It is used to understand the nature of relationships between two individual variables.

Correlation Analysis

Which of the following is a measure of degree of association?

the probability value

If the true means of the k populations are equal, then MSTR/MSE should be:

close to 1.00

If any of the expected cell frequencies are less than 5, categories can be combined so that
all expected frequencies are at least 5.

True

The degrees of freedom for a 2 x 2 cross-tabulation table for the chi-square test of
independence equal

It can perform well with skewed and non-normal distributions.

Parametric Test

The chi-square test is used when we have ordinal data.

False

It is the probability of finding the observed, or more extreme, results when the null
hypothesis (H0) of a study question is true - the definition of 'extreme' depends on how the
hypothesis is being tested.
P-Value

______________ correlation exists when one variable decreases as the other variable
decreases, or one variable increases while the other increases.

Positive

A non-parameter in statistics refers to an aspect of a population, as opposed to a statistic,

which refers to an aspect about a sample.

False

It is used to compare the mean of a population with a theoretical value.

One-Sample

It compares the means of two (and only two) groups when the variances are not equal.

T-Test

It is used to determine whether there is a significant difference between the means of two
groups

T-Test

It is a summary statistic that quantitatively describes or summarizes features of a collection

of information, while descriptive statistics in the mass noun sense is the process of using
and analyzing those statistics

Descriptive Statistics
Assuming that the null hypothesis being tested by ANOVA is false, the probability of
obtaining a Fratio that exceeds the value reported in the F table as the 95th percentile is:

< .05

It is a tool that allows you compare the relationship between two variables.

Crosstabulation

A nice thing about the correlated groups design is that it can still be done even if there are
an uneven number of observations in the groups.

False

It is any characteristics, number, or quantity that can be measured or counted

It describes methods for analyzing quantitative data

It is a popular test; it is the test to use when conducting experiments

ANOVA

It is a single value that attempts to describe a set of data by identifying the central position
within that set of data.

Central Tendency

__________________ research is multimethod in focus, involving an interpretive, naturalistic

approach to its subject matter.
Qualitative

It is a framework for gathering, managing & analyzing data. Rooted in the science of
geography, It analyzes spatial location and organizes layers of information into visualizations
using maps and 3D scenes.

GIS

If the MSE of an ANOVA for six treatment groups is known, you can compute

the pooled standard deviation

What is the simplest case in presenting Chi-Square?

2x2 Contingency Table

The gamma distribution describes the square root of a variable distributed according to a
chi-square distribution

False

Non-parametric tests include chi-square, Fisher's exact test and the Mann-Whitney test.

False

As the experimenter changes the independent variable, the change in the

_________________________ is observed and recorded

Dependent Variable

The number of rows in which total variance in a one way ANOVA partitioned is..
2

The t-test assesses whether the means of two groups are statistically different from each
other.

True

A parametric test based on Student's t-statistic, which is often used in this regard.

False

The ________ sum of squares measures the variability of the sample treatment means
around the overall mean

treatment

Conducting a single F test in one-way ANOVA protects us from Type II error.

False

tion to a p-value for a

False

The number of rows in which total variance in a two way ANOVA partitioned is..

3
You find a statistically significant ANOVA. In order to determine which groups are different,
you must conduct

either planned or unplanned comparisons

A Student's t-test will tell you if there is a significant variation between groups.

True

Enter the following data in you Microsoft Excel.

Question:

What are the variables in this analysis?

Unit Price and Units Sold

Now that we have got Excel to calculate the correlation coefficient we need to interpret it to
understand its true meaning. The value is always between -1 and +1.

Question:

What is the value of the perfect negative correlation

-1

What is the value of the perfect positive correlation

+1
Statisticians assume a cause effect relationship and say that one or more independent,
controlled variables (the factors) cause the significant difference of one or more
characteristics

True

ANOVA tests in statistics packages are run on parametric data.

True

An ANOVA test is a way to find out if survey or experiment results are significant

True

The main purpose of an ANOVA is to test if two or more groups differ from each other
significantly in one or more characteristics.

True

A t-test compares means, while the ANOVA compares variances between populations. You
could technically perform a series of t-tests on your data

True

The error sum of squares can be obtained from the equation in two way ANOVA

SSE = SST – SSR - SSC

To test equality of means of more than 2 populations which of the following techniques is
used?

