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Sentiment Analysis of Bangladesh-specific COVID-19 Tweets using Deep Neural

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Conference Paper · October 2021

DOI: 10.1109/ITMS52826.2021.9615331

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 Sentiment Analysis of Bangladesh-specific
COVID-19 Tweets using Deep Neural Network
Muhammad Nazrul Islam1 , Nafiz Imtiaz Khan1 , Ayon Roy1 , MD. Mahbubar Rahman1 , Saddam Hossain Mukta2 ,
A. K. M. Najmul Islam3
1
Department of Computer Science and Engineering, Military Institute of Science and Technology,
Mirpur Cantonment, Dhaka-1216, Bangladesh
2
Department of Computer Science and Engineering, United International University
Badda, Dhaka - 1212, Bangladesh.
3
LUT School of Engineering Science, Lappeenranta, Finland
Email: nazrul@cse.mist.ac.bd, nafiz@cse.mist.ac.bd, royshouhag@gmail.com, mahbub@mist.ac.bd, saddam@cse.uiu.ac.bd,
a.k.m.najmul.islam@gmail.com

Abstract—Nowadays, social media became a tracker of the
COVID-19 disease which reflects the status of the COVID-19
outbreak in the world. Although it is important to know the
impact of COVID- 19 on the sentiment of mass people for the
government and the policymakers in order to address peoples’
needs and take emergent decisions during such crisis time, not
many studies have been conducted regarding this issue. Moreover,
very few studies were conducted on sentiment analysis during
the COVID-19 pandemic in the context of Bangladesh. The
purpose of this study is to estimate the impact of the COVID-19
outbreak on the sentiment of the Bangladeshi people through
a machine learning approach. To achieve this goal, COVID-19
tweets were collected over a specific period and then build a
deep learning classifier, having an average area under the curve
(AUC) of 0.76. The study analyzes the spread and estimates
various public emotions during the outbreak. And reveals that
a significant number (55%) of people had negative sentiment
regarding COVID-19, whereas, 38% and 7% of people had
positive and neutral sentiment respectively. This study also found
that people’s involvement with social media increases as the
number of active COVID-19 cases increases. Moreover, this study
identified people’s sentiment towards some important concerns
regarding the COVID-19 pandemic.
Keywords—COVID-19, social media, coronavirus, sentiment
analysis, pandemic, machine learning, Deep Neural Network
I. I NTRODUCTION
Coronavirus Disease (COVID-19) is a new disease that
originated in the year 2019. Soon after the outbreak, this
virus propagated all over the globe [1]. Most countries started
fighting with the COVID-19 pandemic by implementing na-
tionwide lockdown [2]. The government of Bangladesh also
implemented a nationwide lockdown from March 26, 2020,
to 04 April, 2020; and later the lockdown was extended in
six phases till 30 May 2020 [3]. Prior literature suggests that
people express thoughts, sentiments, emotions, frustrations,
feelings, anxiety, and uncertainties with their family, friends,
colleagues, and acquaintances on social media [4] [5] [6] [7].
Thus, social media becomes a great source for researchers to
investigate users’ sentiments by analyzing the online content,
i.e., news feeds, tweets, photos, etc. through the different
techniques of machine learning and artificial intelligence [8]
[9]. During the lockdown period, users’ sentiments may vary
among different nationalities due to the differences in social,
cultural, economic, religious, and psychological factors [10].
In this study, we investigate the sentiments of mass people
in the Bangladeshi demographics by analyzing the COVID-19
tweets.
Analyzing the public sentiment due to the pandemic has
become a key concern for the researchers to explore different
views of people related to education, businesses, and various
other social issues. For example, the sentiment of the students
regarding online instructions due to quarantine caused by the
COVID-19 pandemic is analyzed through a questionnaire-
based survey [11]. The study found that 66.5% of the respon-
dents were negative, 29.4% neutral and 4.1% had a positive
sentiment towards the online instructions. In [12], conducted
a study using Twitter data related to the living environment,
social distancing, closure of the educational institutions, and
local news. The latest topics of the COVID-19 related tweets
are labeled using Latent Dirichlet Allocation (LDA) [13]. The
study found that the percentage of positive COVID-19 tweets
is very low compared to negative tweets. Similarly, Alrazaq et
al. [14] identified the important topics posted by Twitter users
related to the COVID-19 pandemic. They identified distinct
topics that include developing bio-weapons, deaths, fear, and
stress, and the likes. Again, Rajput et. al. [15] presented a
statistical analysis of the Twitter messages related to COVID-
19 posted since January 2020. The study found the majority
of tweets as positive (90%) polarity as compared to negative
(15%) polarity. A similar kind of study [16] is conducted in
the Philippines to reveal the sentiment of the Filipinos due to
quarantine.
Several studies have been conducted in the earlier pan-
demic/epidemic, focusing on sentiment analysis using social
media data. In [17], a survey was conducted to analyze the
Canadian sentiment towards the safety of the H1N1 vaccine
during the 2009 influenza pandemic. The study found that
23.4% of the participants considered the vaccine safe, 41.4%
thought it was unsafe and 35.2% reported ambivalence over its

