SOCIAL SCIENCE AND PHILOSOPHY
2nd SEMESTER
COMREHENSIVE SUMMARY | EDDIE, JR. S. ABRENICA
PHILOSOPHY
WHAT IS PHILOSOPHY?
 from Greek words, "Philos" means Love and
"Sophia" means Wisdom
parts of the sense organs
 study of general and fundamental problems such
as those connected with existence, rational
attempt to formulate understand, and answer
fundamental questions
PHILOSOPHER
 from Greek word "philosophos" meaning “lover
of wisdom”
 is an intellectual person who desires wisdom or
enlightenment. They learn and study knowledge,
truth, and nature and meaning of life
SIGNIFICANCE OF PHILOSOPHY
 Enables us to think carefully and clearly about
important issues.
 Learn to take a step back from our everyday
thinking and to explore the deeper, bigger
 Question which underpins our thought.
 To learn not what to believe, but how to think.
 It sharpens your analytical abilities, enabling you
to identify and evaluate the strengths and
weaknesses in any position.
 It hones your ability to construct and articulate
cogent arguments of your own. It
 Prompts you to work across disciplinary
boundaries and to think flexibly and creatively
 about problems which do not present immediate
solutions.
 Develops your ability to think and work
independently.
PHILOSOPHY ITS SUBJECT AND FUNCTION
SUBJECT OF PHILOSOPHY
o explore ideas that are central to the ways we
live and that we commonly use without
much
3 AREAS OF PHILOSOPHY
1. SUBJECT OF PHILOSOPHY
o Theory of Reality- – Reality is the sum or
aggregate of all that is real or existent within
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a system, as opposed to that which is only
imaginary, nonexistent or nonactual. The
term is also used to refer to the ontological
status of things, indicating their existence.
o Theory of Knowledge- related to the
conditions, nature, or/and first principles of
genuine knowledge and also, according to
some experts, with the reliability or truth-
value, of knowledge attributions
o Theory of Value- is any economic theory
that attempts to explain the exchange value
or price of goods and services.
CHARACTERISTICS OF PHILOSOPHY
 Conceptual
 Explains puzzling features of things
 Digging beyond the obvious
 Search for principles
FUNCTIONS OF PHILOSOPHY
 Explaining Reality
 Changing Society
 Anticipating the future
MAIN KIND OF CAUSES
1. MATERIAL CAUSE
o is determined by the matter that composes
the changing things
o Examples: wood (for a table), marble (for a
statue)found in glands (thyroid and salivary
glands)
2. FORMAL CAUSE
o is due to the arrangement, shape, or
appearance of the thing changing
o Examples: flat, vertical backrest, figure of a
person, shape of a statuewhere it secretes
digestive juices and absorbs nutrients
3. EFFICIENT CAUSE
o consists of things apart from the thing being
changed, which interact so as to be an
agency of the change
o Examples: carpenter (acting on wood for a
table), sculptor (for a statue)
SOCIAL SCIENCE AND PHILOSOPHY
2nd SEMESTER
A.Y. 2022 – 2023
COMREHENSIVE SUMMARY | EDDIE, JR. S. ABRENICA SSP IJ1

PHILOSOPHY

4. FINAL CAUSE o this makes one ask oneself what the nature of
o is that for the sake of which a thing mathematical entities consists of and how we
is changing to be sat on (what a can have knowledge of mathematical entities.
table for)
5. PHILOSOPHY OF EDUCATION
o Health (as the end of: losing weight: o is the branch of practical philosophy engaging
surgical tools, and drugs) with the nature of education

SPECIAL BRANCHES OF PHILOSOPHY o The three main types of major philosophies of

SIGNIFICANCE
 Person's problem-solving capacities
Analyze concepts, definitions, arguments, and
problems
 Contributes to our capacity to organize ideas
and issues, deals with questions of value
 Pulls out what is essential from large quantities
of information
1. PHILOSOPHY OF SCIENCE
o is the study of the inference, foundations, and
entanglement of natural science
o This philosophy asks questions like: "What is
science?", "What are the aims of science" and
"How ought we interpret the results of science?
education are the following: teachercentered
philosophies, student-centered philosophies,
and society-centered philosophies.
6. PHILOSOPHY OF LAW
o is also termed as jurisprudence, a branch of
philosophy that makes inquiries into the
nature of law, especially in its relation to human
values, their practices, and political
communities.
7. PHILOSOPHY OF LANGUAGE
o inquires into the nature of human language, its
origins and use, the connection between
meaning and truth, and how language relates to
human thought and understanding, as well as to
reality itself.