ANOVA

Test statistic for equality of r population means is

MSC/MSE

A two way ANOVA is used to compare two means from two independent (unrelated) groups
using the F-distribution.
False

A one way ANOVA will tell you that at least two groups were different from each other.

True

Procedure:

Calculate the correlation coefficient using the CORREL function.

Question:

What is the format of the CORREL function?

=CORREL(Array1, Array2)

Methods of correlation and regression cannot be used in order to analyze the extent and the
nature of relationships between different variables

False

What type of relationships does a Pearson's product-moment assess?

It can only assess a linear relationship

It is a method of statistical evaluation used to study the strength of a relationship between

two, numerically measured, continuous variables (e.g. height and weight).

Correlation Analysis

This particular type of analysis is useful when a researcher wants to establish if there are
possible connectionsbetween variables.

Correlation Analysis

Correlation analysis can study a wide range of variables and their interrelations.
True

If most points depict a dispersed descending line this would suggest there would be a weak
positive relationship

True

It is calculated by changing lagged data with the formula for the Pearson product-moment
correlation coefficient.

Autocorrelation Coefficient

You cannot use a Pearson's correlation to understand whether there is an association

between exam performance and time spent revising

False

The correlation coefficient is sensitive to outlying points therefore the correlation coefficient
is resistant.

False

______________ correlation exists if one variable increases simultaneously with the other,
i.e. the high numerical values of one variable relate to the high numerical values of the other.

Positive

It is the measurement of correlation and ranges (depending on the correlation) between +1

and -1. +1 indicates the strongest positive correlation possible, and -1 indicates the
strongest negative correlation possible.

Pearson's product-moment coefficient

When reporting a Pearson's product-moment in APA format, you would use x.

False
If correlation is found between two variables it means that when there is _____________
change in one variable, there is systematic change in the other

Systematic

If correlation is found between two variables it means that when there is a systematic
change in one variable, there is also a systematic change in the other

True

It implies the correlation among the values of the same variables but at various times

Autocorrelation

It is is calculated by taking the ratio of the sample of the two variables to the product of the
two standard deviations and illustrates the strength of linear relationships

Pearson's product-moment coefficient

Correlation coefficient ‘r’ is calculated through the what formula

Which of the following assumptions of ANOVA can be discarded in case the sample size is
large?

Samples are drawn from the normal population

What is commonly used for testing relationships between categorical variables?

Chi-Square
The two-way ANOVA compares the means between the groups you are interested in and
determines whether any of those means are statistically significantly different from each
other.

False

An independent t-test can be used to assess which of the following?

It assesses differences between two groups of participants

The F ratio is typically used to test differences between

three or more means.

Negative correlation exists if one variable decreases when the other increases, i.e. the high
numerical values of one variable relate to the low numerical values of the other.

Negative

It is information that can be categorized into a classification.

Discrete Data

Which of the following statistics are important when interpreting an independent samples t-
test?

All of these

Conducting multiple t-tests increases the likelihood of which of the following?

Type I error

It is used to investigate whether distributions of categorical variables differ from one another.

Chi-Square
The inferential statistic rests on the underlying assumption that there is the normal
distribution of variable and the mean in known or assumed to be known.

False

In this correlation the correlation coefficient is not robust due to the fact that strong linear
relationships between the variables are not recognized

Pearson's product-moment correlation

The most popular forms of Chi-Square used in business studies include Pearson product-
moment correlation, Spearman Rank correlation and Autocorrelation.

False

If there is correlation found, depending upon the numerical values measured, this can be
either positive or negative.

True

It is any statistical hypothesis test where the sampling distribution of the test statistic is a chi-
squared distribution when the null hypothesis is true.

Chi-Square

It is rare to find perfect correlation (+1 or -1).

True

My friend, Bob, believes that his supermarket's prices are lower than mine. We construct a
list of identical items and purchase them at our respective stores every week for two months.
Then Bob wants to know if his hypothesis is supported.

Bob has a directional hypothesis and should do a matched t-test

It is a non-probability sampling method and it occurs when "elements selected for the
sample are chosen by the judgment of the researcher.

Purpose Sampling

By what alternative name is Pearson's Correlation Analysis also known?

