Introduction COMPSCI 453 Computer Networks

Professor Jim Kurose

College of Information and Computer Sciences
University of Massachusetts
§ Overview. What is the Internet? What is
a protocol?
§ Network edge Class textbook:
Computer Networking: A Top-
§ Network core Down Approach (8th ed.)
J.F. Kurose, K.W. Ross

§ Performance: loss, delay, throughput Pearson, 2020

http://gaia.cs.umass.edu/kurose_ross

§ Layering, encapsulation, service models

§ Security
§ History
Protocol “layers” and reference models
Networks are complex, Question: is there any
with many “pieces”: hope of organizing
§ hosts structure of network?
§ routers §and/or our discussion
§ links of various media of networks?
§ applications
§ protocols
§ hardware, software
Example: organization of air travel
end-to-end transfer of person plus baggage
ticket (purchase) ticket (complain)
baggage (check) baggage (claim)
gates (load) gates (unload)
runway takeoff runway landing
airplane routing airplane routing
airplane routing

How would you define/discuss the system of airline travel?

§ a series of steps, involving many services
Example: organization of air travel

ticket (purchase) ticketing service ticket (complain)

baggage (check) baggage service baggage (claim)
gates (load) gate service gates (unload)
runway takeoff runway service runway landing
airplane routing routing service
airplane routing airplane routing

layers: each layer implements a service

§ via its own internal-layer actions
§ relying on services provided by layer below
Why layering?
Approach to designing/discussing complex systems:
§ explicit structure allows identification,
relationship of system’s pieces
• layered reference model for discussion
§ modularization eases maintenance,
updating of system
• change in layer's service implementation:
transparent to rest of system
• e.g., change in gate procedure doesn’t
affect rest of system
Layered Internet protocol stack
§ application: supporting network applications
• HTTP, IMAP, SMTP, DNS
application
application
§ transport: process-process data transfer
• TCP, UDP transport
transport
§ network: routing of datagrams from source to
destination network
• IP, routing protocols
link
§ link: data transfer between neighboring
network elements physical
• Ethernet, 802.11 (WiFi), PPP
§ physical: bits “on the wire”
 Services, Layering and Encapsulation
M
application Application exchanges messages to implement some application
application service using services of transport layer
Ht M
transport Transport-layer protocol transfers M (e.g., reliably) from transport
one process to another, using services of network layer

network § transport-layer protocol encapsulates network

application-layer message, M, with
link transport layer-layer header Ht to create a link
transport-layer segment
• Ht used by transport layer protocol to
physical implement its service physical

source destination
 Services, Layering and Encapsulation
M
application application
Ht M
transport Transport-layer protocol transfers M (e.g., reliably) from transport
one process to another, using services of network layer

network Hn Ht M
network
Network-layer protocol transfers transport-layer segment
[Ht | M] from one host to another, using link layer services
link link
§ network-layer protocol encapsulates
transport-layer segment [Ht | M] with
physical network layer-layer header Hn to create a physical
network-layer datagram
source • Hn used by network layer protocol to destination
implement its service
 Services, Layering and Encapsulation
M
application application
Ht M
transport transport

network Hn Ht M
network
Network-layer protocol transfers transport-layer segment
[Ht | M] from one host to another, using link layer services
link Hl Hn Ht M link
Link-layer protocol transfers datagram [Hn| [Ht |M] from
host to neighboring host, using network-layer services
physical physical
§ link-layer protocol encapsulates network
datagram [Hn| [Ht |M], with link-layer header
source Hl to create a link-layer frame destination
 Services, Layering and Encapsulation
M
application M application
message
Ht M
transport Ht M transport
segment

network Hn Ht M Hn Ht M network
datagram
Hl Hn Ht M
link Hl Hn Ht M link
frame

physical physical

source destination
 message
source Encapsulation: an
M application
segment Ht M transport end-end view
datagram Hn Ht M network
frame Hl Hn Ht M link
physical
link
physical

switch

destination Hn Ht M network
Hl Hn Ht M link Hn Ht
M application M
Ht M transport physical
Hn Ht M network
Hl Hn Ht M link router
physical
Introduction COMPSCI 453 Computer Networks
Professor Jim Kurose
College of Information and Computer Sciences
University of Massachusetts
§ Overview. What is the Internet? What
is a protocol?
§ Network edge Class textbook:
Computer Networking: A Top-
§ Network core Down Approach (8th ed.)
J.F. Kurose, K.W. Ross

§ Performance: loss, delay, throughput Pearson, 2020

http://gaia.cs.umass.edu/kurose_ross

§ Protocol layers, service models

§ Security
§ History Video: 2020, J.F. Kurose, All Rights Reserved
Powerpoint: 1996-2020, J.F. Kurose, K.W. Ross, All Rights Reserved