978-1-6654-0615-4/21/$31.00 ©2021 IEEE ©2020 IEEE

safety. In Germany, a similar study [18] was conducted to mon-
itor knowledge, attitude, and behavior concerning the disease
and vaccination against H1N1 pandemic influenza. Similarly,
Andrew et al. [19] analyzed the public perceptions trends on
the vaccine and antiviral uptake in the UK considering the
Twitter-based data.
Thus the previous works highlighted that sentiment analysis
during the COVID-19 pandemic is a crucial and important
issue. Most of the studies have been focused on Twitter
data to analyze public sentiment, while the existing works
are primarily concerned with positive, neutral, and negative
sentiments. The outcome of the prior studies varied due to
the country context. The pandemic has a contextual effect
as the earlier work showed that pandemic does not spread
equally in different countries due to the variation in population
density, age group, the strength of mental health, and immunity Fig. 1: Proposed DNN-based sentiment analysis model
system [15] [16]. Indeed, a few studies [17] [18] [19] are
conducted from the perspective of a particular country, none of TABLE I: Performance of proposed classifier for different
the research has been conducted in the context of Bangladesh. sentiment labels
Moreover, many of the existing studies are conducted on Dataset Class Precision Recall f1-score
the available data right after starting the pandemic. Thus, Model on Negative 1.00 0.99 0.99
Training Neutral 0.98 1.00 0.99
prior studies did not focus to explore how the sentiment Dataset Positive 1.00 0.99 0.99
changes over time. Moreover, though a number of ICT based Average 0.993 0.993 0.99
initiatives have been taken to fight with COVID-19 pandemic Model on Negative 0.62 0.76 0.68
Test Neutral 0.42 0.19 0.26
in Bangladesh, but a little attention has been paid to understand Dataset Positive 0.62 0.58 0.60
the user-sentiment over social media regarding COVID-19 Average 0.553 0.51 0.54
pandemic [20] [21] [22]. In this research, we focus to address
these research gaps.
Therefore, this study has the following objectives. First, to Synthetic Minority Over-sampling Technique (SMOTE) was
prepare a sentiment dataset using Bangladeshi demographics used [23], which is an over-sampling procedure that is used
in the COVID-19 context. Second, to build a deep neural to eliminate the imbalance issues in the classes. The number
network (DNN) model by using a rigorously annotated dataset of positive, negative, and neutral tweets before the sampling
to predict users’ sentiment from their tweets. Third, to analyze were 677, 921, and 256 respectively; while the quantity of
the classified tweets to understand the dynamics of peoples’ these class labels after the sampling was 831.
sentiment regarding COVID-19. The model is trained for 100 epochs with a Batch Size
of 512, which ensures that each time a significant number of
II. B UILDING M ODEL instances remain in the training model. A train test split of 90-
In this section, the process of building the DNN model 10 was used in this study. The performance of the proposed
is described. The architecture of the proposed DNN model classifier is shown in Table I. It can be seen from table I that,
is shown in Figure 1. To build the model, a vector with average precision, recall, and f1-score for the train dataset were
continuous values generated by the USE encoder with the 0.993, 0.993, and 0.99, while the average precision, recall, and
dimensions of (512, 1) is computed. The vectorized tweets f1 score for the test dataset were 0.553, 0.51, and 0.54.
were the independent features, while annotated sentiment The ROC Curves for both the train as well as test dataset
labels are the dependent features of the model. Three different are shown in Figure 2 (a) and 2 (b) respectively. It can be
hidden layers, consisting of 256, 128, and 128 neurons, were seen from the ROC curves for the training dataset of negative,
used in model construction. The Input layer and Hidden neutral, and positive classes that each has an area of 1.00.