Pearson's Product-Moment

To determine whether the test statistic of ANOVA is statistically significant, it can be

compared to a critical value. What two pieces of information are needed to determine the
critical value?

sample size, number of groups

What must data be in order for a Pearson's product-moment to be conducted?

All of these

When performing a chi-square goodness-of-fit test, a large value of the chi-square statistic
provides evidence that the null hypothesis should be rejected.

True

Parametric tests are those that make assumptions about the parameters of the population
distribution from which the sample is drawn.

True

Parametric statistical procedures are less powerful because they use less information in their
calculation.

False

The Chi-Square statistic is most commonly used to evaluate Tests of Independence when
using a crosstabulation (also known as a bivariate table).

True
If your measurement scale is nominal or ordinal then you use parametric statistics

False

It is often based on statements of statistical significance and probability.

Modern science

There are basically two types of random variables and they yield two types of data:
numerical and categorical

True

If correlation is found between two variables it means that when there is _____________
change in one variable, there is systematic change in the other

Systematic

What is the formula for Chi-Square Statistics?

It is one of the measures of correlation which quantifies the strength as well as the direction
of such relationship

Pearson's product-moment correlation

If the Pearson Product Moment Correlation Coefficient shows zero value, this definitely
means that there is no relationship between the two variables

False

Confidence interval estimation for a population standard deviation of a normal distribution

from a sample standard deviation.
False

Homoscedasticity can be checked using which type of graph?

Scatter graph

If FDATA follows an F distribution with df1=4 and df2=5, what is the boundary value of F
where P(FDATA < F) = 0.95?

5.1922

Which of the following is an assumption of one-way ANOVA comparing samples from three
or more experimental treatments?

All of the mentioned

It is commonly used for testing relationships between categorical variables.

Chi-Square

A potential source of confusion in working out what statistics to use in analysing data is
whether your data allows for parametric or non-parametric statistics.

True

Which of the following would most likely cause the confidence interval to become smaller?

Decreasing the standard error

What is H0?

Null Hypothesis

It is the measurement of correlation and ranges (depending on the correlation) between +1

and -1. +1 indicates the strongest positive correlation possible, and -1 indicates the
strongest negative correlation possible.

Pearson's product-moment coefficient

The chi-square goodness-of-fit test is used to test discrete distributions only.

False

If there is a probability of 5% in how many cases would a result arise solely due to chance?

5/100

The degrees of freedom for k columns of size n will be..

k-1

It is a hypothesis which the researcher tries to disprove, reject or nullify.

Null Hypothesis

A statistical test provides a mechanism for making quantitative decisions about a process or
processes.

True

It is the process of strictly defining variables into measurable factors. The process defines
fuzzy concepts and allows them to be measured, empirically and quantitatively.

Operationalization

The greater the value of the F ratio,

the less the sample distributions overlap.

There are commonly two types of ANOVA tests for univariate analysis - One-Way ANOVA
and Two-Way ANOVA.

True
If you have categorical data, you'll want to run a non-parametric ANOVA (usually found
under a different heading in the software, like "nonparametric tests").

False

The error deviations within the SSE statistic measure distances:

within groups

If data in two way classification id displayed in r rows and k columns, then the degrees of
freedom for interaction will be…

(r-1)(k-1)

It is referred to as such because it is a test to prove an assumed cause and effect

relationships

ANOVA

One-way ANOVA between groups is used when you want to test two groups to see if there's
a difference between them.

False

The sum of squares due to the column factor for one way analysis of variance is given by

SST-SSE

The F ratio is defined as the average within-groups variance divided by the average
between-groups variance.

False

Any difference among the population means in the analysis of variance will inflate the
expected values of

MS Columns
If you have categorical data, you'll want to run a non-parametric ANOVA (usually found
under a different heading in the software, like "nonparametric tests").

False

It is a classification that describes the nature of information within the values assigned to
variables

Levels of Measurement

As the number of observations increases, the t-distribution looks more like the standard
normal distribution.

True

It is not possible to have a significant test statistic in a study where the effect is slight.

False

For an independent t-test, we assume that the populations of individual scores have the
same variance.

True

Correlation analysis as a research method offers a range of advantages

True

We are rarely interested in a significance test alone; we would like to say something about
the population from which the samples came, and this is best done with estimates of
parameters and confidence intervals.

