Updated Ethics 2023 PDF

A Complete Solution to
ETHICS INTEGRITY & APTITUDE

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Jagarati Awasthi Satyam Gandhi Gaurav Budania

UPSC CSE 2020 UPSC CSE 2020 UPSC CSE 2020
AIR-02 AIR-10 AIR-13
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ETHICS, INTEGRITY & APTITUDE
Syllabus
This paper will include questions to test the candidates’ attitude and approach to issues relating to integrity,
probity in public life and his problem-solving approach to various issues and conflicts faced by him in dealing
with society. Questions may utilise the case study approach to determine these aspects. The following broad areas
will be covered.
1) Ethics and Human Interface: Essence, determinants and consequences of Ethics in human
actions; dimensions of ethics; ethics- in private and public relationships. Human Values-
lessons from the lives and teachings of great leaders, reformers and administrators; role of
Family, society and Educational institutions in inculcating values.
2) Attitude: Content, structure, function; its influence and relation with thought and behaviour;
moral and political attitudes; social influence and persuasion.
3) Aptitude and Foundational values for Civil services: Integrity, Impartiality and non-
partisanship, Objectivity, dedication to public service, empathy, tolerance and compassion
towards the weaker sections.
4) Emotional intelligence: Concepts and their utilities and application in administration and
governance.
5) Contribution of Moral Thinkers and philosophers from India and World.
6) Public/Civil service Values and Ethics in Public Administration: Status and problems; ethical
concerns and dilemmas in government and private institutions; laws, rules, regulations and
conscience as sources of ethical guidance; accountability and ethical governance; strengthening
of ethical and moral values in governance; ethical issues in international relations and corporate
governance.
7) Probity in Governance: Concept of public service; philosophical basis of governance and
probity; Information sharing and transparency in government, Right to Information, Code of
Ethics, Code of Conduct, Citizen’s Charter, work culture, Quality of service delivery,
Utilisation of Public funds, challenges of corruption
8) Case Studies on above issues
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CHAPTER NO CHAPTER NAME PAGE NO

1 ETHICS AND HUMAN INTERFACE 1
2 ATTITUDE 38
3 APTITUDE AND FOUNDATIONAL VALUES FOR CIVIL SERVICES 61
4 EMOTIONAL INTELLIGENCE 83
5 MORAL THINKERS & PHILOSOPHERS FROM INDIA & WORLD 96
6 PUBLIC/CIVIL SERVICE VALUES & ETHICS IN PUBLIC 123
ADMINISTRATION
7 PROBITY IN GOVERNANCE 149
1. Ethics and Human Interface

• Since time immemorial Ethics was practised by several personalities across the
ancient India such as Buddha’s Ashtanga Marga and Ashoka’s realisation after
Kalinga war. Pub. Admin
• But Ethics became more relevant after Industrial Revolution started when man
became greedy and started exploiting the nature, colonisation, imperialism and rich
becoming richer, poor becoming poorer, crime and discrimination started every
Philosophy Psychology
nook and corner of the society.
• As a civil servant, he has to gone through various critical circumstances in his
service. Therefore, it’s important to study Ethics and inculcate those values into
administration. It is not only helping him in decision making but also give him opportunity
to uplift the weaker sections of the society. ETHICS
Why Ethics?
To satisfy basic Improve decision

Create credibility Self realisation
need making
ETHICS:
Etymologically the term “Ethics” correspond to the Greek word “Ethos” which mean Character, Habit, Customs
or Way of behaviour, etc. Hence, Ethics, defined as Systematic study of human actions from the point of view of
their rightfulness or wrongfulness. Simply it’s “A set of principles which guides us what to do and what not
to do the way acceptable to the society.”
But what is acceptable to society and what is not acceptable to society?

What is right and what is wrong?
What is good conduct and what is bad conduct?
What Ethics is not about?

• Ethics is not morality
• Ethics is not religion.
• Ethics is not following the law
• Ethics is not following culturally accepted norms
• Ethics is not likes and dislikes
• Ethics is not beliefs
ESSENCE OF ETHICS:
Essence is the intrinsic quality of something that determines its character.
• Ethics originate from the sense of justice prevailing in a particular society.
• Ethics operates at different level like individual, organisation, socio-cultural, political and international.
Ethics at each level affect each other.
• Ethics are interrelated to each other. E.g. – honesty, truthfulness, integrity; values of equality and justice
cannot exist without tolerance etc
• Ethical behaviour leads to various benefits for an individual as well as the society at large. Ethics leads to
peace, harmony, respect, justice etc.
• Ethics preach a certain kind of behaviour to us. It tells us how should people behave.
• Ethics are abstract and subjective in nature i.e., they are affected by individual’s emotion and perception.
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• Ethics are determined in a social setting at a given point of time. A society’s history, culture, values etc.
determine ethical standards which may vary from society to society.
• Ethics is not an objective universal concept. Its understanding varies from time to time, person to person,
society to society.
• Ethical standards may transcend the narrow stipulations of law and code of regulations.
COMPONENTS OF ESSENCE OF ETHICS:

The basic components of essence of ethics are:
• Choices – Certain preferences and priorities makes us to decide what we
want. Such choices which we made reflects in our actions
• Actions – Choices in turn shown through our actions physically.
• Behaviour – It is the way we act or conducts ourselves. The behaviour in
which we exhibit influenced by choices we made and acts we did. If its ethical,
it called as ethical behaviour for example, treating others with respect or no
respect.
NEED OF ETHICS:
• To regulate social relationships
• Ethical values help in Growth and Development overall
• For self-satisfaction
• To live a happy life and meaningful
• Making a good citizen
• Man, as social animal by nature is so selfish and exploit others for his own benefit and satisfaction, therefore
to achieve greater good ethics are required.
CONSEQUENCES OF ETHICS:
Consequences for individual Consequences for society

• Happiness • Peace and harmony
• Positive outlook toward society • Good governance
• Elevated sense of being • Justice and inclusion
• Credibility • Equitable and inclusive development
• Accomplishment • Future generations:
• Acceptability and likeability: • Environment
• Interpersonal relations: • Healthy society
• Decision making • Faith
ETHICS IN INDIA AND SOURCES OF ETHICS:
Source Ethics
Historic Texts • Ashoka’s giving up war and spreading dharma
• Harshvardhan’s Charity and truthfulness
Ramayana & Mahabharat Ideal governance, consequences of bad intentions, Nishkam karma
Gandhi Ethics Non-Violence, Self-sustenance, swaraj, satyagraha, Courage of conviction,
sustainable development
Constitution Liberty, Equality and fraternity, secularism, justice etc.
Buddhist Ethics Four Nobel truths, middle path, non-violence
Jain Ethics Not harm to anyone including small creatures
Sikh Ethics Langar, brotherhood
Islamic Ethics Collectivism, code of conduct
Laws Laws lay down the basic framework for ethical action, and indicate the
guidelines for such action.
Society It plays a crucial role in laying down the norms for acceptable community
behaviour.
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Conscience Our inner conscience perhaps serves as the final point, where the actual
decision-making about what is ethical, and what is not, are eventually made.
Human values The determinants of ethics are often regarded as the universal human values
such as truthfulness, honesty, integrity, etc.
Constitutional Buddhist
values Ethics
Gandhi
Ethics
Jain Ethics
Ramaya
and Sikh Ethics
Mahabharth
Historic Ethics in Islamic

Texts India Ethics
DETERMINANTS OF ETHICS:
• Person: Depends on mental make-up of individual. It depends upon how the person has internalised
personal attitudes and values regarding ethical behaviour.
• Place: It refers to the external environment which includes family, school, etc. For example, as kids we we re
told by our parents and teachers to not to steal things. As we grow up we tend to carry such knowledge and
apply it to real world. Similarly, work place teaches us ethics of teamwork, punctuality, responsibility, etc.
• Time: Different individuals, societies and culture have different set of moral codes at different times. It was
once considered ethical to own a slave. But today such a practise is unethical.
• Object: It is unethical to lie despite any circumstances, purpose or intention. Telling a truth to intentionally
harm a person is also unethical as the intention of telling a truth is not pure.
• Circumstances: Stealing is unethical. But a poor person stealing to feed her children reduces unethically of
the act. Such situation ethics bring subjectivity as it often makes morality subjective.
• End purpose: To give donation to a poor person is good but if such donation is to lure poor person to do
something for you, then it becomes immoral.
• Culture: Culture has profound effect on shaping individual values. As western culture surrounds around
individualistic and Indian culture based on universalism.
• Role Models/Celebrities/Famous Personalities: The leadership or role models and celebrities of a society
or an organization or nation also helps to determine the conduct of their followers or admirers is ethical.
• Constitution: Constitution of various countries also is a way to establish moral disposition of their society.
• God & Religion: Every religion and god advocate universal peace and ethical practices. Religious textbooks
teach how one should behave in a society and how the society should be.
• Conscience & Intuition: A person who follows his conscience & Intuition feel that what is good is good
because it is good and what is bad is bad because it is bad. Intuition don’t need any justification while
following its actions. But conscience is justified based on his actions because of its moral nature and it has
reasoning and justification.
• Family: Family is the first interaction where a children personality develops since his birth. Today’s Children
are tomorrow’s citizens. Therefore, its utmost important that Family environment teaches what is ethically
correct.
Ethical Management and Management of Ethics:
ETHICS, VALUES AND MORALS:
Ethics Values Morals

Ethics are standards of human Values can be defined as qualities Morals are principles of right and
conduct that society adopts for that are instrumental to us. Values wrong held by an individual. Unlike
itself. Ethics are a set of dos and are benchmarks or standards on ethics, morals are standards of
don’ts that govern human conduct which the desirability of an action behaviour pertaining to an
in a social setting. can be measured. Values act as an individual and not social conduct.
internal compass which help a Morals arise from personal
person evaluate different choices experience, character, conscience
of conduct and behaviour. E.g. and so on. For instance,
honesty, integrity, empathy, Homosexuality might be moral
courage, dedication, compassion form individual’s perspective. But
etc. it might be unethical in a society’s
point of view.
BELIEF:
• A belief is most common term used to explain the behavioural component of a person. It is an internal feeling
that something is true, even though that belief may be unproven and irrational.
• E.g. My belief is that god plays important role in success and achievements in life.
• E.g. Gandhiji believed that swaraj can be attained within one year of launching non-cooperation movement.
• Belief can be peripheral (weak) and core (strong). Beliefs which are formed by direct interaction are
generally strong.
• Belief is also referred as cognition.
Essence of Ethics in Human Actions:

• Essence of ethics in human actions refers to the influence of ethical values in human conduct. Ethics is a
set of standards that society places on itself and which helps guide behaviour, choices and actions.
• What kind of conduct a person follows reflects in his
actions. Either he wants to follow good ones which will
make him a good human being or he wants to follow the
bad one that will cause only harm to him as well as to Ethical Behaviour
the society.
• But standards alone don’t ensure ethical behaviour
which requires a robust culture of integrity. The crux of Adoption in actions Sanactions against
ethical behaviour does not lie only in standards, but in their viloations
their adoption in action and in sanctions against their
violations.
• Deciding between Good and Bad is not easy. Our Course of action decides which is good and bad. Because
good is not always pleasurable but bad always attracts us which is by nature easy thing to do.
Examples:
4
• Habituating to smoking is easy but Quitting smoke is very much hard to achieve. By smoking, we get
pleasure but quitting smoke requires we need self-determination.
• Therefore, our Course of action decides our Ethical conduct. The underlying principles to decide whether
it is ethical or not decided by factors like larger public good, conservation and sustainable development.
CONSEQUENCES OF ETHICS IN HUMAN ACTIONS

