiple of 7 numbers.
4. A researcher separates the list of boys and girls, then draws 7
names by gender.
5. A researcher surveys all students from 3 randomly selected
classes out of 7 classes.
REFERENCES:

https://towardsdatascience.com/probability-sampling-
methods-explained-with-python-4c0a19a59456

https://www.questionpro.com/blog/types-of-sampling-
for-social-research/