ANCYLOSTOMATIDAE migrans in humans because not

natural host
(HOOK WORMS)
- “hook”
- Buccal capsule w/ teeth (like
Strongylidae)
- Gray/Reddish (when full)
- Posterior end: have copulatory
bursa
- Spicule: male copulatory organ
- One of the most common worm
in dogs and humans
LIFE CYCLE
- Have free living stage
- Old animals when their
immunity wanes = larva
becomes reactivated and goes
to MMG
- Transmission:
o Skin penetration
o Ingestion of L3
o SM
o TM
o Transmammary
o Transplacental
- Host-specific (for dogs and
cats) causes cutaneous larva
ANCYLOSTOMA CANINUM
- Powerful biting ability (buccal
teeth)
- Eggs: easy to identify, oval,
morulated, strongyle-like eggs
- Anemia, hemorrhagic enteritis,
secondary inf.
- Ulcer formation
- Each worm removes 0.1ml of
blood daily
- Pruritus dermatitis
- Hemorrhages in lungs
- Immunity: 8-11 m
- CLINICAL signs: bloody
diarrhea, tarry feces, severe
anemia, coma, death
- TREATMENT and
CONTROL: antinematodal
drug (BZ derivatives, pyrantel
pamoate), supportive therapy –
blood transfusion, hematinics,
antidiarrheal, protein-rich foods
UNCINARIA STENOCEPHALA
- No teeth (cutting plate)
- FH: dog, cat, fox
- PS: small intestine
- More common in temperate
countries
BUNOSTOMUM
TRIGONOCEPHALUM
- Counterpart of U. stenocephala
in ruminants
 - FH: sheep and goats (can also
be found in large ruminants)
- PS: jejunum and ileum (lower
part in intestine)
- Prepatent: 30-56 days
- Distribution: worldwide
- Spicule does not extend
BUNOSTOMUM PHLEBOTOMUM
- FH: large ruminants
- PS: duodenum
- Spicule is long
GAIGERIA PACHYSCELIS
- FH: Sheep and goat
- PS: duodenum
NECATOR AMERICANUS
- Temperate
- Common hookworm of man
- FH: Man, dog, pig
- Small intestine
SUPERFAMILY
TRICHOSTRONGYLOIDEA
TRICHOSTRONGYLIDAE
- Found mostly in ruminants
- Source of economic losses in
ruminants
PHENOMENA THAT FAVORS
SURVIVAL
- Self-cure phenomenon
o Animals kept under good
nutrition & hygienic
conditions
o Expulsion of adult
worms when larva are
ingested
o Induced by newly
entering infective larvae
(L3)
o transient rise in blood
histamine level,
complement fixing
antibody and intense
mucosal edema
o No need for dewormers
o Worms take a lot of
blood from host
o Causes temporary
spike/rest
- Hypobiosis/Arrested larval
devt.
o Coincides w/ onset of
adverse environmental
conditions
o Worms stay in host as
metabolically inactive
until the conditions
outside is favorable
- Periparturient rise in FEC
o Post-paturient rise in
FEC
o Inc. fecundity of female
worms because immunity
of animal is more relaxed
o Render female worms to
be more fecund and
 make them release more
eggs
o Give antihelmintic before
giving birth
- Resistance vs resilience
o Host can resist infection
o Resilience: worms
establish inf. in host but
the manifestation of CS
are at a minimum
Factors that influence FEC
- No. of adult parasites
established in GIT
- Level of host immunity
- Age of host
- Species of parasite
- Stage of infection
- Parturition
- Consistency of feces
HAEMONCHUS CONTORTUS
(twisted stomach worm, wireworm,
barber’s pole worm)
- Most common nematode that
affects small ruminants
- Important in tropics (ph)
- Intestine are entwined with
ovaries
- Seen in abomasal mucosa
- Red or white
- Undergo stronglye life cycle
o L3 climbed up in blade
grasses. Trapped in
microdrop of water
o Early in morning =
infestation is high
o L3 = retains cuticle for
protection
- Both adult and L4 suck blood
and their feeding and
movement cause hemorrhage in
abomasum
- Have pointy structure that can
lacerate blood vessels
- Suck .05 mL of blood/day
- Removes 1/5 of circulating
erythrocyte volume/day from
lambs or kids
- L4 sucks blood = blood clot in
mucosa
- Anemia
- Absence of diarrhea
- Edema
- Peracute (severe anemia,
hemorrhagic gastritis)
- Acute (anemia, submandibular
edema)
- Chronic (emaciation,
weakness)
- Immunity
o Induce self-cure
phenomenon to
 trichostrongylus but not
vice versa
o Immunity by infection w/
irradiated larva where L4
was shown to have
inhibited devt.
MECISTOCIRRUS
- Same pathogenicity as
haemonchus but milder
TRICHOSTRONGYLUS (black
scour worms, bankrupt worms)
- Small intestine and stomach
- Common in tropics and
subtropics
T. longispicularis – SI of cattle
T. columbriformis – SI and
abomasum of ruminants
T. capricola – SI of sheep and
goats
- Not blood suckers but there’s
still anemia due to:
o Shortened life span of
rbc
o Impaired erythropoiesis
o Reduction of amino acids
- Premunity in both infective
larva and adult worms but
specific
OSTERTAGIA/TELADORSARGIA
(brown stomach worm)
- Ostertagia ostertagi = cattle
(present in PH)
- Teladorsargia circumcincta =
sheep, goats (not present in PH.
Only in temperate countries)
- Found in abomasum
- More important in temperate
countries
- Undergo histotrophic phase =
stage where they stay in
mucosa abomasum
- “morocco leather”
- Diarrhea w/ bright green color
COOPERIA/PARACOOPERIA
- Not very pathogenic
- SI of ruminants
- Important in temperate
countries
- “watch spring-like posture”
o Prominent longitudinal
ridges which are
transversely striated
- Paracooperia nodulosa = SI of
buffaloes
NEMATODIRUS
- Not found in PH
- Egg is very large. 1.5x of usual
strongyle
- Intertwined slender worms
appear like “cotton wool”
- Villous atrophy and diarrhea
DIAGNOSIS
- Fecalysis
- Determine degree of infection REDUCE RISK TO WORM
(mcmaster) EXPOSURE
- Blood analysis
- Regular cleaning of pens
- FAMACHA (faffa malan
- Time of grazing
chart)
- Wilting of grasses before
feeding
- Limit access to communal
pasture
- Boost immunity with proper
nutrition