Consequences of Ethics means consequences of human actions which are guided by ethical practices. This
means, if there is an action then definitely there is a reaction so being ethical will bring you good consequences
like awards, rewards, appreciation etc but it will also bring bad consequences like transfers at work place,
societal stigma, fear of harm to family members etc.
• 20 year old girl, Rukhsana Kausar, from the Kashmir won the Indian National Bravery
Examples: Award for the killing of Terrorist.
• IAS officer Ashok Khemka transferred more than 50 times just because he is honest civil
servant.
Consequential Ethics – where an act can be considered as good if it’s able to produce positive results.
At Individual level it will builds self-confidence, courage of conviction, trust and

credibility.
Examples:
• Court ruled out accusation charges against Ex Chairperson of ISRO Madhavan Nair
At Individual and also asked govt to pay compensation for his mental suffer.
level • Edward Snowdon’s leaking of highly classified CIA personal data monitoring across
the world
• Wiki leaks founder Julian Assange’s home arrest by Leaking US army’s intelligence
mischief.
At organisational Level, its brand quality improves, creates trusts among people. But
whistle blowers may face life threat for leaking mischief happening in the organisation
At organisational Examples:
Level • Election Commission of India – Even after seven decades it conducting elections
free and fair manner. People and political parties posed tremendous faith on ECI for
conducting elections
• TATAs known for their social service. Its brand never become as history even after
independence.
• Recent Infosys whistle-blower’s letter to SEBI regarding mischief happening in
management salary structure. Such an organisation protects such whistle blowers.
At societal level, it creates social capital, communal harmony, absence of greed,
At societal level distributive justice.
Examples:
• Bhutan is one the happiest nation across the countries because they measure wealth
in terms of Gross National Happiness
CONSEQUENCES OF LOSS OF ETHICS:

Ethics plays and instrumental role in human life and society. Ethics helps in arriving at decisions more quickly as
it assist making choices. It reveals the value dimension of a decision that would otherwise seems value free.
However, loss of ethics could cause following consequences:
Dimension Consequences
Individual level Petty crimes, domestic violence, urinating and spitting on public spaces, abusive
and filthy language, crime against aged, jumping rad light.
Social level Corruption, Rise in crime rate, acknowledging goons and mafias, joint family,
parent’s respect, drug addiction, regionalism, castes.
Organisational level Nepotism, Corruption, rise in inequalities, loss of trust, decrease in efficiency,
economy and effectiveness, destruction of work culture, loss of trust in the
administration, lawlessness.
Political level Hung parliament, corruption, criminalisation of politics, Coalition govt.
International level Trust deficit, frictions, disputes, unhealthy competition, damage to the
environment and unsustainable development, disregard to international
conventions and laws.
Bioethical level Abortion, animal rights, cloning, artificial intelligence, consent, confidentiality, GM
organisms, Suicide.
Environmental level Loss of flora and fauna, unsustainable development, polluter shall pay principle is
diminishing, increase in pollution levels, disregard to Common But Differentiated
Responsibility (CBDR)
VALUE SYSTEM:
• Since human born, he will undergo several stages of personality development. The basic pillar on which
his Behaviour depends on the Values he adopted in his life cycle.
• A strong value system defines character and character allow him to follow specific code of conduct. Such
conduct finally turns into Behaviour. Therefore, a strong value system makes a person stronger either they
are good values or bad values.
“Values are defined as a set of standards of Human Conduct which are important for humans based on
human preferences, beliefs & Knowledge “
Core
Emotions Values
Belief
Core Values • Universal across the time and space

• Examples: Love, self-lessness, Compassion
Peripheral values • Changes with time and space
• Examples: Truthfulness, Impartiality
“All Ethics Are Values. All Values Are Not Ethics”
Example:
Bad Values Good Values

• Believe in Patriarchy and women subordinate to • Kindness
men • Respecting elders, women
• Generation “Ok boomer”, who believe in Climate • Protecting Environment
change is a myth • Honesty
• Killing of animals • Tolerance
• Corruption
• Opaqueness in a Govt organisation
Personal Values vs. Social Values
Personal Values Social Values

• Important for individual wellbeing. • Important for other people’s wellbeing.
• Examples: self-respect, comfortable life, freedom • Examples: equality, social justice, national
etc. security, world peace etc.
A positive and fulfilling life requires a coordinated and balanced pursuit of both self-serving and other serving
values.
Different Types of Values:

We are having different types of value system based on where they are applicable according to the time and
space.
Strong Values: No change in his value system . Not subjected to others influence
Weak Values: Frequent change and subject to influence by others
Universal Values: Does not changes Time& Space they are Universal in nature
Time specific Changes according to time & Space
Values:
Individual Values: Follow according to his conscience
Social Values: Untouchability, Child Marriage, Gender equality, Social Justice etc
Economic Values: Fair in Trade, Economic Justice, Adulteration, Crony capitalism etc
Ethical Values: Honesty, Truthful, Integrity etc
Political Values: Public Service, Democracy, Rights etc
• Tolerance
Indian values • Atithi devo bhava
• Universal Brotherhood
• Non-Violence
• Vasudhaivaa kutumbakam
• Living with Nature etc
• Liberal
Western Values • Individualism
• Egalitarian society
• Materialism
• Privacy etc
• Universalism
• Benevolence
• Compassion
Universal Values • Empathy
• Self-Sustenance
• Sustainable Development
• Universal Brotherhood
• Service to Mother earth and Humanity
• Selflessness
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Source to the Universal Values:

• Universal Values derived from Primary laws that is Nature
• Vedas and other religious scriptures Talk about primary laws which are always universal.
• Example: Selflessness
Knowledge and wealth always beneficial to the people so if we hit a tree with stone it will give fruits instead of
hitting us back. Universal values are primary, unconditional & self-lessness. Service based on complete
Compassion and Love.
Relative Values: Relative values are -
• Depends on time and space
• Secondary values
• Subject to change
Examples:
1. Untouchability & Slavery was considered as upper-class
value but its abolished over a period of time
2. Child marriages was banned which were considered earlier
customary practice
3. Dowry system
4. Sea voyage was a sin to Hindus but its misconception was
removed by Raja Rammohan Roy after travelling to England
through sea route.
Values can also be classified as:

1) Terminal Values: related to an ultimate goal or end of a
person
2) Instrumental Values: related to means of achieving the
desired outcome or an end
Terminal Values Instrumental Values

• Beauty • Ambitious, Hardworking and aspiring
• Equality • Broad and open minded
• Family Security • Courageous
• Freedom • Honesty
• Inner harmony • Self-Control
• Self-Respect • Obedience
• Wisdom • Intelligent and reflective
• True friendship • Politeness
• National Security • Forgiveness
• Salvation • Helpful and welfare oriented
• Sense of accomplishment • Cheerful, light hearted and joyful
• Competence and effectiveness
ETHICS (What Is Right?) Vs VALUES (What Is Important?)
ETHICS VALUES
Set of principles which are accepted by the society Values are nothing but Choices of Individuals
Macro in Nature Micro in Nature
Basically, at societal level Individual level
It can be only good choices made by individuals It can be either good or bad
ATTITUDES:
• Attitudes are views, beliefs, or evaluations of people about something (the object). The attitude object can be
a person, place, thing, ideology, or an event. Attitudes can be positive or negative.
• E.g.: I hate men with long hair. In this example, the person is having a negative attitude towards men who
grow long hair.
• Both Attitudes and Values are the beliefs (views) of a person. However, attitude is the belief (views) of a
person towards ‘something’. Examples: I hate snakes, I don’t like big cars.
• Thus you can see that attitude is all about whether you like or dislike something.
• Value is also a belief (about what is important), but it’s not towards anything.
• Value can exist in itself.
• Then how is attitude connected with value? Attitude is the view of a person regarding a value.
Attitudes vs. Values
Attitudes Values
What do you like / dislike? What is important for you?
Derives from Beliefs Derives from Beliefs
E.g. They like honest people E.g. They value honesty
MORALS:
• Ethics, Morals and Values often use interchange. Morals are part ethics based on concept of goodness.
• Here Bad part of ethics excluded. Morality is standards of individuals for right and wrong. Derived from Latin
word ‘Moralitus’ which means character.
• Examples: Being Honest, Transparency, Fair choice to everyone in recruitment exam etc
Private Morality Public Morality Political Morality

This is called Inter personal Inter group Morality Morality among rulers
Morality
Obligations to our children, spouse, Harmony between differentPolitical morality specifying what
parents, teachers and relatives religious-philosophical groups rulers and the ruled owe one
generated by the exercise of self-
another and also subjects owe
restraint obedience to their king. But the
ruler too owed something to his
subjects to ensure the good of all
Here Morality is guided by As there is no personal Values such as political freedom,
unarticulated emotions among attachments, Individual goals and solidarity, shared traditions and
members of family self-interest guides morality. There cultural heritage guides morality
is no commonly held ethic either. as citizens are subjects of political
state.
We have a duty towards those Neither hate speech nor speech The core of political morality is a
under our special care, including glorifying oneself was acceptable as commitment to justice, to
the aged, ‘servants’, animals and, part of public morality impartiality.
occasionally, strangers.
We can’t completely escape from Some degree of partiality exists We have to overcome our loyalty
being impartial because obligation to blood relations, not pursue only
towards our personal relationships our private interests, and commit
instead to using power grounded
in shared principles and complete
impartiality and no
discrimination
One’s private life automatically Public morality transforms to elect Political morality need not be
guarantees high moral stature in morally correct leaders shown private morality after
political life. assuming the power
CONSTITUTIONAL MORALITY
• Constitutional morality is substantive content of the constitution in the form of Ethical Ideas that underlines
formal provisions.
• Justice, liberty, equality, fraternity, can be taken as elements of modern constitutional morality.
• According to the Ambedkar, constitution could be at best provides a legal framework, a necessary but not
sufficient condition for such a transformation.
• To be effective, constitutional laws have to be rest upon substratum of Constitutional morality. It is not
a natural sentiments but has to be cultivated.
• Constitutional morality:
o Enhances values like liberty, equality and fraternity
o Secularism i.e., respect for plurality
o Political, social and economic justice
o Open culture of dissent and constructive criticism
o Tolerance, restraint and mutual accommodation in public life
o Respect for formally prescribed rules and procedures
o Constitutional morality is the basis for which any statutory acts should be made.
VOICE OF CONSCIENCE
• It’s part of sub conscious state that which instructs us to act in a particular way. Power to think decisions
about value system. Here Ends have given more importance than means.
• Voice of Conscience is our ability to make a practical decision in light of ethical values and principles.
• Voice of Conscience is a person's moral compass of right and wrong as well as the consciousness of one's
actions. It is the small voice from inside and also voice of god. But usually, we don’t pay heed to such voice so
we end up taking wrong decisions.
• Man loses his state of mind and for moment he will act and later realisation happen with punishment. Lot of
criminal cases happens when a person loses his state of mind and don’t listen to his Voice of Conscience.
• Examples:
o When we have to choose between family or organisation in a case involved from your family, it is the
conscience guides you what decision you have to take.
o When appointing Vivekananda as chief disciple of Ramakrishna paramahamsa he asked to steal rice
from home with condition of nobody watching but Vivekananda replied that, “his inner conscience
always watching himself”.
o Famous business woman and her husband Indrani Mukherjee killed her own daughter. In this world
only snakes kill their own babies where their inner conscience became blind.
COURAGE OF CONVICTION
It means you will do what you believe and have that courage to accept what you believe. If you have
the courage of your convictions, you have the confidence to do what you believe is right, even though other
people may not agree or approve.
Examples:
• Gandhiji fought against discrimination happened to Indians and blacks in South Africa
• Raja Rammohan Roy fought against sati abolition
• Ishwar Chandra Vidya Sagar fought against child marriages and supported widow remarriage
CRISIS OF CONSCIENCE
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• It is a situation in which it is very difficult to decide what