layers have a Dropout rate of 0.5, while Rectified Linear This indicates that the model accurately discriminates the three
Unit (ReLU) was used as the activation function. The output classes while training. The ROC curves for the test dataset
of the hidden layer is then forwarded to the Output layer show that the test dataset of the negative class has an area of
with 3 units (Positive, Negative, and Neutral), while SoftMax 0.70, the neutral class has an area of 0.67 and the positive class
was used as an activation function. The model was designed has an area of 0.72. Therefore, the model largely discriminates
with Categorical Cross Entropy as Loss function and Adam the three-class labels.
Optimizer as an optimization function.
In the prepared labeled dataset, the number of instances for III. ANALYSIS AND FINDINGS
each class label was not the same, which could make the model To explore how Bangladeshi people’s sentiment changes
biased towards a particular class. To handle the issue, the concerning time during the COVID-19 pandemic, we classified
 (a)
Fig. 2: ROC Curves for each epoch: (a) training data, (b) testing data
Fig. 3: Most frequent words from all the tweets
the collected tweets using the DNN model. The analysis
result showed that 55% of the total tweets were classified as
negative tweets whereas, 38% and 7% of tweets were classified
as positive and neural tweets respectively. The analysis is
presented in detail in the following subsections.
A. Frequently stated words
The most frequent ten words from all the tweets and their
number of occurrences in the dataset are plotted in Figure 3.
The word clouds are generated for positive, negative, neutral
and all sentiments and are shown in Figure 4. However, in the
word cloud, the size of each word indicates its frequency or
importance.
The mostly observed positive words were “stay home”,
“stay safe”, and “quarantine” as shown in the word
cloud generated for positive sentiments (see fig 4(a)). That
(b)
means the public viewed staying safe, staying home, and
maintaining quarantine as positive despite having different
thoughts/feelings about COVID- 19 and lockdown. These re-
sults indicate that people were in general positive with the idea
that they had to curb the spread of the virus by maintaining
proper health measures as well as social distancing. The words
“government”, “minister” also stood out in both the positive
and negative tweets. An important point to notice is that the
word “government” is much bigger in positive tweets than
in negative tweets. This means that most of the people’s
sentiment regarding government was positive. It can be seen
that the words “together”, “fight”, and “support” came in the
positive word cloud, which indicates that people were sure
that by being united and being supportive to each other, people
will be able to fight against COVID-19. Furthermore, it can be
seen that the country name “China” came in the negative word
cloud. Seemingly, people showed negative sentiment regarding
China.
B. Sentiment Timeline
1) General presentation with regards to time: We estimated
how the percentage of positive and negative tweets of people
varied over time to time when a pandemic was ongoing. Day
wise percentage of positive and negative tweets is plotted in
Figure 5. From the graph, it can be interpreted that as days
pass on, negativity among people increases. For a developing
country like Bangladesh, it is very hard for many people to
manage the least amount of food to stay alive due to lockdown.
That is the reason negativity among people increases as days
pass on during a pandemic. However, after a certain amount
of time, negativity slightly decreases, and positivity increases,
and after a significant amount of time, both positivity and
negativity almost maintain a stable state. This can be inter-
preted that after a certain time people became habituated to
the pandemic. Then again negativity slowly starts to increase
and positivity starts to decrease, which can be interlinked with
the rapid price hike, unemployment, domestic violence. As a
result of these reasons, people’s sentiments turned negative.
 (a) (b)

