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ASSESSMENT OF STUDENTS' PERCEPTION AND ATTITUDE TOWARDS SOLID

WASTE MANAGEMENT IN UNIVERSITY OF ABUJA

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 ASSESSMENT OF STUDENTS' PERCEPTION AND ATTITUDE TOWARDS
SOLID WASTE MANAGEMENT IN UNIVERSITY OF ABUJA

Enumah Amarachukwu, Abdullahi Mohammed Evuti*, Kamoru Adio Salam and Samuel Shamaye
Silas**
Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Abuja, Nigeria
**Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Calabar, Nigeria
*Corresponding Author: mohammed.evuti@uniabuja.edu.ng, evutimohd@yahoo.com

Abstract
This study assessed students' perception and attitude towards solid waste management in University of Abuja
Main Campus. A descriptive survey methodology was used to collect the data. This was done by direct
observation and use of structured and semi-structured questionnaire on students' views and ideas of waste
generation, collection, sorting and disposal. Eight (8) faculties consisting of Engineering, Medicine,
Agriculture, Science, Management Science, Law, Art, Veterinary Medicine and hostels (Male and Female) in
the University Main Campus were surveyed and a descriptive statistic was used for the data analysis.
Students' attitude on waste disposal showed that, 45.8% of the respondent dispose solid waste in waste bin,
18.7% dispose in dump site, 11.0% dispose in nearby gutter, 9.0% dispose in all of the options, 8.4% dispose
by the road side, 4.5% dispose in open space, while 2.6% dispose behind the department/faculty. Students'
perception on waste segregation showed that 3.9% of the respondent separated solid waste into two
components before disposing off, 0.7% separated into three components, 1.3% separated into four
components, 0% separated into five and six components while 94.2% responded that they do not separate
their solid waste before disposing off. In addition, 10.3% responded to positive solid waste sorting while
89.7% responded negative. In conclusion, there is low level of awareness and knowledge about solid waste
management by the students which certainly contributes to the challenges faced in waste management of the
University of Abuja Main campus.

Key words: Solid waste, management, students perception, attitude, University, Survey

1.0 Introduction growth which together add up to the challenges posed

Solid wastes are residual products of human
activities (domestic, commercial and industrial)
which have no value to the owners and are discarded
as waste (Enumah et al., 2020; Lilliana et al., 2013).
In the past, waste disposal did not pose difficulty as
vast land was available due to underutilization.
Today, waste disposal has become problematic due
to rapid creation of cities which are densely
populated with dwellers in pursuit of livelihoods
(Shafiul & Mansoor, 2003). As the population
densities in urbanized areas and per capita waste
generation increased, the available land for waste
disposal decreases proportionately.
According to the World Bank, 2012, estimates of
1999 between 0.7 and 1.8kg per capita of waste is
produced every day in developed countries' urban
areas and approximately 0.4 to 0.9 kg is produced in
the cities of developing countries. Waste generation
therefore tends to increase with an increase in
population (Abdullahi et al., 2012) and economic
by waste management not only to the environment
but also to public health (Tadesse et al., 2008). The
African Development Bank projects far worse
conditions if the trend of waste production is left
unchecked. Furthermore, it warns that there is a
possibility for the quantity of waste generation to
increase by approximately five times by the year
2025 (African Development Bank, 2002).
Solid waste management thus emerged as an
essential, specialized sector for keeping
environment, including higher institutions of
learning, healthy and habitable (Matete & Trois,
2008).
Solid waste management refers to source separation,
storage, collection, transportation and final disposal
of waste in an environmentally sustainable manner
(Burntley, 2007). Solid waste management provides
environmental health service, and hence forms an
integral part of basic urban services. Poor waste
management could adversely affect human health
(Scheinberg, 2010).