is the right thing to do. It’s one of the ethical dilemmas Aristotle’s Golden Mean Principle:
but in strong sense. Moral behaviour is the mean between two
• Example: To withdraw Non-cooperation movement extremes - at one end is excess, at the other
Gandhiji underwent such situation. If withdraws the deficiency. Find a optimum position
movement he will face backlash from fellow leaders and between those two extremes, and you will
if it was not withdrawn it will lead to more violent nature. be acting morally.
But he followed what he believed and subsequently
withdrawn.
ETHICS Vs MORALS
ETHICS MORALS
• Ethics are standards of human conduct that • These are principles of right and wrong held by an
society adopts for itself. individual.
• Ethics are a set of dos and don’ts that govern • Self-regulation in a personal life
human conduct in a social setting.
• Ethics is the standards of “good and bad” • Morality as something that’s personal and normative
distinguished by a certain community or social
setting.
• ethics is the term used in conjunction • Moral connotation linked theology and spirituality
with business, medicine, or law
• Uniform across the cultures • Vary person to person and culture to culture
• Examples: Ethically adultery is wrong • But at personal level you may either support to
adultery or you feel it’s wrong.
Relationship Values Examples

Ethical & Moral Selflessness & Integrity Helping to downtrodden section of people or
any act which is in consistency between moral
and ethics
Ethical but not moral Neo-liberal values like freedom Live-in relationship moral to youngsters but
and liberty not acceptable to older generations. Another
example is Home sexuality
Moral but not ethical Selfishness, cultural values War
ETHICS Vs LAW
ETHICS LAW
Ethics means the science of a standard human The law is defined as the systematic body of rules that
conduct. governs the whole society and the actions of its
individual members
Ethics comprises of guidelines and principles that The law consists of a set of rules and regulations
inform people about how to live or how to behave in
a particular situation.
Ethics are governed by an individual, legal or The law is created by the Government, which may be
professional norm, i.e., workplace ethics, local, regional, national or international
environmental ethics and so on.
It cannot be found in written form. The law is expressed in the constitution in a written
form or statute books
It is internal – Intrinsic It is externally driven – Extrinsic
Breach or violation may not result in immediate The breach of law may result in punishment or penalty,
punishment. or both
Ethically acceptable can also be acceptable to the law Legally acceptable need not be Ethical
Ethics has no such binding on the people Legally binding
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Ethics that are the code of conduct that helps a The objective of the law is to maintain social order and
person to decide what is right or wrong and how to peace within the nation and protection to all the
act. citizens.
APPROACHES TO ETHICS
• Every day we come across several ethical and moral dilemmas in our daily
life. Dealing with these moral issues is often perplexing. How, should we think
through an ethical issue?
• What questions should we ask? What factors should we consider? Therefore,
Ethics(E)
to solve an ethical dilemma the first step in analyzing moral issues is to get
the facts.
• But having the facts is not enough. Facts by themselves only tell us what is;
they do not tell us what ought to be. In addition to getting the facts, resolving
an ethical issue also requires an appeal to values. Philosophers have
Morality(M) Law(L)
developed five different approaches to values to deal with moral issues. They
are:
1. Utilitarian approach
2. Rights approach
3. Justice approach
4. Common good approach
5. Virtue approach
1. Utilitarian Approach
• Utilitarianism was conceived in the 19th century by Jeremy Bentham and John Stuart Mill to help
legislators determine which laws were morally best. Both Bentham and Mill suggested that ethical actions
are those that provide the greatest balance of good over evil. To analyze an issue using the utilitarian
approach,
1) First identify the various courses of action available to us.
2) Second, we ask who will be affected by each action and what benefits or harms will be derived from each.
3) Third, we choose the action that will produce the greatest benefits to the greatest no of peoples with the
least harm.
“The ethical action is the one that provides the greatest good for the greatest number.”
2. Rights Approach
• Proposed by Immanuel Kant and similar thought of philosophers, who focused on the individual's right to
choose for herself or himself. According to this school of philosophers, what makes “human beings different
from mere things is that people have dignity based on their ability to choose freely what they will do with
their lives, and they have a fundamental moral right to have these choices respected”.
• In deciding whether an action is moral or immoral using this approach:
1) Does the action respect the moral rights of everyone?
2) Actions are wrong to the extent that they violate the rights of individuals
3) The more serious the violation, the more wrongful the action.
People are not objects to be manipulated. It is a violation of human dignity to use people in ways they do not
freely choose. Some of the examples of individual rights are right to privacy, right to truthful, right to not be harm
by anyone.
3. The Fairness or Justice Approach

• The fairness or justice approach to ethics has its roots in the teachings of the ancient Greek philosopher
Aristotle, who said that "equals should be treated equally and unequal unequally."
• The basic moral question in this approach is:
1) How fair is an action?
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2) Does it treat everyone in the same way, or does it show favouritism and discrimination?
• Favouritism gives benefits to some people without a justifiable reason for singling them out; discrimination
imposes burdens on people who are no different from those on whom burdens are not imposed. Both
favouritism and discrimination are unjust and wrong.
4. The Common-Good Approach

• This approach to ethics assumes a society comprising individuals whose own good is linked to the good of
the community. Community members are bound by the pursuit of common values and goals.
• The common good is a notion that originated more than 2,000 years ago in the writings of Plato, Aristotle,
and Cicero. More recently, contemporary ethicist John Rawls defined the “common good as certain general
conditions that are equally to everyone's advantage." In this approach, we focus on ensuring that the
social policies, social systems, institutions, and environments on which we depend are beneficial to all.
• Examples of goods common to all include affordable health care, effective public safety, peace among
nations, a just legal system, and an unpolluted environment.
5. The Virtue Approach

• There is another kind of approach apart from above four, The virtue approach. In this approach, certain ideals
strive towards full development of our humanity. These ideals are discovered through thoughtful
reflection on what kind of people we have the potential to become.
o Virtues are attitudes or character traits that enable us to be and to act in ways that develop our highest
potential.
o They enable us to pursue the ideals we have adopted.
o Honesty, courage, compassion, generosity, fidelity, integrity, fairness, self-control, and prudence are all
examples of virtues.
o Virtues are like habits - that is, once acquired, they become characteristic of a person.
o Moreover, a person who has developed virtues will be naturally disposed to act in ways consistent with
moral principles. The virtuous person is the ethical person.
• In dealing with an ethical problem using the virtue approach, we might ask:
o What kind of person should I be?
o What will promote the development of character within myself and my community?
Ethical Problem solving using above approaches:

• Using the above five approaches, once we have ascertained the facts, we should ask ourselves five questions
when trying to resolve a moral issue:
1. What benefits and what harms will each course of action produce, and which alternative will lead to the
best overall consequences?
2. What moral rights do the affected parties have, and which course of action best respects those rights?
3. Which course of action treats everyone the same, except where there is a morally justifiable reason not
to, and does not show favouritism or discrimination?
4. Which course of action advances the common good?
5. Which course of action develops moral virtues?
• This method, of course, does not provide an automatic solution to moral problems. It is not meant to. The
method is merely meant to help identify most of the important ethical considerations. In the end, we must
deliberate on moral issues for ourselves, keeping a careful eye on both the facts and on the ethical
considerations involved.
Challenges to Ethics :
Although value conflicts occur in manifold areas and at all levels of the public service, there are specific challenges
to current public service values which are considered here. They arise in the context of:
• New modes of governance
• Market-based reforms
• Politicisation
• Agencification
• Decentralisation/relocation
• Changes in HRM and recruitment
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• Information and Communication Technology

• Red Tapism
BRANCHES OF ETHICS
Branch of Ethics Description
Meta Ethics • This branch seeks to understand the nature of ethical properties and judgments
such as if truth values can be found and the theory behind moral principles.
• Determines validity of theories advanced in normative ethics branch. Its described
by thinkers as study & origin of meanings of ethical concepts.
Normative • Focuses on what is right things to do? Also called as prescriptive ethics. It is study
(Prescriptive) of ethical acts.
Ethics • The largest branch, it deals with how individuals can figure out the correct moral
action that they should take. Philosophers such as Socrates and John Stuart Mill
are included in this branch of ethics.
Descriptive Ethics • Kohlberg’s moral education explains this kind of ethics. Studies history and
development of ethics.
• This branch is more scientific in its approach and focuses on how human beings
actually operate in the real world, rather than attempt to theorize about how they
should operate.
Applied Ethics • Analyses the application of ethical issues.
• This is the study of applying theories from philosophers regarding ethics in
everyday life. This uses application of moral knowledge to practical problems and
uses philosophical methods to identify the morally correct course of action in
various fields of human life.
Consequentialism Ethics:
Consequentialism is based result-based ethics. It gives us this guidance when faced with a moral dilemma. It is
based on two principles:
o Whether an act is right or wrong depends only on the results of that act
o The more good it produces, it treated as a good act
Different forms of consequentialism are:

1) Utilitarianism states that people should maximise human welfare or well-being (which they used to call
'utility' - hence the name).
2) Hedonism states that people should maximise human pleasure.
3) Other forms of consequentialism take a more subtle approach- for example stating that people should
maximise the satisfaction of their fully informed and rational preferences.
DIMENSIONS AND TYPES OF ETHICS:

Ethics can be classified into different categories based on its Nature and area of application.
• Depends on its Nature (Theoretical Dimensions):
1) Deontological Ethics - Both Means & End important
2) Teleological Ethics - End is the only Important means are not important
• Depends of Area of Application (Applied Dimension):