(c) (d)
Fig. 4: Word clouds: (a) word cloud for positive tweets, (b) word cloud for negative tweets, (c) word cloud for neutral tweets,
(d) word cloud for all tweets.

2) Before and after COVID-19 case in Bangladesh:

COVID-19 was confirmed to have spread in Bangladesh on 8th
March 2020. Since then there can be seen a rise in COVID-
19 related tweets. Month-wise public sentiment regarding
COVID-19 is plotted in Figure 6. If we observe the number of
month-wise COVID-19 related tweets, there can be observed
a major increase in the COVID-19 tweets in March, compared
to January and February (see Figure 6). Starting from March
onward, it can be seen that the number of COVID-19 cases
increased rapidly in Bangladesh [24], which is proportional to
the number of monthly tweets. From the month-wise public
sentiment graph (see Figure 6), it can be interpreted that the
month-wise number of pandemic-related tweets has a positive
relationship with the number of COVID-19 cases.

3) Before and after lockdown: The Bangladesh government

Fig. 5: Public sentiment over time
imposed a nationwide lockdown on March 26 [3], as a result,
there can be seen a rise in public concern during the end of
March in Figure 7, where the day-wise total number of tweets
is plotted. Seemingly, a large number of people expressed their
opinion regarding COVID-19 when the government imposed a
nationwide lockdown. Here we observed a mixed reaction of
people; many people showed positive sentiment towards the
lockdown, they were in a hope that by ensuring a nationwide
lockdown, soon they can win the war against Coronavirus.
 Fig. 6: Month wise public sentiment related to COVID-19 Fig. 7: Day wise public sentiment related to pandemic tweets

4) Comparison with the increased rate of confirmed cases:

By the first week of May, Bangladesh had seen a rapid
increase in the number of daily confirmed COVID-19 cases.
Concerning the rapid rise in the number of infected patients, a
spike in public concerns can also be noticed in the number of
daily tweets in Figure 7. If we compare this with the first week
when the lockdown was imposed, more public concerns can
be observed when daily infected cases started to rise rapidly.
From this, we can infer that most of the people were aware
of daily COVID-19 cases, but the high increase in the number
of infected patients drove them actively share their opinions
about COVID-19.
5) Sentiment against Important Concerns: To understand
the sentiment of people regarding few important issues
(words), each tweet is grouped in some specific categories
based on the presence of these words. The tweets and the
respective categories are plotted in Figure 8 where each of
the bars denotes a total number of positive, negative, and
neutral tweets. Except for the tweets containing the words
(e.g. vaccine, stay home and stay safe), other tweets have more Fig. 8: Public sentiment on important concerns
negative sentiment than positive sentiment (see Figure 8). The
results showed that people had positive sentiments regarding
the words, “vaccine”, “stay home” and “stay safe” whereas, hospitals refused to give treatment to COVID-19 patients due
people expressed negative sentiment regarding “epidemic”, to the lack of skilled health workers and treatment facilities
“hospital”, “lockdown”, “mask”, “outbreak”, and “quaran- for the COVID-19 patients. That created dissatisfaction in the
tine”. That indicates that the Bangladeshi people were very overall health care system of Bangladesh. Although people’s
much optimistic to win the fight against COVID-19. They sentiment was very positive when the lockdown was first im-
were very hopeful that by staying at home, people can stay posed, their sentiment turned towards negative as the lockdown
safe from this virus. People were also in hope that a vaccine was extended again and again. The words, “epidemic” and
will be soon developed. “outbreak”, show some positive sentiments. This result can be
The results showed that people expressed more negative sen- interpreted, for example by the fact that due to the nationwide
timent regarding the word “hospital”. In Bangladesh, during lockdown the air quality in Dhaka improved by more than 30
the early stage of COVID-19, most of the non-government percent [25]. Furthermore, the city of Dhaka observed reduced
traffic congestion, which has been a severe problem in the city
[26].
IV. CONCLUSION
This study provides fourfold outcomes: firstly, a DNN
model with an average area under the curve (AUC) of 0.76 was
built to classify the tweets into positive, negative, and neutral
sentiment. Secondly, it is shown that how public sentiment
regarding COVID-19 varies concerning time. Thirdly, a strong
correlation is shown between the numbers of daily COVID-
19 infected cases with the number of daily tweets. Fourthly,
public sentiment is grouped into several categories based
on the presence of few sensitive words. It is identified that
regarding the issues “stay safe”, “stay home”, and “vaccine”
people had mostly positive sentiment whereas, people ex-
pressed negative sentiment towards “epidemic”, “hospital”,
“lockdown”, “mask”, “outbreak” and “quarantine”.
In our study, we did not consider the timeline when the
lockdown was lifted in Bangladesh. Also, only one social
media platform was considered in this study. Moreover, only
one ML model (DNN) and one embedding method (USE) was
used in this study. Future studies in the context of Bangladesh
shall be conducted on different social media platforms such
as Facebook, Instagram, and YouTube, considering the post-
lockdown period by exploring different algorithms and em-
bedding methods.
The prior studies [11], [14], [22], [27], [28] were con-
ducted to explore the public sentiment due to pandemics,
but none of the studies particularly focused on the sentiment
of Bangladeshi people. Moreover, it can also be observed
that most of the studies used publicly available datasets for
building their sentiment analysis model, but no labeled social
media data can be found in the context of Bangladesh and
COVID-19. Therefore, in this study, we tried to focus on
the shortcomings by studying in the context of Bangladesh.
Nonetheless, this experimental study and the performance of
the proposed classifier showed the efficacy of our approach.
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