CHAPTER TWO

1.0 DETAILS OF WORK DONE DURING THE TRAINING

This chapter dissects the detailed practical processes and experiences gained by way of enquiries.
Participation and observation during the fourteen weeks of students industrial work experience
Scheme (SIWES) training, for which I was attached in Rexque limited. The project under construction
Was a residential building and a primary school development. The construction project commenced
February. The construction that took place as the time of training include the construction of foundation,
Beams, slab, pile caps and estimation of materials use in construction work. Some external works were
Outstanding as at the time of compiling this report. In the construction of the development of residential
Building,development of school building and installation of artificial turf. A brief orientation on how it
Was done was given.
2.1 CONSTRUCTION OF PROPOSED SCHOOL DEVELOPMENT
2.1.1 Site clearance works
Clearance works include;

 Breaking and clearing of existing building.

 Removal of trees, vegetation: i.e. clearing of all debris in area of construction.

Examples of equipment used in clearance include: bulldozer, tractor , shovels and a host of others.

Fig 2.1.1 site clearing

2.2 Soil test of a proposed

school building

Soil test refer to one or more of a wide variety of soil analysis conducted for one of
Several possible reasons. In construction, the quality of the soil on your site plays a key
rolein your construction projects. There are different type of soil test for construction.
Namely;

 Moisture content test.

 Specific gravity test.

 Dry density

 Atterberg limits test.

 Proctor’s compaction test.

  Cone penetrometer test.

2.2.1 Procedures for cone penetrometer test

i. Removal of unsuitable (existing surface).
ii. Digger is used to dig the ground 1m down.
iii. The anchor is being placed in order for the instrument to stand properly.
iv. CPT stand was screwed and placed on the anchor.
v. The instrument was placed on the CPT stand and the plunger was attached to it.
vi. Then the values were taken down accurately.
Fig 2.2.1 typical view of the cone penetrometer machine.
2.3 CONSTRUCTION WORKS
2.3.1 Setting out of a proposed building;
A building is set out in order to clearly define the outline of the excavation and the centre line
of the walls, so that construction can be carried out exactly according to plan. The centre line method of
setting out is generally preferred and adopted.
Setting out enable the team engineer to be able to carry out their work by a leveled profile which is
Pegged the desired portion needed.
Instrument used for setting out;
i. measuring tape
ii. poles
iii. pegs
iv. hammer
v. survey equipment ( level, optical square etc. )

2.3.2 floor plan

 fig 2.3.2 proposed floor plan of rays of hope school.

2.4 EXCAVATION WORKS

Excavation refers to digging of ground along portion, where set out has being done.
This was done manually using diggers, shovels, and excavated to a depth of 1m trench and 1.5m for
Column.
 Fig 2.4 setting out\excavation of column, beams and walls
2.5 CONSTRUCTION OF CONCRETE STRUCTURAL FRAMES.
In every structure, there is skeletal frame which support all other component of building. This
skeletal frame is responsible for the rigidity of any structure and transfer all the dead and imposed loads
on them to the foundation. This skeletal frame include: column, beams, lintels and slabs.
2.5.1 Columns
Columns are structural members in buildings and other civil engineering structures carrying roof and
floor
loads to the foundation. Columns are vertical structural members that transmit loads from beams and
slabs
to the ground to fix the column for sufficient distribution.
2.5.2 Lintel
The function of lintel is to span the opening in a wall and carry the weight of the masonry above doors
and windows. This was done to make sure that there was no weight load on the doors and the windows.
2.5.3 Beams
Beams are generally horizontal or inclined members with span over a gap transferring its load to the
Support. It tends to bend in tension in the bottom, compression at the top and shear along its lengths.
2.5.4 Slab
A slab is a part of a reinforced concrete structure that is essentially a horizontal or sloping like element
Whose width is much greater than its depth. More often than not, slabs are subjected to bending (tensile
or comprehensive) but in rare cases ( such as bridge deck) subjected to shear. In the construction, the
slabs exists in the floors and roofs in buildings, staircases etc.
2.6 pile caps and shear rod of a proposed residential building.

Fig 2.6
2.6.1 casting of form work for pile caps and shear rod.