Communication

Site: myLPU e-Learning Portal Printed by: Vince Luigi Zepeda

Purposive Communication - AY 2223 1st Semester (Gonzales, Date: Monday, October 3, 2022, 10:24 PM
Course:
Edison)
Book: Communication
Description

 Table of contents

1. What is Communication?

2. The Communication Process

3. Elements and Process of Communication

4. Forms of Communication

5. Non-Verbal Communication

6. Communication Models
 1. What is Communication?

Communication is simply the act of transferring information from one place, person or group to another.
Others defined communication as the process of expressing feelings, conversing, speaking,
corresponding, listening, and exchanging. In communication, what is conveyed may be words, actions,
facial expressions, tone of voice, gestures, and even silence that contribute in some way to an
understanding of the message. Every communication involves (at least) one sender, a message and a
recipient. This may sound simple but communication is actually a very complex subject.

Communication is an integral part of the society. The world could hardly exist without communication.
Even among the other forms of animals, communication is still a vital component to their survival. In every
venture of human struggle communication plays a significant role.

Communication is a vital element in varied disciplines because of its richness in scope and extent of
application. Communication is the act of giving, receiving, and sharing information -- in other words,
talking or writing, and listening or reading. Good communicators listen carefully, speak or write clearly,
and respect different opinions.

 2. The Communication Process

THE COMMUNICATION PROCESS

The
process of communication refers to the transmission or passage of information
or message from the
sender through a selected channel to the receiver
overcoming barriers that affect its pace. It is a cyclic
one as it begins with
the sender and ends with the sender in the form of feedback. Also, it must be a
continuous and dynamic interaction, both affecting and being affected by many
variables.

Communication
process consists of certain steps where each step constitutes the essential of
an effective
communication. The following is a brief analysis of the important
steps of the process of communication.

 3. Elements and Process of Communication

1.Sender

The very
foundation of communication process is laid by the person who transmits or
sends the message.
He is the sender of the message which may be a thought,
idea, a picture, symbol, report or an order and
postures and gestures, even a
momentary smile. The sender is therefore the initiator of the message that
needs to be transmitted. After having generated the idea, information etc. the
sender encodes it in such a
manner that can be well-understood by the receiver.

2.
Message

It is
referred to as the information conveyed by words as in speech and write-ups,
signs, pictures or
symbols depending upon the situation and the nature and
importance of information desired to be sent.
Message is the heart of
communication. It is the content the sender wants to convey to the receiver. It
can
be verbal both written and spoken; or non-verbal i.e. pictorial or
symbolic, etc.

Three
Factors that should be taken into account considering the message:

1.Code-
has to do with the way in which symbols are structured

2.
Content- the selection of material to express the purpose

3.
Treatment- the way in which the message is presented, frequency and emphasis

Dimensions of Message:

1.Elements-
the concepts that are comprised in the message

2.
Structure- the organization of the message

3.
Production- the length and employment of the message

3. Encoding

It is putting the targeted

message into appropriate medium which may be verbal or non-verbal
depending
upon the situation, time, space and nature of the message to be sent. The
sender puts the
message into a series of symbols, pictures or words which will be
communicated to the intended receiver.
Encoding is an important step in the
communication process as wrong and inappropriate encoding may
defeat the true
intent of the communication process.

4. Channel

This refers to the way or

mode the message flows or is transmitted through. The message is transmitted
over a channel that links the sender with the receiver. The message may be oral
or written and it may be
transmitted through a memorandum, a computer,
telephone, cell phone, apps or television. Since each
channel has its
advantages and disadvantages, the choice of proper selection of the channel is
paramount
for effective communication.

5. Receiver
It is the person or group who
the message is meant for. He may be a listener, a reader or a viewer. Any
negligence on the part of the receiver may make the communication ineffective.
The receiver needs to
comprehend the message sent in the best possible manner
such that the true intent of the
communication is attained. The extent to which
the receiver decodes the message depends on his/her
knowledge of the subject
matter of the message, experience, trust and relationship with the sender.

The receiver is as
significant a factor in communication process as the sender is. It is the other
end of the
process. The receiver should be in fit condition to receive the
message, that is, he/she should have
channel of communication active and should
not be preoccupied with other thoughts that might cause
him/her to pay
insufficient attention to the message.

6. Decoding

It refers to interpreting or
converting the sent message into intelligible language. It simply means
comprehending the message. The receiver after receiving the message interprets
it and tries to
understand it in the best possible manner.

7. Feedback

It is the ultimate aspect of

communication process. It refers to the response of the receiver as to the
message sent to him/her by the sender. Feedback is necessary to ensure that the
message has been
effectively encoded, sent, decoded and comprehended.

It is the final step of the

communication process and establishes that the receiver has received the
message in its letter and spirit. In other words, the receiver has correctly
interpreted the message as it was
intended by the sender. It is instrumental to
make communication effective and purposeful.

8.
Interference/ Noise

It is the impediment of the

communication process. This
affects the message being sent, received, or
understood. It can be as literal
as static over a phone line or radio or as esoteric as misinterpreting a local
custom.