2. PHILOSOPHY OF STATE
SEPARATE SCIENCES
o is the study of the mass or group of people
residing permanently within a particular area
1. Astronomy
with an independent government (state)
o The study of everything in the universe beyond
o On behalf of the state, the government makes
Earth's atmosphere
and carries out the law and secures justice to
 Aristotle: believed that the universe was
the people
spherical and finite
 Plato: proposed that the stars formed the
3. PHILOSOPHY OF POLITICS
o is the study of essential questions about the outermost crystal sphere
 Socrates: astronomy isn't important, what
state, government, and politics and liberty,
matters is morality
justice, property, rights, law, and the
enforcement of a legal code by authority  Galileo: one of the first Europeans to recognize
sunspots as being part of our star, more
o Political philosophy” often refers to a general evidence against the idea of heavenly perfection
view, or specific ethic, belief or attitude, about
2. Physics
politics that does not necessarily belong to the
o science that deals with the structure of matter
technical discipline of philosophy
and the interactions between the fundamental
4. PHILOSOPHY OF MATHEMATICS constituents of the observable universe.
o is concerned with problems that are closely
related to central problems of metaphysics and
epistemology
SOCIAL SCIENCE AND PHILOSOPHY
COMREHENSIVE SUMMARY | EDDIE, JR. S. ABRENICA
PHILOSOPHY
3. Psychology
o deals with the study of the human mind and its
behavior in a given social context
4. Sociology
o examines the different kinds of social tensions,
interactions and networks that make up
everyday life
FIVE BRANCHES OF PHILOSOPHY
EPISTEMOLOGY
o theory of knowledge and concerned with the
mind’s relation to reality.
METAPHYSICS
o uses broad concepts to help define reality and
our understanding of it.
o for Aristotle, it is the study of nature and
ourselves.
o Metaphysical Concepts: Being, Existence,
Purpose, Universals, Property, Relation,
Causality, Space, Time, Event, and many
others.
LOGIC
o study of the methods and principles used in
distinguishing correct from incorrect reasoning.
o System of principles that uses reason to
determine if a conclusion is true or untrue.
o Helps us better understand good arguments—it
helps us differentiate between good and bad
reasons to believe something.
AESTHETICS
o deals with the nature of beauty and taste, as well
as the philosophy of art.
o Examines aesthetic values expressed through
judgements of taste.
o Philosophy of beauty
ETHICS
o derived from the Greek word “ethos”, which
means “way of living”. Concerned with human
conduct, more specifically the behavior of
individuals in society.
o Also called moral philosophy, the discipline
concerned with what is morally good and bad
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and morally right and wrong.
METAPHYSICS
o from the Greek words ta meta ta physika ("after
the things of nature"); referring to an idea,
doctrine, or posited reality outside of human
sense perception.
o generally focused on how reality and the
universe began.
SIGNIFICANCE
o Metaphysics is the foundation of philosophy.
o It deals with most general and abstract
questions:
 those pertaining to the nature of
existence
 the categories of space and time
 the existence of God
 the immortality of the human soul
POSTMODERNISM AND DECONSTRUCTIONISM
o Under the skeptical analyses of the philosophical
movements known as postmodernism and
deconstructionism, all of these facts have
resulted in a modern repudiation of both
metaphysics and science. Their criticisms are
based on the cultural and historical relativity of
all knowledge. These two philosophical
"schools" deny any existence at all of an
objective or universal knowledge.
ETHICS
o concerned with human conduct, more
specifically the behavior of individuals in society.
o from the Greek word “ethos”, which means “way
of living”.
o studies what is morally right or wrong, just or
unjust.
DIFFERENCE BETWEEN ETHICS AND MORAL
o While both ethics and morality deal with
distinguishing right from wrong, ethics are
usually associated with a practical set of rules
that are to be followed in a professional setting,
SOCIAL SCIENCE AND PHILOSOPHY
COMREHENSIVE SUMMARY | EDDIE, JR. S. ABRENICA
PHILOSOPHY
such as a code of ethics in medicine, law, and
business, whereas morals refer to an individual’s
personal principles.
2 EGOISMS IN MORAL DECISION
1. ETHICAL EGOIMS
o Ethical egoism is the normative theory that the
promotion of one’s own good is in accordance
with morality.
2. PSYCHOLOGICAL EGOISMS
o It suggests that every action or behavior or
decision of every person is motivated by self-
interest.
MAJOR DIVISIONS OF ETHICAL PHILOSOPHY
1. VIRTUE ETHICS
o It defines good actions as ones that display
embody virtuous character traits, like courage,
loyalty, or wisdom. A virtue itself is a disposition
to act, think and feel in certain ways. A virtue
ethicist is likely to give you this kind of moral
advice: “Act as a virtuous person would act in
your situation.”
2. DEONTOLOGY