True

It is any statistical hypothesis test in which the test statistic follows a Student's t-distribution
under the null hypothesis.

T-Test
The sum of squares due to the column factor for one way analysis of variance is given by

SST-SSE

It is the simplest form of analyzing data. "Uni" means "one", so in other words your data has
only one variable.

Univariate Analysis

It is a type of plot or mathematical diagram using Cartesian coordinates to display values for
typically two variables for a set of data.

Scatter Plots

The Chi-Square statistic is most commonly used to evaluate Tests of Independence when
using a what?

Crosstabulation

To test equality of means of more than 2 populations which of the following techniques is
used?

ANOVA

It is a non-probability sampling technique where subjects are selected because of their

convenient accessibility and proximity to the researcher.

Convenience Sampling

Crosstabulation presents the distributions of two categorical variables simultaneously, with

the intersections of the categories of the variables appearing in the cells of the table.

True

T-test can help you to figure out if you need to reject the null hypothesis or accept the
alternate hypothesis.

False
The null hypothesis of the Chi-Square test is that no relationship exists on the categorical
variables in the population

True

The F ratio is defined as the average within-groups variance divided by the average
between-groups variance.

False

As variability due to chance decreases, the value of F will

Increase

The ______ sum of squares measures the variability of the observed values around their
respective treatment means.

error

Pearson's Correlation Coefficient was designed just for linear relationships. Technically, if
we get a low value, or a zero value, it does not mean that there is no relationship. It just
means that there is no linear relationship.

True

Homogeneity of variance is the assumption that:

the two populations have different variances

A t-test compares means, while the ANOVA compares variances between populations. You
could technically perform a series of t-tests on your data

True

The only difference between the z and single sample t-test are the size of the samples.

False

Which of these statements reflect a null hypothesis?

There will be no relationship between caffeine consumption and performance

As the number of observations increases the t-distribution gets to look more like the
standard normal distribution.

True

The Chi-Square Goodness of Fit is often used in genetics to compare the results of a cross
with the theoretical distribution based on genetic theory

True

Analyze the chart.

Question:

What is your interpretation of the chart?

As the price go up, the volume goes down

You carried out an ANOVA on a preliminary sample of data. You then collected additional
data from the same groups; the difference being that the sample sizes for each group were
increased by a factor of 10, and the within-group variability has decreased substantially.
Which of the following statements is NOT correct.

The degrees of freedom associated with the treatment term has increased

The coefficient of determination and the R-squared (R2) are not the same

False

What type of data is required for a Pearson's analysis which does not include a dichotomous
variable?

Interval or ratio
Residual plot in regression analysis is used to mean plot of regressors

False

It is a measure of the strength and direction of association that exists between two variables
measured on at least an interval scale.

Pearson's product-moment correlation

A bell shaped curve to a scatter graph would suggest what?

There would be a non-linear relationship and a Pearson's product-moment should not

be used

In contingency analysis, we expect the actual frequencies in each cell to approximately

match the corresponding expected cell frequencies when the characteristics are
independent.

True

Which of the following formats is correct for reporting an independent samples t-test in APA
format?

t(34) = -.478, p < 0.001.

The t-test family is not based on the t-distribution, because the difference of mean score for
two multivariate normal variables approximates the t-distribution.

False

Which of the following would most likely cause the confidence interval to become smaller?

decreasing the standard error

In one-way ANOVA, which of the following is used within the F-ratio as a measurement of
the variance of individual observations?

SSE

The non-parametric test is the hypothesis test which provides generalizations for making
statements about the mean of the parent population.

False

What assumption(s) must be met to conduct an independent-samples t-test?

All of these

Which among the data is a sample?

IT Department of University of Makati

The null hypothesis for all chi-square tests asks whether the observed number of cases in a
sample what we expect from knowledge of the population.

True

When the difference between two population averages is being investigated, a t test is used

True

Analysis should reflect the design, and so a matched design should be followed by a
matched analysis.

True

Point _______________________ is an essential characteristic to measure a ratio between

any two variables.

Zero

How can you deal with low expected values?

You can increase your sample size or combine categories

Incorrectly rejecting a true null hypothesis is an example of what?

