SESSION 2
DATABASE MANAGEMENT SYSTEM
DATABASE - organized collection of data,
generally stored and accessed electronically from a
computer system.
DATABASE SYSTEM - Composed of 5 major
parts:
Hardware, Software (DBMS), People, Procedures
and Data.
CHARACTERISTICS OF DBMS
Real-world entity
 A modern DBMS is more realistic and uses
real-world entities to design its architecture.
 It uses the behavior and attributes too.
Relation-based tables
 DBMS allows entities and relations among
them to form tables.
 A user can understand the architecture of a
database just by looking at the table names.
Less redundancy
 DBMS follows the rules of normalization,
which splits a relation when any of its
attributes is having redundancy in values.
 Normalization is a mathematically rich and
scientific process that reduces data
redundancy.
Consistency
 Consistency is a state where every relation
in a database remains consistent.
 There exist methods and techniques, which
can detect attempt of leaving database in
inconsistent state.
Query Language
 DBMS is equipped with query language,
which makes it more efficient to retrieve and
manipulate data.
 A user can apply as many and as different
filtering options as required to retrieve a set
of data
Multiuser and Concurrent Access
 DBMS supports multiuser environment and
allows them to access and manipulate data
in parallel.
 Though there are restrictions on
transactions when users attempt to handle
the same data item, but users are always
unaware of them.
Multiple views
 DBMS offers multiple views for different
users.
 A user who is in the Sales department will
have a different view of database than a
person working in the Production
department.
 This feature enables the users to have a
concentrate view of the database according
to their requirements.
Security
 Features like multiple views offer security to
some extent where users are unable to
access data of other users and
departments.
 DBMS offers methods to impose constraints
while entering data into the database and
retrieving the same at a later stage.
 DBMS offers many different levels of
security features, which enables multiple
users to have different views with different
features.
POPULAR DBMS
Server DBMS
- Oracle
- SQL Server
- DB2
- MySQL, Firebird, PostgreSQL, (Significant open-
source DBMS)
Desktop DBMS
- Microsoft Access
- FoxPro, Paradox, Approach, FileMaker Pro
USERS
Administrators
 Administrators maintain the DBMS and are
responsible for administrating the database.
 They are responsible to look after its usage
and by whom it should be used.
 They create ccess profiles for users and
apply limitations to maintain isolation and
force security.
 Administrators also look after DBMS
resources like system license, required
 tools, and other software and hardware
related maintenance.
Designers
 Designers are the group of people who
actually work on the designing part of the
database.
 They keep a close watch on what data
should be kept and in what format.
 They identify and design the whole set of
entities, relations, constraints, and views.
End Users
 End users are those who actually reap the
benefits of having a DBMS.
 End users can range from simple viewers
who pay attention to the logs or market
rates to sophisticated users such as
business analysts.
2 TIER STRUCTURE
- The Database system is present at the
server machine and the DBMS application is
present at the client machine, these two machines
are connected with each other through a reliable
network.
- Whenever client machine makes a request
to access the database present at server using a
query language, the server perform the request on
the database and returns the result back to the
client.
- The application connection interface such
as JDBC, ODBC are used for the interaction
between server and client.

DBMS & SCHEMA ARCHITECHTURE

DBMS ARCHITECHTURE
- The design of a DBMS depends on its
architecture. It can be centralized or decentralized
or hierarchical.
- DBMS architecture depends upon how 3 TIER STRUCTURE
users are connected to the database to get their
request done. - A 3-tier architecture separates its tiers from each
other based on the complexity of the users and
- The architecture of DBMS depends on the how they use the data present in the database.
computer system on which it runs
- It is the most widely used architecture to design a
DBMS.

1 TIER STRUCTURE
- It is where the Client, Server, and Database all
reside on the same machine.
- In this architecture, the database is directly
available to the user. It means the user can
directly sit on the DBMS and uses it.
- The 1-Tier architecture is used for development of - This DBMS architecture contains an application
the local application, where programmers can layer between the user and the DBMS, which is
directly communicate with the database for the responsible for communicating the user's request
quick response. to the DBMS system and send the response from
- But such architecture is rarely used in production. the DBMS to the user.

- Anytime you install a DB in your system and

access it to practice SQL queries it is 1 tier
architecture

- The term "schema" refers to the organization of
data as a blueprint of how the database is
constructed
THREE SCHEMA ARCHITECHTURE
EXTERNAL(VIEW) LEVEL
- Several users can view their desired data
from this level which is internally fetched from
database with the help of conceptual and internal
level mapping.
- The user doesn’t need to know the
database schema details such as data structure,
table definition etc. user is only concerned about
data which is what returned back to the view level
after it has been fetched from database
- External level is the “top level” of the Three
Level of Schema Architecture.
CONCEPTUAL(LOGICAL) LEVEL
- It is also called logical level. The whole design of
the database such as relationship among data,
schema of data etc. are described in this level.
-Database constraints and security are also
implemented in this level of architecture. This level
is maintained by DBA (database administrator).
INTERNAL(PHYSICAL) LEVEL
This level is also known as physical level. This level
describes how the data is actually stored in the
storage devices. This level is also responsible for
allocating space to the data. This is the lowest level
of the architecture.
EXAMPLE
- Let’s say we are storing customer
information in a customer table.
- At physical level these records can be
described as blocks of storage (bytes, gigabytes,
terabytes etc.) in memory. These details are often
hidden from the programmers.
- At the logical level these records can be
described as fields and attributes along with their
data types, their relationship among each other can
be logically implemented.
- The programmers generally work at this
level because they are aware of such things about
database systems.
- At view level, user just interact with system
with the help of GUI and enter the details at the
screen, they are not aware of how the data is
stored and what data is stored; such details are
hidden from them.
SCHEMA VS INSTANCE
- Database schema is the skeleton of
database. It is designed when the database doesn't
exist at all. Once the database is operational, it is
very difficult to make any changes to it. A database
schema does not contain any data or information.
- The data stored in database at a particular
moment of time is called instance of database.
Database schema defines the variable declarations
in tables that belong to a particular database; the
value of these variables at a moment of time is
called the instance of that database.
- For example, let’s say we have a single
table student in the database, today the table has
100 records, so today the instance of the database
has 100 records.
- Let’s say we are going to add another 100
records in this table by tomorrow so the instance of
database tomorrow will have 200 records in table.
- In short, at a particular moment the data
stored in database is called the instance, that
changes over time when we add or delete data
from the database.
DATA INDEPENDENCE
Data independence refers characteristic of being
able to modify the schema at one level of the
database system without altering the schema at the
next higher level.
TYPES OF DATA INDEPENDENCE:
- Logical Data Independence
- Physical Data Independence

LOGICAL DATA INDEPENDENCE

- Refers characteristic of being able to
change the conceptual schema without having to
change the external schema.
- Logical data independence is used to
separate the external level from the conceptual
view.
- If we do any changes in the conceptual view
of the data, then the user view of the data would
not be affected.
Example: The name field in the conceptual view is
stored as first name, middle name and last name
whereas in external view, it remains to be a single
name field.
PHYSICAL DATA INDEPENDENCE
- The capacity to change the internal schema
without having to change the conceptual schema.
- If we do any changes in the storage size of
the database system server, then the Conceptual
structure of the database will not be affected.
- Physical data independence is used to
separate conceptual levels from the internal levels.
- The location of the database, if changed
from C drive to D drive will not affect the conceptual
view or external view as the commands are
independent of the location of the database