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 Abuja Journal of Pure and Applied Sciences Vol. 1, Issue 1

Waste generation and poor disposal attitude have 2.0 Materials and Methods
become more rampart over the past decades. These A descriptive survey research method where direct
problems have resulted into environmental observation and use of structured and semi-
degradation and resource depletion and lead to structured questionnaire and interview were used for
negative impact on public health (Diana & Saul, data collection. The student's views and ideas about
2018). waste generation, collection, disposal and
management from the university were obtained via
Human waste generation is unavoidable but can be
the use of questionnaires.
managed by proper handling, storage, collection,
The questionnaire contains 20 questions that focused
and disposal. Quality of the environment depends on
on knowledge of what component of waste are
the way waste is being managed (Bala and
generated, how they are sorted and segregated, how
Abdullahi, 2010; Starovoytova and Namango,
distance affects waste disposal, effective methods of
2018). However, the management of waste of a
collection and waste disposal, poor waste disposal
particular place depends on the perception and
methods, health impacts of poor waste disposals,
attitude of the dwellers and visitors (Mohammed et
environmental pollution from improper waste
al., 2017).
disposal and challenges associated with open dump
Perception according to Mohammed et al., (2017), is
sites among others.
the basic process through which human beings
Eight (8) faculties (Engineering, Medicine,
acquire knowledge of the world via our sense organs
Agriculture, Science, Management Science, Law,
which enable responses to external stimulation. Our
Art, Veterinary Medicine) and hostels (Male and
resources, knowledge, beliefs, values and norms
Female) in the university main campus were selected
influence our perceptions which can be created
due to the high population density and presence of
without experience and knowledge (Mohammed et
open waste dump site in the area. These selected
al., 2017).
areas were visited to grant the researcher the
Attitude as explained by Mohammed et al., (2017)
opportunity to find out how wastes are generated and
refers to obtaining a set of values and feelings of
disposed. Data collection occurred in the period of
concern for the environment and the motivation for
August to September 2018 where a hundred and
active participation in environmental improvement
fifty-five (155) questionnaires were administered to
and protection. Environmental attitude influences
one hundred and fifty-five (155) selected individuals
pro-environmental action if there is a provision of
through simple random sampling technique (cluster,
a good understanding of the set beliefs, interest and
purposive, stratified, systematic and accidental
rules towards environmental management are well
sampling technique).
perceived and practiced.
Data collection was done via face to face interview
University campus is a subset of a typical
with questionnaire containing both open-ended and
environment and hence University of Abuja Main
close-ended questions. The data collected was
campus was used as a case study to investigate the
analysed using Statistical Package for the Social
effect of students' perception on waste management.
Science (SPSS) version 22.0. The data collected was
University of Abuja main campus contains student
quantitatively summarised using median and
accommodation, teaching and research facilities,
interquartile range while categorical variables were
and other leisure activities. The University of Abuja
also summarised using frequencies and percentages.
main campus lacks efficient waste collection
Tables and charts were used to represent the results
techniques. This is further evidenced by the
obtained. Individual consent was obtained from the
increasing dumpsites and abandoned wastes and
respondents before administering the questionnaires.
deposit around different faculties, streets, market
and open places in hostel areas. Several approaches
such as engineering, economic, environmental, 3.0 Results and Discussion
scientific are commonly used to address waste Waste management study has been possible from the
disposal problems. It is therefore, interesting to use of several approaches such as engineering,
know the contribution of students' perception economic, environmental, scientific and
(behavioural approach) to waste disposal behavioural. However, this study seeks to explore the
management of the University (Enumah et al., behavioural perspective of students on how their
2020). management of waste is closely aligned to their