1) Personal Ethics -Kind, Truthful, Donations from his earnings etc.
2) Societal Ethics - Respect to each weaker sections, Social service, Social Responsibility etc
3) Administrative Ethics - Honesty, Integrity, Transparent, Attitude and Aptitude etc
4) Media Ethics
5) Ethics Of Journalism
6) Corporate Ethics – trusteeship etc.
7) Business Ethics
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8) Bio-Ethics
9) Environmental Ethics - Sustainable development, Conservation, Resource efficiency etc.
10) Medical Ethics - Treat every patients without discrimination, Service to Humanity etc.
11) Professional Ethics - Business Ethics, Corporate governance, Safe work place for women, Equal
opportunities in the Organisation etc.
DEONTOLOGICAL ETHICS
• Derived from the word “Deont” means duty. The MEANS or instruments adopted to achieve outcome is very
much important along with the desired END. Both MEANS and ENDS both should be good.
• Thinkers like Gandhiji, Vivekananda, Kant, Nehru Comes under this category.
• Example: Gandhiji’s recalling of Non-cooperation movement is example of Deontological Ethics. After the
Chauri chaura incident he called off the movement before it gets more violent. Gandhiji always believed in
Non-Violence.
TELEOLOGICAL ETHICS
• Derived from the Greek philosophy. Telos means Ends/Goals. According to this school of thought if the
outcome is good then the actions followed to reach that goal or objectives or ends are also considered as good
actions.
• Thinkers like Epicurus, Thomas Aquinas, Aristotle, Thomas Hobbes, JS Mill and Bentham’s Utilitarian
principle, Karl Marx etc who are considers ends are more important than means.
• Example: Robbin Hood – He Plunders the food and distributes it to poor.
ENVIRONMENTAL ETHICS
• Since Ancient times Indians started living with Nature. We respect the
rights of the animal species and plant species. But after the Industrial
revolution and LPG era India entered into POLLUTERS CLUB having
members include USA, China, EU.
• Emergence of New concept “Anthropocentrism”, is the belief that
HUMAN BEING is the most important entity of this Universe. Then humans
started exploited the nature and disturbing the Natural cycle.
• We are heading towards SIXTH MASS EXTINCTION. India took several
Initiatives to protect our Environment like enacting acts like Wild life
Protection Act, Environmental Protection Act etc, setup National Green
Tribunal (NGT), to protect endangered species took initiatives like Project
Tiger, Project Elephant, ZSI Red data book etc. Even Judiciary too time to
time interfering where Environment is at stake.
• Examples: Uttarakhand High Court declared River Ganga as
living entity where it has equal rights along with Human beings. Thomas Aquinas: If there is a
Conflict between Primary laws
Some of the noted Initiatives across the Globe are India’s pledge (Natural Laws) and Secondary laws
towards going green with Renewable Energy, Friday for Future, EU (Manmade), We shall always
net zero carbon emissions by 2050 etc. Therefore, Sustainable prioritize Primary laws.
Development and Environmental Justice is the way forward.
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Chritsian
stewardship
Consequentialistic
Nature
Mangement
Anthropocentric
Kentensian
Deontologic
Rawlesian
Environmental
Ethics
Animal
Protection
Consequentialistic
Biocentric
Non- individulism
Anthropocentric
Animal rights
Deontologic
Biocentric
Holism
Approaches to Environmental Ethics:

To solve ethical problem in solving environmental ethics we should adopt a liberal, conservative and
ecological approach which means we should promote development while conserving the other species and
didn’t harm to ecological balance.
Economic Development Vs Environmental Conservation

Hence, Ethical values help in Growth and Development overall. But the question here is, whether we should limit
to just Economic Growth or Overall Sustainable Development? Growth is important for a country like India but
without sustainable development that growth can never be an Inclusive growth. While giving more importance
to Ethical& social values but at the same time we give equal importance to economic values. Capitalism is not bad
but never let crony capitalism rule the country.
Growth Sustainable Development

Value Neutral Value Centric
Quantitative Qualitative
Either Positive or Negative Always Positive
Social Attitude and Behaviour plays very minimum Social Behaviour plays an important role
role
E.g.: GDP growth or Indian per capita increase etc E.g.: Open Defecation free by 2022 and Success of
Swachh Bharat Mission.
Ecological Environmental
Liberal Conservation
balance Ethics
MEDICAL ETHICS
Pillars and Principles to be followed in Medical Ethics:
• Autonomy
• Beneficence, act of charity, mercy and Kindness
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• Confidentiality
• Non – Maleficence/ Do no harm
• Equity/Justice
• Dignity
• Service oriented
• Examples: Padmashri Award 2019 winner Dr. Ravindra and his wife Dr. Smita who dedicated their entire
life to serving to the rural people who don’t have access to medical facilities and there is no proper
infrastructure. With minimum equipment they learnt basic surgeries.
BIOETHICS
Bioethics is commonly understood to refer to the ethical implications and applications of the health-related
life sciences. Components of bioethics are:
• Genetics:
o Much of medicine today is about genetics, whether for disease prevention, diagnosis, treatment, or
reproductive decision-making.
o Emerging genetic technologies and knowledge generate numerous value conflicts. Consequently,
bioethicists ask what is ethically appropriate if individuals have a mutation for a serious and now
untreatable genetic disorder.
• Ethics in Clinical trials:
o Clinical trials are research studies performed in people that are aimed at evaluating a medical, surgical
or behavioural intervention. Patients who are involved in clinical trials are not used as a means to an end.
o Clinical ethics is a practical discipline that aims to resolve ethical questions or disagreements that emerge
in the practice of health care. Clinical ethicists work to identify, analyse, and resolve value conflicts that
arise when providers, patients, families, surrogates, and other stakeholders disagree or are uncertain
about the ethically best course of action.
o For example, patients or their surrogates may refuse recommended treatments or demand non-beneficial
treatments, which puts their requests at odds with providers’ medical judgment.
o Clinical ethicists help to identify and clarify ethical questions, find ethically acceptable courses of action,
encourage honest and respectful communication between all parties, and recommend ethically
acceptable solutions for the case at hand.
o Clinical ethics also works to improve institutional responses to ethical dilemmas through education and
policy formation.
Ethical Issues Involved:

• Protection of Trail subjects
• Prior informed consent
• Quality of data
• Regulation and Monitoring the trail
• Compliance with Trial protocol
• Professional Competence
• Accountability and Transparency
• Privacy & Confidentiality
• It should be voluntary
• Useful for advancement of society but not for profits
Rights Of Participants:
• Right to prior consent
• Access to information
• Privacy
• Post trail access to remedy
• Compensation for side effects if trail fails
Contemporary Ethical Issues Involved In Bioethics Are:

• Privacy and Confidentiality
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• Cyber-attacks against medical devices

• Bio hackers
• With growing level of technology treating, one’s own disease with the help of internet and machines
• Accessibility of quality treatment
• Bio terrorism
• Sexuality becoming technological where physical relations at stake
Examples:
• COVID-19 vaccine volunteer sued 100cr against serum institute, Pune for making him ill in the trail
• A scientist in China using CRISPER technologies to edit baby human genome for desired characters.
ETHICS IN RELIGION
• Ethics are part of every religion but can a person be ethical
without religious? This is a long-standing debate. Central aspect God as a basic requirement of ETHICS
of ethics is “good life”. Greeks called it is a happiness. The - Immanuel Kant
ancient Greeks believed happiness was brought about by living
one’s life in accordance with virtue – positive traits of character.
• Virtue in the highest sense, in an adult who has been brought up well, will not just involve good personal
habits such as courage and temperance, but also friendship and justice and intellectual virtue. The essence of
virtue is in the wholeness of the person brought about by integrity.
If religion has a role in moral decision-making, then what should be that role?
• For many individuals, their religion is a centrally defining characteristic of who they are, such that they would
be nearly incapable of making ethical decisions independently of their religious beliefs.
• Further, some of our most basic moral sentiments are directly connected to religious ideology.
• Examples:
o Most people agree that things like murder and adultery are always wrong, regardless of
circumstances. Most major world religions echo these sentiments
o In some of the catholic countries it is illegal to abortion
• The link between religion and morality is best illustrated by the Golden Rule: “Do unto others as you would
wish them do unto you”. In other words, we should treat others the way we would want to be treated. This
is the basic ethic that guides all religions. If we do so, happiness will ensue.
ETHICS IN TECHNOLOGY & INNOVATION

• Ethics in Technology and Innovation becomes the important area of study due to
advancement in science and technology. With the growing innovations like
automation, data management, artificial innovations, gene editing etc poses huge
challenges to the ethical practices.
• Some of the recent incidents where technology misused are:
1) Cambridge Analytica – Voters social media profiles scanned to observe their
voting behaviour
2) Tech giants Google & Facebook – Pro govt sand elected hate speech content
removal
3) Automation and artificial intelligence able to control humans in future
4) Gene editing technologies
ETHICS IN AI
• Humans have something called “a moral compass”. It is an area of our cognition (mental processes of
gaining knowledge and understanding) which tells right from wrong. When you see an injustice, your
brain tells you something is not right.
• The standards of your moral compass strongly depend on your upbringing and environment. This 'moral
compass' and environment is also what companies build their ethics on, i.e., to decide what is right and
what is wrong.
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• AI is a technology that could affect public values, human rights or public decision-making and hence there is
a strong need for ethics here. In the same way that parents raise a child, companies must teach and test their
AI systems to learn, communicate, make unbiased decisions and comply with norms and regulatio ns.
Artificial Intelligence is a very vast field, and today most of the AI code developed across the world falls
under the bucket of Artificial Narrow Intelligence (ANI). There should not be any pre-existing bias in the
data that is collected from the real-world.
• Examples:
o Gender bias - when you search for 'Doctor' on a search website, the results for Doctor images might
mostly come up as 'male'. Whereas for 'Nurse' most results would be 'female'. This shows inherent bias
in the search results.
o AI model for face recognition identifies a person as a criminal incorrectly - this will lead to a loss of that
person’s reputation and false criminal charges against the person
Pillars of Ethical AI:
• AI Systems should be built such that they are fair and inclusive for all. Impartial behavior of AI model
without any discrimination should be our goal. Unfair models can create improper outcomes, for example,
the AI model for face recognition identifies a person as a criminal incorrectly - this will lead to a loss of that
person’s reputation and false criminal charges against the person. Unfair models can injure people, damage
reputations and become legal liabilities. The consequences of biased AI systems could be an injustice at a
large scale.
• AI models are highly susceptible to all sorts of attacks, including many based on adversarial AI methods.
In these methods, adversaries exploit AI models for potential gain, in most cases, by predicting the decisions
machine learning models will make and then manipulating subsequent sets of data to produce the attacker’s
desired outcomes—rather than the correct decisions.
• When AI systems are to be built using sensitive data, we need to consider the privacy implications in using
it. Legal & regulatory requirements, social norms and individual expectations should be obeyed. If AI models
remember or can reveal the sensitive data that they have used, rules should be put in place to ensure that the
data is safe. The possibility that AI models reveal data can be decreased by applying various techniques.
Recommended actions to ensure ethics in AI:

• Chalk out exact goals for ensuring fairness and inclusion so there is no pre-existing bias
• Representative datasets should be used
• Analyse performance – Real-world scenarios
• Identify Potential threats to system and find solutions to face cyber attacks
• Learn and stay updated
• Handle data responsibly
• Limit usage of sensitive data as much as possible.
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• Obey the laws, standards, privacy principles etc. Provide users with clear notice and give them any necessary
controls over data use. Follow best practices such as encryption (the process of converting information or
data into a code, mainly to prevent unauthorized access).
• Masking, Anonymizing and/or aggregating the data (i.e., the process of hiding original data with modified
data, i.e., characters or other data) using some techniques (data scrubbing, etc.). E.g., consider removing
personally identifiable information (PII) like Date of Birth etc
• Implement the General Data Protection Regulation (GDPR) is a regulation in European Union (EU) law on
data protection and privacy for all individuals within the EU and the European Economic Area (EEA). It
requires companies to protect the privacy of their EU customers. Hence the appropriate measures must be
put in place to prevent privacy breaches
There is no one size fits all approach to privacy protection. In real-world, we must iterate to find an approach
that balances privacy and utility for the task we need to work on to make use maximum benefits from AI for the
progress of Human kind.
ETHICS IN MEDIA
• Media refers to communication channels through which we disseminate news, music, movies, education,
promotional messages and other data. Media from the value development point of view, they are the most
important medium through which we get influenced our biases. The role of the mass media in influencing the
values is becoming increasingly very high.
• Examples:
o The recent TRP scam case one of television media resorted to fake TRP ratings by bribing subscribers
o Journalist crime investigation in the actress suicide case.
These are all few examples where values and ethics degrading in media houses and journalism.
Media’s Positive role in shaping our values Negative role