o Its name comes from the Greek word deon,
meaning duty. An ethical theory that uses rules/
rule-based ethics to distinguish right from wrong.
Deontology is an ethical theory that says actions
are good or bad according to a clear set of rules.
3. CONSEQUENTIALISM
o Teleological ethics (also known as
consequentialism), from the Greek word telos
meaning goal, claims that the “rightness or
wrongness of an act is exclusively a function of
the goodness or badness of the consequences
of that act.” The notion of “consequence” refers
to all the things that a specific action/behavior on
behalf of an individual causes.
BRANCHES OF ETHICS
1. META-ETHICS
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o is concerned with the study of the nature
of ethics.
o Investigates where our moral and ethical
principles come from and meaning
behind using them.
2. PERSRIPTIVE/NORMATIVE ETHICS
o Study of ethical action based on what is morally
right or wrong.
o Applies basic human behavior and actions
Sub-branches of Prescriptive/Normative Ethics
 Deontological Ethics
 Consequentialist Ethics
 Virtue Ethics
3. DESCRIPTIVE/COMPARATIVE ETHICS
o describing and explaining people’s moral
attitudes and the moral norms and practices of
societies.
o deals with what is believed to be good, right, or
virtuous and moral practices societies do have. -
empirical based
4. APPLIED ETHICS
o attempts to apply ethical principles and moral
theories to real-life moral issues.
4 MAIN THEORIES PD THE FOUNDATION OF
ETHICS
INTUITIONISMS
o ethical judgements are verified by a moral
sense.
NATURALISMS
o ethical judgements verified by observation.
SUBJECTIVISMS AND EMOTIVISM
o Simple subjectivism interprets moral judgments
as statements that can be true or false, so a
sincere speaker is always right when it comes to
moral judgments. Emotivism, on the other hand,
interprets moral judgments as either commands
or attitudes; as such, they can be neither true
nor false.
SKEPTICISM
SOCIAL SCIENCE AND PHILOSOPHY
COMREHENSIVE SUMMARY | EDDIE, JR. S. ABRENICA
PHILOSOPHY
o about moral truth is the claim that no substantive
moral belief is true
EPISTEMOLOGY
o concerned with the nature of knowledge, belief,
and justification. Derived from the Greek words
episteme (“knowledge”) and logos (“reason”)
CORE TOPICS OF EPISTEMOLOGY
o Skepticism – René Descartes,” I think,
therefore I am”
o Empiricism – emphasizes the importance of
experience and observation in the acquisition of
knowledge.
o Justification – refers to the reasons or evidence
that support our beliefs. “What justifies our
beliefs?”
o Knowledge
LOGIC
o study of the methods and principles uses to
distinguish correct reasoning from incorrect
reasoning (Copi and Cohen, 1998).
o The term logic derived from the Greek word
“logos” which is often translated in English as
“word”, “discourse”, or “reason”.
LOGIC AS REASON
o For the Ancient Greek thinkers, logos as reason
could mean two things namely:
 Universal intelligence/ Rational divine
intelligence
 Human Reason
LOGIC AS REASONING
o When we study the correct processes of
reasoning, we are necessary dealing with
arguments. Hence, logic primarily deals with the
principle that governs the validity of arguments
whether a certain conclusion follows from the
given premises or assumptions.
PHILOSOPHICAL DOCTRINES
o Atomism – it is an ancient philosophical theory,
developed by
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o Democritus and expounded by Lucretius, that
the ultimate constituents of the universe are
atoms.
o Determinism – the philosophical doctrine that
all events including human actions and choices
are fully determined by preceding events and
states of affairs, and so that freedom of choice is
illusory.
o Dualism – the doctrine, as opposed to idealism
and materialism, that reality consists of two
basic types of substance usually taken to be,
mind and matter or two basic types of entity,
mental and physical.
o Hedonism – the doctrine that moral value can
be defined in terms of pleasure.
o Idealism – the monistic view that material
objects and the external world do not exist in
reality independently of the human mind but are
variously creations of the mind or constructs of
ideas.
o Intuitionism – is a philosophical view that
considers intuition to be responsible for some
particular knowledge.
o Mechanism – the predominant form of
materialism, which holds that natural
phenomena can and should be explained by
reference to matter and motion and their laws.
o Monism – the doctrine that the person consists
of only a single substance, or that there is no
crucial difference between mental and physical
events or properties.
o Naturalism – in philosophy, a theory that relates
scientific method to philosophy by affirming that
all beings and events in the universe (whatever
their inherent character may be) are natural.
o Pluralism – the metaphysical doctrine that
reality consists of more than two basic types of
substance.
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2nd SEMESTER
A.Y. 2022 – 2023
COMREHENSIVE SUMMARY | EDDIE, JR. S. ABRENICA SSP IJ1