9.Context

This
is the setting and situation in which communication takes place. Like
noise, context can have an
impact on the successful exchange of
information. It may have a physical, social, or cultural aspect to it. In
a
private conversation with a trusted friend, you would share more personal
information or details about
your weekend or vacation, for example, than in a
conversation with a work colleague or in a meeting.

 4. Forms of Communication

Types of Communication

1.    Intrapersonal Communication- Intrapersonal

communication- It can be defined as communication
with one’s self, and
that may include self-talk, acts of imagination and visualization, and even
recall and
memory (McLean, 2005). This form of
communication is extremely private and restricted to ourselves. It
includes the
silent conversations we have with ourselves, wherein we juggle roles between
the sender and
receiver who are processing our thoughts and actions. This
process of communication when analyzed can
either be conveyed verbally to
someone or stay confined as thoughts.

2.    Interpersonal Communication- It is one of the basic means of

communication. A kind of
communication in which people communicate their
feeling, ideas, emotions and information face to face
to each other. It can be
in verbal or non-verbal form. Interpersonal communication is not only about
what
is said and what is received but also about how it is said, how the body
language used, and what was the
facial expression.

3.    Small Group Communication- 

It is when more than two persons exchange their information face to
face, it is called small group communication. A small group is generally defined as a group that
consists of
at least three members and at the maximum around twelve to fifteen
members. A group that has just two
members or more than fifteen members would
not come in the category of a small group. This small
group is generally formed
to solve a particular problem, make decisions, determine policies and submit
reports. Personnel committee, audit committee, report committee, grievance
committee are the example
of small groups.

4.    Public Communication-

It happens when individuals and groups engage in dialogue in the public
sphere
in order to deliver a message to a specific audience. Public speaking events,
newspaper editorials
and board announcements 
are a few forms of public communication. Information sharing,
entertainment
and persuasion are common purposes of public communication.

5.    Mass Communication

– It is the process in which a person or group of people or organization sends
message through television, radio, print media and social media to large group of
anonymous and
heterogeneous people and organizations.

6.    Computer-Mediated Communication-

It is often use as an application computer to control
multimedia interactive
and message-based communication

 5. Non-Verbal Communication

NON-VERBAL COMMUNICATION- While the key to success in both

personal and professional
relationships lies in your ability to communicate
well, it’s not the words that you use but your nonverbal
cues or “body
language” that speak the loudest. Body language is the use of physical
behavior,
expressions, and mannerisms to communicate nonverbally, often done
instinctively rather than
consciously. Whether you’re aware of it or not, when
you interact with others, you’re continuously giving
and receiving wordless
signals. All of your nonverbal behaviors—the gestures you make, your posture,
your tone of voice, how much eye contact you make—send strong messages. They
can put people at
ease, build trust, and draw others towards you, or they can
offend, confuse, and undermine what you’re
trying to convey. These messages don’t
stop when you stop speaking either. Even when you’re silent,
you’re still
communicating nonverbally.

TYPES OF NON-VERBAL COMMUNICATION

A.  
Facial
expressions. The
human face is extremely expressive, able to convey countless emotions
without
saying a word. And unlike some forms of nonverbal communication, facial
expressions are
universal. The facial expressions for happiness, sadness,
anger, surprise, fear, and disgust are the same
across cultures.

B.  
Body movement and posture. Consider how your
perceptions of people are affected by the way
they sit, walk, stand, or hold
their head. The way you move and carry yourself communicates a wealth of
information to the world. This type of nonverbal communication includes your
posture, bearing, stance,
and the subtle movements you make.

C.  
Gestures. Gestures are woven into the fabric
of our daily lives. You may wave, point, beckon, or use
your hands when arguing
or speaking animatedly, often expressing yourself with gestures without
thinking. However, the meaning of some gestures can be very different across
cultures. While the OK sign
made with the hand, for example, conveys a positive
message in English-speaking countries, it is consider
offensive in countries
such as Germany, Russia, and Brazil. So, it’s important to be careful of how
you use
gestures to avoid misinterpretation.


D.  
Eye
contact. Since
the visual sense is dominant for most people, eye contact is an especially
important type of nonverbal communication. The way you look at someone can
communicate many
things, including interest, affection, hostility, or
attraction. Eye contact is also important in maintaining the
flow of
conversation and for gauging the other person’s interest and response.


E.  
Touch. We communicate a great deal
through touch. Think about the very different messages given
by a weak
handshake, a warm bear hug, a patronizing pat on the head, or a controlling
grip on the arm,
for example.


F.   
Proxemics
or Space. Have
you ever felt uncomfortable during a conversation because the other
person was
standing too close and invading your space? We all have a need for physical
space, although
that need differs depending on the culture, the situation, and
the closeness of the relationship. You can
use physical space to communicate
many different nonverbal messages, including signals of intimacy and
affection,
aggression or dominance.

G.  
Voice. It’s not just what you say,
it’s how you
say it. When you speak, other people “read” your voice
in addition to listening
to your words. Things they pay attention to include your timing and pace, how
loud you speak, your tone and inflection, and sound that convey understanding,
such as “ahh” and “uh-
huh.” Think about how your tone of voice can indicate
sarcasm, anger, affection, or confidence.

 6. Communication Models

Watch the following videos

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=O-O-fV5qT-0