• Eradicating stereotypes • Sensationlisation of News articles covering only
• Telecasting some of the inspiring stories across partial news poses risk to objectivity and
the world impartiality
• High coverage of some of social issues prevailed in • Media trial
the society • Fake news
• Example: Swachh Bharath Abhiyan • Media trails in criminal cases
• Supporting some of the pro people’s movements • Hatred and social disharmony by telecasting
• Example: RTI movement socially disturbed news
• Obscene and violent content
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• Paid news
Role of Media in fighting against Corruption:

• A free media has a crucial role in the prevention, monitoring and control of corruption. Such media can
inform and educate the public on corruption, expose corruption in government, private sector and civil
society organizations and help monitor codes of conduct while policing itself against corruption. Investigative
reporting by media or reporting of instances of corruption as they occur can be a significant source of
information on corruption.
• Daily reporting of instances of corruption as they occur is another type of contribution. Timely action should
be taken by the authorities to immediately respond to such reports and to take steps to bring the culprits to
book and to keep the press and the public informed from time to time of the progress of such action.
• It has been observed that sometimes under pressure of competition, the media does not verify allegations
and information before putting them in the public domain. Occasionally, such allegations/complaints are
motivated. It is necessary to evolve norms and practices that all allegations/complaints would be duly
screened, and the person against whom such allegations are made is given a fair chance to put forth his
version.
• Therefore, the second ARC opined that since the electronic media plays a role as important as the one played
by the print media, there is need to have a code for the electronic media covering different aspects of its
functioning.
Recommendations:
• It is necessary to evolve norms and practices requiring proper screening of all allegations/complaints by
the media, and taking action to put them in the public domain
• The electronic media should evolve a Code of Conduct and a self-regulating mechanism in order to adhere
to a Code of Conduct as a safeguard against malafide action.
• Government agencies can help the media in the fight against corruption by disclosing details about corruption
cases regularly
The media has played an important role in positive developments like the fight against racism, gender bias,
unemployment, poverty and spreading awareness about the need for world peace. That’s why media called
fourth pillar of democracy.
ETHICS IN JOURNALISM
• Journalistic ethics are basically a set of principles, standards, guidelines and code of conduct prepared for
professional journalists. It deals with conduct, character and behaviour of a journalist and how s/he works
before, during and after the news gathering and dissemination.
• Mahatma Gandhi - “The Sole aim of journalism should be service. The newspaper is a great power, but
just as an unchained torrent of water submerges whole countryside and devastates crops, even so an
uncontrolled pen serves but to destroy.”
• Napoleon - “Four hostile newspapers are more to be feared than a thousand bayonets.”
• Since the days of ‘Yellow Journalism’ many leading newspapers were partisan, biased, sensational,
intrusive, propagandists, manipulating and distorting the facts, passing off rumours as news. Since quality of
information directly reflects the health of a democracy.
• Examples: Vernacular press act during British Raj to supress Indian newspapers who supported national
independence
• Such biased, partisan, manipulated media, slowly a concerted campaign started to bring in ethics and
principles with a set of guidelines and code of conduct for news media and journalists. In the US, for the first
time, in 1922, the American Society of Newspaper Editors (ASNE) adopted a set of ethical principles. It
proposed six key principle:
1) Responsibility
2) Freedom of the Press
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3) Independence
4) Truth and Accuracy
5) Impartiality and Fair Play.
• Another landmark intervention came in 1940s when Hutchins Commission in the US articulated in its report
the principle of Social Responsibility of the Press. The Commission reiterated that while the freedom of
press is paramount, it also has a moral obligation to consider the well-being of the general public when
making its decisions and choices.
Why it is Important ethics in Journalism?

• Journalism plays a crucial role of keeping the citizens informed about the issues and ideas of public
interest.
• Journalism must be socially responsible, serve the people with devotion, and educate them while avoiding
sensationalism, distortion and manipulation of facts.
• As the fourth estate of democracy, free and vibrant news media is treated as a key parameter for the success
of a democracy.
• Journalism with such so much influence and power comes with great responsibility. Therefore, news media
must follow the principles and norms of journalism and be transparent and accountable.
Principles of Journalist Ethics:

• Should be non-biased and non-Sensetionlisation
• It is expected from the news media outlets and its professional journalists to not only strictly follow these
principles and norms but to also self-regulate in alignment with them.
• There should be code of conduct for journalists. Though its voluntary in nature but it should be followed with
utmost respect
• Do not get influenced by powerful corporate lobby to influence govt decisions against public interest
• There is always public good as first motto
• To become the voice to voiceless
• Ideas like objectivity, fairness, truth, accuracy, impartiality and independence.
• In a democracy everyone is accountable to the people, and so is the media. The Indian media must develop a
sense of responsibility and maturity.
In India, the Press Council of India (PCI), a statutory and quasi-judicial body functions as a “watchdog of the
press, for the press and by the press. Similarly, NGO the News Broadcasting Standard Authority (NBSA) oversees
the news channels.
Case study: Fall of Media Mogul

Not long ago even the incredibly influential Media Mogul, Rupert Murdoch, was forced to shut the publication
of his 168-year-old tabloid, ‘News of the World’, in the UK after it was found regularly indulging in gross
violation of ethical norms and standards and even breaching the law.
Therefore, there is a need for serious introspection from news media outlets and the journalists’ community
to take steps to minimise the flouting of ethical norms, and to improve the quality and standards of the news
media in India. In this context, professional bodies like the Editors Guild of India, NBA, PCI etc. can take lead and
initiate debate and discussion and propose remedial measures.
BUSINESS ETHICS & CORPORATE GOVERNANCE

Business Ethics is defined as “the application of ethical values to business behaviour”.
What is Ethical & Unethical in Business:

• Profit is ethical but sole motive of profit is unethical
• Capitalism is ethical but crony capitalism is unethical
• Going against public good is unethical
• Organisations can be compliant to internal processes and fulfil all statutory laws yet be unethical.
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• Promoting alcohol consumption is banned on national television. If a company advertises an alternative

product with the same brand name, it is indirectly trying to increase brand recall to the intended product.
Legally, the company is not flouting any law. However, the practice is clearly unethical.
• Harmful cosmetics without providing harmful chemicals in it.
• Advertising about fairness creams that promotes colourism
• Threat to conservation is unethical
Case study: Fair & lovely

Recently fair& lovely changed its brand name to glow & lovely after colourism controversy as it promotes
whitening and showing discriminating black skinned people.
Ethical Framework for Corporates:

A strong ethics framework is required to drive the culture of ethics across the board. The elements for such a
framework include:
o Ethics programme with the continued support of middle and lower-level teams.
o An ongoing dialogue across levels to address tough questions that may arise during the business ethic s
journey.
o A two-way communication process, cutting across levels, to foster an environment of openness and trust.
Corporate Governance:
• Fair & transparent business
• Corporate governance framework should protect and facilitate the exercise of shareholders’ rights and
ensure the equitable treatment of all shareholders, including minority and foreign shareholders.
• Ensure that timely and accurate disclosure is made on all material matters
• Integrity should be a fundamental requirement in choosing corporate officers and board members.
• Protection to Corporate whistle-blowers
Code of Conduct for Business:

• It specifies the general principles of behaviour which employees and other stakeholders are expected to
follow.
• It is a mix of rules to be adhered and aspirations towards which the organisation seeks to evolve.
• Top leadership acts as a role models, senior managers should practise principles of ethics in their day-to-day
dealings.
• To deal with ethical dilemmas an effective training programme should be organised on how to deal ethical
dilemmas
• Integrity at two levels: the hiring process and every performance appraisal cycle.
• Building a team of Ethics Counsellors is often seen as a good practice.
• Unethical behaviour demands prompt action. Gifts and Hospitality While it may be customary to exchange
gifts/ offer hospitality as part of cultural practices, such exchanges sometimes mask the act of bribery or
corruption. Hence organization must delve into decide the nature of gifts.
• Employees and stakeholders must be encouraged to speak up against any suspected or known situations or
persons where the Code has been compromised and report the dilemmas faced.
You're looking for three things, generally, in a person. Intelligence, energy and integrity. And if they don’t
have the last one, don’t even bother with the first two - Warren Buffet
ADMINISTRATIVE ETHICS
Administrative ethics are “The values and morals should be followed by a bureaucrat during his public
duty”. We will study about Administrative ethics in detail in various chapters. In brief they are:
• Integrity
• Honesty
• Strict adherence to code of conduct
23
• Respecting rules and regulations

• Showing empathy and compassion towards downtrodden people
• Non-discrimination
• Ensuring good governance
PERSONAL Vs PROFESSIONAL ETHICS:
Professional Ethics Personal Ethics

It is a Code of Conduct imposed by an organisation It is a Code conduct and personal values which governs
on its employee to expect some kind of desired one’s individual personal life
behaviour.
Learns relatively later in life when she joins any work Learns from Childhood through Family, Society,
force Education system and Religion
Acts according to the Laws or rules or customs of an Acts according to her own Conscience
Organisation where she works
Duty Bounded and Very strict Code of conduct at Value Bounded and Freedom to do what she believes.
work place.
Examples: Integrity, Punctuality, Time Management, Examples: Kindness, Truthful, Honesty, Empathy,
Accountability, Transparency, Confidentiality, Loyal Service oriented etc
to the organisation etc.
ETHICS IN PRIVATE AND PUBLIC RELATIONSHIPS

Ethical values has a wide-ranging impact on individuals. But it vary from situation to situation with time and
space and it also different from public to private relationships.
Private Relationships Public Relationships

It is between the people we personally connected It is between the people that we externally connected
out of personal space like community, Colleagues at
office, govt-citizen
Relations build in a closed space called Family, Builds at office, society, community.
friends, spouse.
Based on personal values, morality and family values Based on societal and personal norms
Not codified generally Generally Codified
Violation generally goes unpunished but can have Legal, social, professional and such implications if
social consequence e.g. Loss of reputation in society norms are violated
Relations here permanent in nature Temporary in nature in the form of transfers, moving
different company
There is no limit to express our emotions here. For There should be a desirable way of emotion
example, we can get anger on between family expression. Example, there is a limit to express our
members anger on subordinates
There are expectations between closely connected There won’t be any expectations between members of
people the public life
Regulated by emotional bonding Regulated by rules, regulations, laws
Get punished by parents if we hurt others or apology Penal provisions there for wrong doings
in words
Partiality between members can be shown No partiality and no discrimination unless specifically
made by law.
Ethics For Private Relationship: Love and care, Ethics For Public Relationship: Openness, Honesty
Confidentiality, Truthfulness, Responsibility, and integrity, Respect, Rule of law, Equality and
Perseverance uniformity, Accountability.
24
Reasons for such separation:

• Although all citizens are subject to the laws of the land, in the case of public servants there must be standards
of behaviour more stringent than those for an ordinary citizen.
• Personal emotions always mix of emotions. Such mixed emotions brings undesirable consequences in the
administration
• There should be a conflict between public action and private interest.
• High Emotional intelligence required for those who serve in public life.
• Keeping public and private relationships separate helps in preventing conflicts of interest.
• Society tends to judge people separately in their public and private sphere, and hence it’s better to keep them
separate.
Common ethics for Public and private relationship:

• Honesty: Both kinds of relationships expect truthful behaviour without which there is loss of trust and
confidence.
• Interpersonal factors: Both relationships are not mechanical but involve interpersonal behaviour.
Therefore, both require individuals to have basic sensitivity, empathy, care etc. so that both parties
understand each other better.
• Accountability: We are held responsible for our behaviour in both relationships. We must answer and
account for our actions to maintain trust and confidence.
• Compassion: Helping others is a good deed which is desirable in both public and private relationships.
ETHICS IN PRIVATE LIFE & PUBLIC LIFE

ETHICS IN PRIVATE LIFE
• Private life integrated with family members, life partner, friends, colleagues etc. These kinds of relationships
based on emotional attachments, personal bonding with them rather than simply a formal mechanism. Our
habits, our lifestyle, our behaviour in society all gets influenced by a people we are personally attached to
them.
• Epics like Ramayana and Mahabharat a classic example of ethics in private relationships. Either they are good
side or bad side they will reflect in our actions. Here Ethics in private life lays the foundation for ethics in
public life.
• Self-Morality - Ethics in private life starts with self-morality. Just mere having good values not enough they
should put into practice and before you preach.
Examples:
• Once an old lady brought his son to Gandhiji to preach him stop eating sugar. But didn’t say anything that
moment and asked that lady come back after one month. In this gap Gandhiji practiced stop eating sugar
because he has same habit. After one month he said that young boy not to eat sugar.
• Satya Harischandra always speaks truth
Family:
• Family is the first foundation where ethical values seeds into one’s own mind. Interaction with parents and
the instruments adopted by them shapes children behaviour. If a family encourages and supports you in
times of crisis then you can take any hard decision which is ethically correct.
• A person’s ethical orientation towards others is determined to a large extent by his/her spouse.
• Also, parent is the first friend and guide to a child. They teach him not to be greedy, kind towards others, be
empathetic. It will helpful in shaping child’s intellectual ability and cognitive skills.
Friends:
• Role of friends play in moulding one’s personality. One famous quote says “Our friend circle tells our
character “
Examples:
25

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Though Karna individually Ethical and having greater war skills than Arjuna but his decision to fight along with
Kauravas’s side makes him unpopular which led to his death in Kurukshetra. It’s just because he promised his
friend Duryodhana to help in the war.
ETHICS IN PUBLIC LIFE:

Public life also refers to collection of a person’s relationships, interactions and dealings with the society at large.
Every Individual’s interaction with his/her surrounding environment. He should adhere certain moral values
while behaving in society.
• Though he has freedom to roam and live anywhere but on certain conditions like health his freedom of
expression may be curtailed
• Social responsibility
• Help towards others as a Good samaritan
Importance of Ethics in Public life:

• Ethics in public life are the ends to achieve any ethical principles such as responsibility and accountability.
• In democracy, every holder of public office is accountable to the people. Such accountability is enforced
through a system of laws and rules. Ethics in public life provides the basis for the creation of such laws and
rules.
• It is the moral ideas of people that give rise to and shapes the character of laws and rules.
• It strengthens the trusteeship relationship between the public and the officials.
Dimensions of Ethics in Public life:

• The role of ethics in public life has many dimensions. At one end is the expression of high moral values and
at the other end, public functionary can be held legally accountable for his actions while performing duty.
• Any framework of ethical behaviour must include the following elements:
o Codifying ethical norms and practices.
o Disclosing personal interest to avoid conflict between public interest and personal gain.
o Creating a mechanism for enforcing the relevant codes.
o Suitable mechanism for incentivizing ethical behaviour.
o Providing norms for qualifying and disqualifying a public functionary from office.
o Accountability mechanism in place.
A system of laws and rules, however elaborate, cannot provide for all situations. It is highly desirable, to govern
the conduct of those who occupy positions in the lower hierarchy where they don’t have any discretion. But the
higher officials in public service, the greater is the ambit of discretion. And it is difficult to provide for a system
of laws and rules that can comprehensively cover and regulate the exercise of discretion in high places.
VALUES IN PUBLIC RELATIONSHIP:

One of the most comprehensive statements of what constitutes ethical standards for holders of public office came
from the Committee on Standards in Public Life in the United Kingdom, popularly known as the Nolan
Committee, which outlined the following seven principles of public life:
1) Selflessness: Holders of public office should take decisions solely in terms of public interest. They should not
do so in order to gain financial or other material benefits for themselves, their family or their friends.
2) Integrity: Holders of public office should not place themselves under any financial or other obligation to
outside individuals or organizations that might influence them in the performance of their official duties.
3) Objectivity: In carrying out public business, including making public appointments, awarding contracts or
recommending individuals for rewards and benefits, holders of public office should make choices on merit.
4) Accountability: Holders of public office are accountable for their decisions and actions to the public and
must submit themselves to whatever scrutiny is appropriate to their office.
5) Openness: Holders of public office should be as open as possible about all the decisions and actions they
take. They should give reasons for their decisions and restrict information only when the wider public
interest clearly demands.
6) Honesty: Holders of public office have a duty to declare any private interests relating to their public duties
and to take steps to resolve any conflicts arising in a way that protects the public interest.
7) Leadership: Holders of public office should promote and support these principles by leadership.
26
These principles of public life are of general applicability in every democracy. Arising out of such ethical
principles a set of guidelines of public behaviour in the nature of a code of conduct becomes essential for public
functionaries. Indeed, any person who is privileged to guide the destiny of the people must not only be ethical
but must be seen to practice these ethical values.
CODE OF CONDUCT & CODE OF ETHICS IN PUBLIC LIFE:

Although all citizens are subject to the laws of the land, in the case of public servants there must be standards of
behaviour more stringent than those for an ordinary citizen. It is at the interface of public action and private
interest that the need arises for establishing not just a code of ethics but a code of conduct.
• A code of ethics would cover broad guiding principles of good behaviour and governance
• Code of conduct should, in a precise and unambiguous manner, stipulate a list of acceptable and
unacceptable behaviour and action.
Examples:
• Following social distance and wearing mask during covid-19 pandemic. As a responsible citizen to not get
infected and wastage of national resources.
• Flushing after toilet in public toilets
• Throwing dust only in dustbin
• If you face an incidence of someone who met with an accident and joining in a hospital
• Social awareness
• Patriotism and service to the nation in times of need
Ethics in Private life Ethics in Public life

More about welfare of family members and friends Welfare of society
Guided by personal morality Guided by social values
There should be partiality shown towards members Non-discrimination and impartiality
of private life
Ethics in private life laid foundation for ethics in Private life ethics will be first step towards achieving
public life ethics in public life
Can be enforceable informally Can be enforceable legally
ETHICS IN PUBLIC ADMINISTRATION:

Currently, the concept of ethics has extended itself to involve all major areas of human existence. There are
certain prominent aspects of ethics in public administration. These are summarized as following maxims:
1) Maxim of Legality and Rationality: An administrator will follow the law and rules that are framed to govern
and guide various categories of policies and decisions.
2) Maxim of Responsibility and Accountability: An administrator would not hesitate to accept responsibility
for his decision and actions. He would hold himself morally responsible for his actions and for the use of his
discretion while making decisions.
3) Maxim of Work Commitment: An administrator would be committed to his duties and perform his work
with involvement, intelligence and dexterity.
4) Maxim of Excellence: A bureaucrat would ensure the highest standards of quality in administrative
decisions and action and would not compromise with standards because of convenience or complacency.
5) Maxim of Fusion: An administrator would reasonably bring about a combination of individual,
organisational and social goals to help evolve agreement of ideals and imbibe in his behaviour a commitment
to such a fusion.
6) Maxim of Responsiveness and Resilience: An administrator would respond successfully to the demands
and challenges from the external as well as internal environment. He would adapt to environmental
transformation and yet sustain the ethical norms of conduct.
7) Maxim of Utilitarianism: While devising and implementing policies and decisions, an administrator will
certify that these lead to the greatest good (happiness, benefits) of the greatest number.
8) Maxim of Compassion: An administrator, without violating the prescribed laws and rules, would establish
compassion for the poor, the disabled and the weak while using his discretion in making decisions.
27
9) Maxim of National Interest: Though universalistic in orientation and liberal in outlook, a civil servant, while
performing his duties, would keep in view the impact of his action on his nation’s strength and prestige.
10) Maxim of Justice: Executives who are responsible for formulation and execution of policies and decisions of
governance would ensure that respect is shown to the principles of equality, equity, fairness, impartiality and
objectivity and no special favours are given on the criteria of status, position, power, gender, class, caste or
wealth.
11) Maxim of Transparency: An administrator will make decisions and implement them in a transparent
manner so that those affected by the decisions and those who wish to evaluate their rationale, will be able to
understand the reasons behind such decisions and the sources of information on which these decisions were
made.
12) Maxim of Integrity: An administrator would accept an administrative action on the basis of honesty and not
use his power, position and discretion to serve his personal interest and the illegitimate interests of other
individuals or groups.
Human Values- Lessons from Lives of Great Leaders, Administrators & Reformers
• Leader - leadership is the exercise of high-level conceptual skills and decisiveness. It is envisioning mission,
developing strategy, inspiring people, and changing culture.
• Reformer - A reformer is a person who wants to improve the prevailing conditions in society by bringing
about reforms in any area of human activity. e.g. politics, social customs and religion. E.g. Social reformer,
religious reformer, political reformer.
• Administrator is one who is responsible for carrying out administration - a process of working with and
through others to accomplish the agreed goals efficiently.
Common Values: Leader, Administrator and Reformer

• Attitude to serve the people,
• Uplifting the downtrodden,
• Impartiality and integrity,
• Benevolence and compassion
• Tolerance
Lessons from the Lives of Great Lessons from the Lives of Great Lessons from the lives of Great
Administrators Leaders Reformers
Verghese Kurien, M. S. Mahatma Gandhi, Abraham Mahatma Gandhi, Raja Ram mohan
Swaminathan, Sam Pitroda, E. Lincoln, Martin Luther King Jr, Roy, Kabir, Vivekananda etc.
Sreedharan, V.P, Menon, T. N Nielson Mandela, Nehru, etc.
Sheshan, etc.
• Integrity • Love for Justice • Respect for Humanity
• Non-discrimination • Selflessness • Dignity for all
• Discipline • Respect for Humanity Dignity • Humanism
• Citizenly-duty for all • Reason and Inquiry for seeking
• Social Equality • Loving and caring behaviour the truth Kindness and
• Lawfulness • Peace loving compassion
• Sense of ethical accountability • Non-violence • Contentment Social Equality
• Loyalty • Benevolence Compassion
• Courage
• Solidarity and respect
Let’s have a quick look at the lessons from the lives of eminent persons. We shall deal with each of them in detail
in the coming chapter:
Personalities What they Valued