PHILOSOPHY
o Positivism – any system that confines itself to
the data of experience and excludes a priori or
metaphysical speculations.
o Realism – the viewpoint which accords to things
which are known or perceived as an existence or
nature which is independent of whether anyone
is thinking about or perceiving them.
o Transcendentalism – it centers around the
belief that spirituality cannot be achieved
through reason and rationalism, but instead
through self-reflection and intuition.
AESTHETICS
AESTHETICS UNIVERSALS
o Expertise or Virtuosity – technical artistic skills
are cultivated, recognized and admired.
o Non-Utilitarian Pleasure – people enjoy art for
art’s sake, and don’t demand practical value
from it.
o Style – artistic objects and performances satisfy
rules of composition that place them in
recognizable styles.
o Criticism – people make a point of judging,
appreciating and interpreting works of art.

BRIEF HISTORY o Imitation – with a few important exceptions (e.g.

o 365 BCE - Aristotle wrote “The Poetics”
o 18th Century - Modern aesthetics as a
distinct discipline.
o 1750 - Alexander Baumgarten published
“Aesthetica”
o 1790 - Immanuel Kant published the
“Critique of Judgement”
o 1818-1831 - Georg Hegel delivers his
Lectures on Aesthetics
o 1914 - Clive Bell proposed the theory of
“Significant form”
music, abstract painting), works of art simulate
experiences of the world.
o Special Focus – art is set aside from ordinary
life and made a dramatic focus of experience.
o Imagination – artists and their audiences
entertain hypothetical worlds in the theatre of the
imagination

o from the Greek word “aisthetikos”, meaning “of

sense perception.
o study of something sensed, rather than
something imagined or reasoned and
o concerned with the nature and appreciation of
art, beauty and good taste and
o examines questions about our experiences
concerning things in the world.

SIGNIFICANCE
o teach us to value our perceptual qualities,
perceptual imagination, and experiences.
o Has a significant role in the human experience
and makes us happy.

ART
o abbreviation for creative art or fine art, where
some skill is being used to express the artist’s
creativity, or to engage the audience’s aesthetic
sensibilities, or to draw the audience towards
consideration of the “finer” things