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 Abuja Journal of Pure and Applied Sciences
attitude and behaviour. The perception of individual
is influenced by past experience and present view
point, conditioned by values, moods, socials
situations and individual expectation (Kaoje et al.,
2015). Structured questionnaire was used to collect
organised data based on the perception and attitude
of the students towards solid waste management
(Lakshmi, 2018). The data collected was tabulated
and analysed.
3.1 Components of Solid Waste Generated
Within University of Abuja Main
Campus
Solid wastes here refer to all non-liquid waste
excluding excreta (Coker, et al., 2016). The
components of solid waste identified in University
of Abuja main campus comprised of papers;
plastics; metals; glass; food waste; e-waste and
others which conforms to findings of Tiew et al.
(2013). The results of the survey in Figure 1, showed
that 31.6% of the respondent indicated paper, 27.1%
indicated combination of solid waste, 16.1%
indicated food waste, 14.2% indicated plastics,
3.2% indicated e-waste, 2.6% indicated metals,
2.6% indicated cloth, 1.3% indicated glass, while
1.3% indicated wood. These results show that paper
waste is the most dominant component of solid
waste generated (31.6%) in the university of Abuja
main campus. This agrees with the result of
Starovoytova and Namango (2018), where he
established that, papers waste accounted for the
dominant component of solid waste in university
campuses. The prevalence of paper waste is as
result of academic activities such as examination,
seminar, quiz, letter, course forms, student files etc.
which are activities that usually occur in a
University environment.
Figure 1: Components of solid waste generated
within University of Abuja main campus
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Vol. 1, Issue 1
3.2 Students' Attitude Towards Solid Waste
Disposal
Waste disposal in an environmentally sustainable
manner is an important part of waste management
aside source separation, storage, collection and
transportation (Burntley, 2007). Figure 2, shows that
45.8% of the respondent dispose solid waste in waste
bin, 18.7% dispose in dump site, 11.0% dispose in
nearby gutter, 9.0% dispose solid waste in all of the
options, 8.4% dispose by the road side, 4.5% dispose
in open space, while 2.6% dispose behind the
department/faculty. This result is in agreement with
findings of Momoh and Oladebey (2010), on study
of solid waste disposal. In their study, they
established that disposal of solid waste includes
dumping of waste in gutters, drains, by roadside,
unauthorized dumping sites and stream channels
during raining season and burning of wastes on
unapproved dumping sites during the dry season.
The result also identified that waste collection bin is
the major method of waste collection in the
university of Abuja Main Campus as such most
students (45.8%) dispose their wastes in available
waste bins while the least (2.6%) dispose off their
waste at the back of departments or faculties as
shown in Figure 2. This indicates that University of
Abuja students' perception towards waste disposal is
good. In municipality, waste collection is majorly
via waste bins (Felix et al., 2012). However,
Strovoytova and Namango (2018) reported that
despite numbers of waste bin in campus, significant
amount of solid waste is still dumped in open space;
gutter and roadside. This according to them is as a
result of poor attitude towards waste management by
residents (students, workers and visitors) on campus.
This negative attitude can be attributed to social
cultural barriers to effective waste management
reported Strovoytova and Namango (2018). Al-
Khatib et al. (2009) attributed the indiscriminate
disposal of solid waste to the following cause: lack of
social-pressure to-prevent littering; absence of
realistic-penalties or consistent-enforcement; and
lack of knowledge of the-environmental-effects of
littering while McAllister, 2015, attributed the cause
to the number of available waste-collection-bins on
campus. Lack of knowledge on waste management
affects the attitude of students towards waste
disposal and has led to lack of usage of waste bins by
some students on campus (Ambrinet al., 2018).
35
 Abuja Journal of Pure and Applied Sciences
Figure 2: Solid waste disposal in University o
Abuja main campus
3.3 Students' Perception Towards Solid
Waste Segregation
Figure 3 shows the response of the students at
University of Abuja Main campus on solid waste
segregation. The result of the survey shows 3.9% of
the respondent agreed that solid waste is separated
into two components for disposal into the bin, 0.7%
agreed that solid waste is separated into three
components, 1.3% agreed that solid waste is
separated into four components, 0% agreed that