Mahatma Gandhi Simplicity, Minimalism, Satyagraha, Sarvodaya, Secularism, Ahimsa, Non-Violence,
Truth, Forgiveness, Self-Sufficiency, Dignity of labour etc.
28
Jawaharlal Nehru Democracy, institution building, consensus building, socialism, secularism, self-
determination, internationalism etc
Nelson Mandela Service, dignity, self-belief, equality of the human race, freedom, fairness, justice, etc
Abraham Lincoln Humanism, equality of the human race, integrity, idealism, honesty, freedom etc.
Martin Luther King Jr Self-belief, equality of the human race etc
Raja Rammohan Roy Social equality, equality of the human race, women empowerment, scientific thinking
etc
Swami Vivekananda Self-belief, equality of the human race, patriotism, compassion etc
B R Ambedkar Self-belief, equality of the human race, radical thinking, compassion etc
Mother Teresa Compassion, altruism, helpfulness, kindness, cleanliness, determination.
Verghese Kurien Self-belief, co-operative societies, entrepreneurship, innovation, farmer welfare etc.
E. Sreedharan Punctuality, self-belief, integrity, high-quality standards etc.
M .S. Swaminathan Sustainable development, green revolution, poverty alleviation, farmer welfare etc.
ROLE OF FAMILY, SOCIETY AND EDUCATIONAL INSTITUTIONS IN INCULCATING ETHICAL VALUES

Importance of Value inculcation:
Values are a certain principle possessed by an individual
which guide them towards desirable behaviour. They are
either moral, immoral and amoral but inculcating moral
values very much important. They are important because:
• Inculcates ethical behaviour like honest, service
towards nation, kindness towards poor
• They make an individual bold and strong. They will
have lifelong impact on our lives. For example, Hunger
strike unto death by Shri Potti Sriramulu to achieve
separate Telugu state.
• They socialise an individual. Example, gender
sensitisation, equality
• Acts as an anchor to exhibit certain way of behaviour where society accepted
• They shapes our personality
• Inculcating values in early age will have long lasting effect. So, we can make good citizens in future through
moral values.
Process of Value Inculcation

Lawrence Kohlberg developed six stages of moral education among the people. He proposed three levels and
six steps to inculcate values.
Level 1: Preconventional At the preconventional level, morality is externally controlled. Rules imposed
level (Child stage) by authority figures are conformed to in order to avoid punishment or receive
rewards. This perspective involves the idea that what is right is, what is
personally satisfying. Level 1 has two stages:
• Stage1: Punishment or obedience orientation- Behaviour is determined by
consequences. The individual will obey in order to avoid punishment.
• Stage 2: Instrumental purpose - Behaviour is determined again by
consequences. The individual focuses on receiving rewards or satisfying
personal needs.
Level 2: Conventional At the conventional level, conformity to social rules remains important to the
level (Teenage stage) individual. However, the emphasis shifts from self-interest to relationships with
other people and social systems. The individual strives to support rules that are
29
set forth by others such as parents, peers, and the government in order to win
their approval or to maintain social order.
• Stage 3: Good boy/girl orientation: Behaviour is determined by social
approval. The individual wants to maintain or win the affection and
approval of others by being a “good person.”
• Stage 4: Law and order: Social rules and laws determine behaviour. The
individual now takes into consideration a larger perspective, that of societal
laws. Moral decision making becomes more than consideration of close ties
to others. The individual believes that rules and laws maintain social order
that is worth preserving.
Level 3: Post At the postconventional level, the individual moves beyond the perspective of
conventional or his or her own society. Morality is defined in terms of abstract principles and
principled level (Maturity values that apply to all situations and societies. The individual attempts to take
stage) the perspective of all individuals.
• Stage 5: Social contract orientation- Individual rights determine
behaviour. The individual views laws and rules as flexible tools for
improving human purposes. That is, given the right situation, there are
exceptions to rules. When laws are not consistent with individual rights and
the interests of the majority, they do not bring about good for people
and alternatives should be considered.
• Stage 6: Universal ethical principles- According to Kohlberg, this is the
highest stage of functioning. However, he claimed that some individuals will
never reach this level. At this stage, the appropriate action is determined by
one’s self-chosen ethical principles of conscience. These principles are
abstract and universal in application. This type of reasoning involves taking
the perspective of every person or group that could potentially be affected
by the decision.
• Examples: Gandhiji, Raja Rammohan Roy, Martin Luther king JR, Rosa parks
who was unwilling to stand her from bus seat causes civil rights movement
– All are examples for last level who driven individual morality than societal
conditions
Sources of Values
At an early age of children, we can mould like, clay pot, good desired behaviour by inculcating moral values. The
various sources where values inculcate are:
1) Family
2) Society
3) Education
1) ROLE OF FAMILY IN VALUE INCULCATION

Family is a social institution where we will spend our half of life together with family members. During formative
years of his/her age our behaviour gets it shapes where our family values and morals have an impact on it. These
formative years shapes personality development. Being ethical or not is nothing but a part of personality and
this, family plays a critical role in determining ethics in human action.
How Family Imparts Values?

• Parents as role models: For anyone the first person who has influence is either father or mother. And also,
grandparents bed time stories guides us what is right and wrong through moral stories from Panchatantra,
religious books, moral books etc.
30
• Examples:
1) I, myself learnt discipline from my father and being
hygiene and cleanliness from my mother
2) Thomas Alva Edison can able to study at home when his
school kicked off from school and became great scientist
only because of his mother.
3) If elders taught us about king treated equally in his
kingdom, such perception develops a positive thought in
children mindset where they treat everyone equal in the
society.
• Respect towards others and Lower sections of people:
Respecting elders and mingling with downtrodden sections
of people by family members creates positive attitudes
towards lower sections of people. Then he/she will treat
everyone equal and develops a habit of empathy towards
lower section kids which makes him soft hearted personality.
• Charity: If parents are doing charity work children too develops such habit ff donating. This instils kindness
in children.
• Examples:
1) Manipuri 6yrs old boy and Bengaluru 6yrs old girl donated all their savings to PM CARES fund during
lockdown
2) In Chennai, A saloon shop owner, on request of his daughter he spends all his savings saved for his
daughter education spent on poor people who were suffering with basic necessities. Even she , Netra 13,
appointed as UN good will ambassador to the poor.
• Pampering or Punishment: Pampering makes parents eyes and ears blind and deaf when their children
do wrong things. Parents should be in a position to make them realise their wrong acts. Even harsh
punishments results counter results. Therefore, counsel them and treat them like friends so they won’t
afraid to share their thoughts with parents. Hence, in order to inculcate good values parents should not
pamper the kid but limited freedom to be expected.
• Examples:
1) Instagram Boyz locker room – All the members of this group including admin who created this group
on Instagram having age group below 15 where they are discussing sexual comments against their class
girls
2) Nirbhaya case in 2012 – A juvenile involved in such heinous crime
• Dignity of Labour: Children should adopt doing their own work that is self-help. This instil a kind of dignity
of labour and respect towards the daily wage workers. Parents should teach them how it’s important to self -
help.
• Examples:
1) In India we feel that cleaning our own toilets is not our duty, its someone’s else comes and cleans our
toilets. India should adopt from western societies where they feel it’s embarrassing when someone clean
their toilets. It should start with elders, starts cleaning our own washrooms. This kind of attitude creates
an egalitarian society.
2) Open defecation is very much prevailed even today. Children should start teach parents that open
defection is not good practise.
• Observational learning: Children observe what happens at home and begin to see such behaviour as normal
and morally correct. This is a basic process of attitude formation. For example, children who witness domestic
violence and gender discrimination at their home themselves develop similar vices and fail to develop values
of gender equality.
• Joint family: The joint family structure stands for certain values like tolerance, cooperation, sacrifice, care
etc. Living in a joint family and its healthy functioning imparts these values to the children.
• Traditions and customs: Families follow certain practices as a norm which are always adhered to by the
children. Traditions themselves become a value for children due to regular and repetitive behaviour.
Strengths In Role Of Family In Value Inculcation:

• First stage of moral education start from family so it acts as bedrock in shaping one’s ethical personality
31
• Family as permanent source of ethics and value. There is no brokage of relationships here.
• Family consists of all kinds diverse people, elders, youngsters, women, men, children, adults. Therefore, there
is chance to learn diverse views and opinions.
• Family is the first place of creating trust
• Family is the first place where self-confidence develops
• Family punishes and rewards for bad behavior. Therefore, it’s a fist place learn both good and bad.
Problems In The Role Of Family

• Anti-Social- Family as studied as a first place to learn values; hence it can be as a first place where we can
become anti-social by adopting various means which is not acceptable to society
• Harsh Means- Sometimes parents adopts harsh and regressive measures to bring desired behaviour, this
creates a sense of fear and erodes a self confidence among the children.
• Outsourcing Parental care- Parents more time spend with children; they get to know about their children.
If parents get busy with their work and outsourcing children care it will bring negative consequences
• Grandparents care- Children also need grandparents cares and their bed time stories so keeping them
children away from elders may leaving a good chance to learn values
• Patriarchy vs Gender equality, bribing vs Honesty – Children should not confuse between those two
values families’ certain kind of behaviour. They should practice what they preach.
2) ROLE OF SOCIETY IN VALUE INCULCATION:

• Ethics are set of standards which are acceptable to the society. Therefore, it’s the society is the main pillar
where ethical values mould their shape.
• History of human civilisation divided into two phases
1) Pre-Industrial society
2) Post Industrial revolution society
Nature of society Pre-Industrial Society Post Industrial Revolution society

Family System Joint family; Children here opportunity Nuclear Families
to learn from grand parents
Economy Sharing & Caring Business and profits
Role of Money Money didn’t play much important role Techno- Economic advancement gave
importance to money
Society Village based society and not Urban based society and became
materialistic societies, Peaceful and no materialistic, more violent society and
communal clashes communal clashes
Ways to happiness In Human relations and family Momentary pleasures
members
Education Value based Education which consist of Education mainly focussed on marks and
Morals and Ethics grades and how to earn money instead of
how to earn ethical assets
Form of Entertainment Plays, dramas picked up from Movies, Erotic content, Violent reality
Ramayana and Mahabharata shows for ratings (WWE)
Role of Technology Technology did not enter into personal Technology running human kind now. We
lives of people are running on computer simulation
where mobile and gadgets part of our
lives.
Environment Living in harmony with nature and Exploitation of nature; Pollution and
Sacred groves taking away tribal and forest inhabitant
rights
Capitalistic Society: Ethics Vs Capitalism
32
• Emergence of Capitalism gives maximum

importance to capital intensive machinery or • Adam Smith: Self Interest led to societal
technology. Objective is to maximise profits. welfare
Capitalism strengthened Physical, Financial and • Karl Marx: All human relations are
Huma infrastructure in the society but the most economic nature in the capitalistic society.
important Ethical Infrastructure it ignored. Such relations can sustain as long as they are
• Adam smith to be considered as father of capitalism. profitable.
He gave moral boost to Capitalism laid foundation for
ethical capitalism. His concept of Invisible hand creates demand and in turn it promotes growth. But over a
period of time profits and business takes place and started exploiting ethical infrastructure. In place of
capitalism crony capitalism adopting.
Human relations in the capitalistic society:

• Human relations became materialistic
• Joint family became nuclear family
• Breakdown of marriage system and high rate of divorce
• Growing child care homes and old age homes where elders don’t have time for their children and age-old
parents
ROLE OF EDUCATION IN VALUE INCULCATION:

• Education defined as 'adjustment ability to a changing
situation and environment’. Education should be a
means to empower children and adults alike to become
active participants in the transformation of their societies.
Education means a change in man's conduct of life. It
means the upgrading of a man's ability to choose the best
alternative available in any circumstances he faces. It
means the development of the person to prepare him to
adopt the best approach to a problem at any given time.
• Learning should also focus on the values, attitudes and
behaviours which enable individuals to learn to live
together in a world characterized by diversity and
pluralism. Education therefore has a crucial long-term
role in developing a knowledge and understanding of
human rights, the values base they represent and the
skills required to strengthen a democratic culture.
Purpose of Education:
• The purpose of education is to educate individuals within society, to prepare and qualify them for work for
an economy as well as to integrate people into society and teach them values and morals of the society.
• Role of education is means of socializing individuals and to keep society smoothing and remain stable.
• After the family a person spends most of his/her life with educational institutions starting from school. Even
after schooling during graduation and post-graduation education helps to develop ethical behaviour in the
students.
Value
Intelligence Character
Education
Role of Educational Institutions:

• Producing new generation that enable in solving the real problems in our society.
• Community service is another area that can help in cultivating and instilling the sense of national identity.
It includes the activity that stressed about tolerance and harmony value regardless religion and race aspect.
33
• Youths’ development toward a positive sense of ethnic identity.