Type I error

The formula for the Chi-Square is a ratio.

False

Statisticians now believe that if the expected value (E) falls below 5-10 our chi-square test is
not valid.

False

It is the non-parametric alternative test to the independent sample t-test.

Mann-Whitney test

All else being equal, as the subjects in a study become more homogenous, the value of the
test statistic increases.

True

It infers properties of population, for example by testing hypotheses and deriving estimates.

Inferential Statistics

After we use the original data to calculate the difference scores for a paired t-test, we no
longer need the original data for the paired t-test calculations.

False
To find the ____________, place the numbers in value order and find the middle.

Median

The intent is to determine whether there is enough evidence to "reject" a conjecture or

hypothesis about the process. The conjecture is called the ______________________

H0

The alternative hypothesis for the test is that the two means are equal.

False

Analysis of variance is a statistical method of comparing the ________ of several

populations.

means

What is the alternative name for a repeated-measures t-test?

A paired-samples t-test

It is an observation that lies an abnormal distance from other values in a random sample
from a population.

Outliers

The Jerome Light Bulb Company recently conducted a statistical test to determine whether
the number of hours that light bulbs last is normally distributed with a mean of 500 and a
standard deviation of 20. A sample of 300 light bulbs was divided into 8 groups to form a
grouped data frequency distribution. The degrees of freedom for the test will be 299.
False

The ANOVA structural model (X = + + ) maps sample scores in terms of populations, groups,
and individual scores.

False

It isa table that illustrates the relationship between two variables by displaying the
distribution of one variable across the categories of a second variable

Bivariate Table

Parametric tests usually have more statistical power than their non-parametric equivalents.

True

A correlation coefficient that is applied to ranked variables was introduced by Spearman,

whilst Pearson and Fisher introduced independently correlation coefficients that measure the
strength of the relationship between non-ranked variables.

True

A small confidence interval is bad because few values are contained within it.

False

These are important in statistics and are often used in the natural and social sciences to
represent real-valued random variables whose distributions are not known.

Normal Distribution
It is the act of taking a portion, or sample, of one sound recording and reusing it as an
instrument or a sound recording in a different song or piece

Sampling

It is the value separating the higher half from the lower half of a data sample (a population or
a probability distribution).

Median

It assesses whether an association exists between the two variables by comparing the
observed pattern of responses in the cells to the pattern that would be expected if the
variables were truly independent of each other

Test of Independence

The Chi Square statistic compares the tallies or counts of categorical responses between
two (or more) independent groups.

True

What is the purpose of a goodness-of-fit test?

To assesses whether the central tendency, variability and distribution of sample is

different from that of the population

It is the selection of a subset (a statistical sample) of individuals from within a statistical

population to estimate characteristics of the whole population.

Sampling

It enables us to present the data in a more meaningful way, which allows simpler
interpretation of the data.

Descriptive Statistics
It is not meant to imply that such models completely lack parameters but that the number
and nature of the parameters are flexible and not fixed in advance.

Non Parametric Test

When the k population means are truly different from each other, it is likely that the average
error deviation:

is relatively small compared to the average treatment deviations

If the sample means for each of k treatment groups were identical (yes, this is extremely
unlikely), what would be the observed value of the ANOVA test statistic?

0.0

Why must you review the materials produced using statistics?

To draw conclusions and attempt to answer the researcher's question/hypothesis

It is the most helpful for exploratory stages of studies such as a pilot survey.
Non Probability Sampling

The Chi Square statistic is commonly used for testing relationships between categorical
variables.

True

To use a t-test the dependent variable must have

Interval or Ratio Data

Non-parametric tests are valid for both non-Normally distributed data and Normally
distributed data, so why not use them all the time?

True
It is a sampling technique where the samples are gathered in a process that does not give all
the individuals in the population equal chances of being selected.

Non Probability Sampling

Non-probability sampling guarantees that the selection process is completely randomized

and without bias

False

ANOVA tests in statistics packages are run on parametric data.

True

The chi-square distribution (also called the chi-squared distribution) is a special case of the
beta distribution

False

Where would you look on an independent t-test output to identify whether there was a
significant difference between the groups?