solid waste is separated into five and six components
while 94.2% agreed that solid waste is not separated
into components. The result suggested that residents
in the university of Abuja main campus have poor
knowledge of waste segregation before disposal as a
component of waste management. Ambrin et al.
(2018), established that the level of knowledge
affects people's attitude towards waste disposal. And
this is applicable to students as indicated in the result
of this study.
Our knowledge, resources, beliefs, values and norms
according to Mariwah et al. (2010) influence our
perception and this perception can be formed
without experience and knowledge of the persons
and can be influence by the environment these
persons find themselves and their orientations
(Strovoytova and Namango, 2018). However, from
Mariwah et al., 2010 and Strovoytova and Namango
(2018), it can be deduced in Figure 3 that the poor
knowledge of waste separation has an influence on
the perception of students and has greatly been
expressed from the attitude of the students on waste
separation before disposal.
Page
Vol. 1, Issue 1
Figure 3: Solid waste segregation in University
of Abuja Main Campus
3.4 Solid Waste Sorting
Solid waste sorting as shown in Figure 4, was
observed to be at a minimal level in University of
Abuja. 10.3% responded positively to solid waste
sorting while 89.7% responded negative. Felix et al.
(2012) reported that sorting of solid waste is a major
challenge in Africa as solid wastes are rarely or never
sorted from the point of generation. In their research,
they established that the lack of sorting was as a result
of lack of knowledge of waste sorting as 73.7% of
their respondents have no knowledge of waste
sorting in thirty questionnaires administered in
Ghana city. While Coker et al. (2016), in their
research on solid waste management practice at
Covenant University in Nigeria reported that sorting
of solid waste was carried out at dumpsite by
scavenger. According to report by Bernardo (2008)
in a research conducted in Manila, Philippians on
solid waste management, the survey showed that less
than 12% of household sort their waste before
disposal.
Figure 4: Response on solid waste sorting in
University of Abuja main campus
3.5 Management of solid waste generated in
University of Abuja Main Campus
Figure 5 shows the response on management of solid
waste generated within the university main campus.
36
 Abuja Journal of Pure and Applied Sciences
As can be seen in the figure 5, 83.3% of the
respondents agreed that the waste management
practice is by disposal to the dumpsite while 16.7%
of respondents are of the opinion that they have no
idea of what happens to the waste generated in
University of Abuja. Further investigation showed
that 75.0% of the respondent indicated that waste is
taking to Gwagwalada dumpsite once it is collected
from the university main campus while 25.5% of the
respondent indicated they have no idea of the final
destination of the waste. The results of the survey
showed that the dominant waste management
practice in the university is from generation to
dumpsite (Elmabrouk, 2009). However, the
responses show that there is need to carry out
extensive awareness programme on waste
management in the university as many of the
students are not well informed of the present
university's waste management system. This result
is in agreement with the research conducted by Rai
(2018) where he reported that waste management
practice in sub-urban region is from point of
collection to dumpsite, while World Bank, 2012,
noted that, 59% of waste in low-income country
goes to landfills, 13% goes to dumps and 0.02% is
recycled.
Figure 5: Response on management of solid waste
generated within the university main campus
4.0 Conclusion
The study focused on the students' perception and
attitude towards solid waste management on
University of Abuja Main Campus. From the study,
94.2%, 89.7% and 83.3% of the students responded
to have poor knowledge and awareness about solid
waste segregation, sorting and management
respectively. Therefore, it can be concluded that
there is low level of awareness and knowledge about
solid waste segregation, sorting and management as
Page
Vol. 1, Issue 1
reflected by the students' perception and attitude. The
students demonstrated insufficient knowledge about
solid waste management because their exposure to
activities inclined to environment was also
insufficient. However, there could be behavioural
adjustment that may occur due to attitudinal
transformation from sufficient and effective
awareness on waste management.
Acknowledgement
Our sincere appreciation to the students of
University of Abuja Main Campus for facilitating
data collection and being kind to participate.
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