HYOSTRONGYLUS (red stomach

worm)
Control methods
- Optimize anthelmintic use - Stomach of pigs
(discriminate athelmintic use; - Nodules form in stomach w/c
herbal medicine) may develop in hemorrhagic
- Rotational grazing (integration ulcer
to plantation crops) ORNITHOSTRONGYLUS
- Improved nutrition (stocking
- Crop, proventriculus, SI of
rate, MUMB)
pigeons
- Selection of resistant hosts (red
- Red when fresh
Maasai, Florida native,
- Cross-shaped telamon
Barbados blackbelly, St. croix)
- Blood suckers – causes
- Biological control (bacillus
hemorrhagic enteritis w/
penetran, nematode-trapping
ulceration and necrosis
and endoparasitic fungi)
- Information dissemination OTHER TRICHOSTRONGYLES
- Development of antiparasite
- Nippostrongylus muris = SI of
vaccines
rodents
- Early weaning and housing
- Obeliscoides cuniculi =
them in pens w/ slatted floors
stomach of rabbits
- Avoid indiscriminate use of
- Libyostrongylus douglasii =
chemical anthelmintics
proventriculus of ostrich
OLLULANUS TRICUSPIS
- Stomach of cat, fox, pigs
- Transmission is through
vomitus of infected animal
- Female is
ovoviviparous/viviparous