T-test for equality of mean section

Calculating the Chi-Square statistic and comparing it against a critical value from the Chi-
Square distribution allows the researcher to assess whether the observed cell counts are
significantly different from the expected cell counts.

True

______________ correlation exists if one variable increases simultaneously with the other,
i.e. the high numerical values of one variable relate to the high numerical values of the other.

Positive

What is the first stage in statistics?

Identify the group of people to be studied

The main purpose of an ANOVA is to test if two or more groups differ from each other
significantly in one or more characteristics.

True

To obtained a significant test statistic when comparing three treatment in one-way ANOVA.
In words, how would you interpret the alternative hypothesis HA?

At least two treatments are different from each other in terms of their effect on the
mean response.

It is a software encompasses a broad range of applications which involve the use of a

combination of digital maps and geo references data.

GIS Program

The straight line equation y=b0 +b1x is an example of a linear relationship. This means that
the changes in one varible are accompanied by the proportional linear changes in another
variable. If you increase one variable by 1 and other by 0.5, this is a linear change

True

A small chi-square test statistic does not support the null hypothesis.

False

When the difference between two population averange is being investigated a t test is used

True

With all inferential statistic we assume the dependent variable fits a normal distribution

True

What does Pearson’s product-moment allow you to identify?

Whether there is a relationship between variables

It is referred to as such because it is a test to prove an assumed cause and effect

relationships
ANOVA
The ____ ______ And ______ are the three commonly used measures of central tendency

Mean, Median, Mode

You cannot use a Pearson’s correlation to understand whether there is an association

between exam performance and time spent revising

False

The greater the value of the F ratio.

The less the sample distributions overlap

In which of the following cases would an independent-sample t-test not be appropriate?

Comparing students attitude change between the start and end of their degree

What is null hypothesis in chi-square test?

The rows and columns are associated

To use a t-test the dependent variable must have

Interval or Rational Date

What name is given to data which can be ranked?

Ordinal data

It is the event expected to change when the independent variable is manipulated

Dependent Variable

It basically refers to categorically discrete data such as name of your school, type of car you
drive or name of a book

Nominal

How do statistics inform the reader of the central message?

Summarizing and crating meaning from aggregated data

It is that no relationship exists on the categorical variables in the population.

Null Hypothesis

It assess whether the means of two groups are statistically different from each other

A. Test

It is most commonly applied when the test statistic would follow a normal distribution if the
value of a scaling term in the test statistic were known

T-test

A repeated measures t-test can be used to assess which of the following?

It a assesses differences between scores obtaines on two seperate occasions from

the same participants

If you are using interval or ratio scales you use non-parametric statistics

False

It uses a random sample of data taken from a population to describe and make inference
about the population

Inferential Statistics

A chi-square (X^2) statistic is used to investigate whether distributions of categorical

variables differ from one another

True

A problem with the correlated groups design is that counterbalancing is not always possible.

True

If the independent had more than two levels, then we would use a one-way analysis of
variance (ANOVA)

True

When reporting a Pearson’s product-moment in APA format you would use x

False
The 2 x 2 contingency table is the most complicated case of Chi-Square Test

False

What is the meaning of ANOVA?

Analysis of Variance

It is the probability of finding the observed, or more extreme, results when the null
hypothesis (Ho) of a study question is true - the definition of ‘extreme’ depends on how the
hypothesis is being tested.

A. Value

The correlation coefficient is sensitive to outlying points therefore the correlation coefficient
is resistant.

False

What type of data do you need for a chi-square test?

Nominal

It may also be called a data item

Variable

It is calculated by changing lagged data with the formula for the Pearson prosduct-moment
correlation coefficient.

Autocorrelation Coefficient

It is calculated by taking the ratio of the sample of the two variables to the product of the two
standard deviations and illustrates of linear relationship

Pearson’s product-moment coefficient

Contingency tables and degrees of freedom are key elements of the chi-square test

True

A chi square distribution with n degrees of freedom is equal to a gamma distribution with a =
n / 2 and b = 0.5 ( or B=2)
True

An ANOVA test is a way to find out if survey or experiment results are significant

True
Any difference among the population means in the analysis of variance will inflate the
expected value of

MS Columns

Since a term including the standard error is added to and subtracted from the mean, if the
standard error is smaller a smaller product will be added to and subtracted from the mean

True