• It can give them an opportunity to interact in others from various backgrounds.
• Produces leaders and develops leadership qualities.
Problems In Today’s Education System

• Today’s Modern education deals only knowledge-based education but not value based education.
• Educational institutions running after marks and trophies but there are no specific chapters on ethics or
how to be happy in the curriculum.
• Consequences is that we are producing number of professionals like doctors, engineers or lawyers but not
producing a good human being.
• We are creating professional without kind heart but with intelligent mind just like a robot.
• We are facing a moral crisis in the education system which leads to suicides among the students those who
are failing at subjects and not in a position to accept failures in life.
• Forcing children to take the areas of subjects where parents are interested instead of exploring children’s
creativity.
• Even parents too run after the competition with neighbour children’s and relatives.
Measure To Improve Value-Based Education System

There is a need to overhaul the educational system in India. More importance should be given to value -based
education along with rationality and science. We are teaching them how to be successful but not teaching them
how to be happy.
• Inculcate discipline and punctuality starting from early days of schooling
• Charity habit should inculcate among the students. Example: Coins for the Country Initiative: Hyderabad
based school took an initiative to encourage students to save money at home while reducing unnecessary
expenditure and without borrowing money from anyone. At the end of academic year, saved money will be
used for the betterment of society.
• Constitutional values should be part of every level of education curriculum.
• Field visits to rural areas and teach how land & farmer inter linked so they will understand the value of
food and stop wasting the food.
• Develop scientific temper among the children and it’s a part of school curriculum. Example:
a. We can adopt Nordic countries education system
b. Fundamental duties mentioned in the Article 51A of the Gandhiji’s Seven sins
Indian constitution reads that “to develop scientific 1) Wealth without work,
temper, humanism and the spirit of inquiry and reform” 2) Pleasure without conscience,
• Happiness curriculum become part of the school books. So, it 3) Science without humanity,
helps students not worrying about marks and grades. Example: 4) Knowledge without character,
Delhi govt’s Happiness curriculum. American first lady visited 5) Politics without principle,
one of the Delhi school and interacted with students and 6) Commerce without morality,
enquired how these happy hours to be implemented 7) Worship without sacrifice.
• Stop giving too much importance to only engineering and
medicine. Let’s encourage students to explore various areas of
subjects. Example: New Education Policy 2020 has such provisions. It should get implemented in letter&
spirit.
• Teach students how to accept failures
• Education should happen at mother tongue at primary level.
ESSENCE OF HUMAN LIFE

Birth and Death not in our hands so the essence of human life is to remain happy forever. Happiness should be
our ultimate objective.
What is Happiness?
34
• It’s a state of mental and emotional stage with positive and pleasurable feeling with intense joy. For an
average common man happiness all about securing a good salary job, family, weekend fun, less uncertainty
about future, success in professional career etc.
• But that’s not the real happiness, A real happiness should be forever. All human relations are transitory in
nature so they can give us only momentary pleasure and joy.
• A real happiness should be:
o Permanent
o It can’t be taken away from our life that is It should be something internal happiness but not external
happiness
o Should not be attached to any material thing.
ARISTOTLE ON HAPPINESS
Aristotle believed that happiness was the most important thing in life. He taught that one should no t waste
one’s time in the pursuits of pleasure, but should seek happiness instead. According to him, true happiness
lay not in material things, but in understanding one’s true nature, and regaling one’s full potential. In short,
happiness depends upon ourselves, and not on the outside world.
“...happiness is the meaning and the purpose of life, the whole aim and end of human existence...”
Why we need to be Happy?
Positive Reasons Negative Reasons

• For peace of mind • Disturbed state of mind
• Happiness is an emotion in which there is no • Paves the way for allowing other negative
limitations so we can joy utmost happiness emotions like sad, angry, depression etc which
• Our positive state of mind also impacts on others leads to sudden heart attacks and other diseases.
• If we are happy, we can make others happy • Our productivity levels decrease
• Helps us in more productive and efficient • Failures may welcome into our life
• Short life span
• People surrounds us don’t like to stay with us if
we are not happy and always sad and depressed.
How to be Happy forever:

• Gratitude: Help selflessly without expecting anything in return.
• Don’t complain, be grateful that you have.
• We can be really happy only when we do right actions, right conduct
• Believing in the philosophy of “Good actions will bring you good fruits” – As you sow, so shall reap
• Able to differentiate between goodness and badness.
• Bhagavat Gita – Nishkam karma – Act selflessly without expecting anything in return
• Buddha – Find an enlightened soul to be happy forever
• Veda Vyas - परोपकार: पुण्याय पापाय परपीडनम्
• “Doing good to others conduces to merit and doing harm to them leads to Sin”
• Even every other religious scripture preaches how to be happy by following only good actions.
Previous Year Questions:

Theme Question Year
35
Essence of ethics “A man is but a product of his thoughts. What he thinks he becomes.” 2019
Lessons from the lives and “Where there is righteousness in the heart, there is beauty in the 2019
teachings of great leaders, character. When there is beauty in the character, there is harmony in
reformers and the home. When there is harmony in the home, there is order in the
administrators nation. When there is order in the nation, there is peace in the world”
– A.P.J. Abdul Kalam
Dimensions of ethics – What is meant by the term ‘constitutional morality’? How does one 2019
Constitutional ethics uphold constitutional morality?
Ethics in private and What are the basic principles of public life? Illustrate any three of these 2019
public relationships with suitable examples.
Human Values The crisis of ethical values in modern times is traced to a narrow 2017
perception of the good life. Discuss.
Human Values The crisis of ethical values in modern times is traced to a narrow 2017
perception of the good life. Discuss.
Lessons from the lives and “Great ambition is the passion of a great character. Those endowed 2017
teachings of great leaders, with it may perform very good or very bad acts. All depends on the
reformers and principles which direct them.” – Napoleon Bonaparte. Stating examples
administrators mention the rulers (i) who have harmed society and country, (ii) who
worked for the development of society and country.
Role of family, society and “If a country is to be corruption free and become a nation of beautiful 2017
educational institutions in minds, I strongly feel there are three key societal members who can
inculcating values make a difference. they are father, the mother and the teacher.” Abdul
Kalam. Analyse.
Consequences of Ethics in Without commonly shared and widely entrenched moral values and 2017
human actions. obligations, neither the law, nor democratic government, nor even the
market economy will function properly. What do you understand by
this statement? Explain with illustration in the contemporary times.
Consequences of Ethics in Explain how ethics contributes to social and human well-being. 2017
human actions.
Lessons from the lives and “Great ambition is the passion of a great character. Those endowed 2017
teachings of great leaders, with it may perform very good or very bad acts. All depends on the
reformers and principles which direct them.” – Napoleon Bonaparte. Stating examples
administrators mention the rulers (i) who have harmed society and country, (ii) who
worked for the development of society and country.
Role of family, society and Our attitudes towards life, work, other people and society are generally 2016
educational institutions in shaped unconsciously by the family and social surroundings in which
inculcating values we grow up. Some of these unconsciously acquired attitudes and values
are often undesirable in the citizens of modern democratic and
egalitarian society. (a) Discuss such undesirable values prevalent in
today’s educated Indians. (b) How can such undesirable attitudes be
changed and socio-ethical values be cultivated in the aspiring and
serving civil servants?
Essence of ethics Law and ethics are considered to be the two tools for controlling 2016
human conduct so as to make it conducive to civilized social existence.
(a) Discuss how they achieve this objective. (b) Giving examples, show
how the two differ in their approaches
Lessons from the lives and “The weak can never forgive; forgiveness is the attribute of the strong.” 2015
teachings of great leaders,
reformers and
administrators
Determinants of Ethics in We can easily forgive a child who is afraid of the dark; the real tragedy 2015
human actions of life is when men are afraid of the light.
36
Dimensions of ethics – What is meant by ‘environmental ethics’? Why is it important to study? 2015
Environmental Ethics Discuss any one environmental issue from the viewpoint of
environmental ethics.
Essence of ethics Social values are more important than economic values. Discuss the 2015
above statement with examples in the context of inclusive growth of a
nation.
Essence of ethics + Differentiate between the following (200 words); a) Law and Ethics; b) 2015
Dimensions of ethics Ethical management and Management of ethics; c) Discrimination and
Preferential treatment; d) Personal ethics and Professional ethics.
Role of family, society and We are witnessing increasing instances of sexual violence against 2014
educational institutions in women in the country. Despite existing legal provisions against it, the
inculcating values number of such incidences is on the rise. Suggest some innovative
measures to tackle this menace.
Lessons from the lives and Which eminent personality has inspired you the most in the context of 2014
teachings of great leaders, ethical conduct in life? Give the gist of his/her teachings giving specific
reformers and examples, describe how you have been able to apply these teachings
administrators for your own ethical development
Ethics in private and The current society is plagued with widespread trust-deficit. What are 2014
public relationships the consequences of this situation for personal well-being and for
societal well-being? What can you do at the personal level to make
yourself trustworthy?
Lessons from the lives and Which eminent personality has inspired you the most in the context of 2014
teachings of great leaders, ethical conduct in life? Give the gist of his/her teachings giving specific
reformers and examples, describe how you have been able to apply these teachings
administrators for your own ethical development.
Essence, determinants All human beings aspire for happiness. Do you agree? What does 2014
and consequences of happiness mean to you? Explain with examples.
Ethics in human actions
Essence, determinants What does ethics seek to promote in human life? Why is it all the more 2014
and consequences of important in public administration?
Ethics in human actions
Essence of ethics What do you understand by ‘values’ and ‘ethics’? In what way is it 2013
important to be ethical along with being professionally competent?
Determinants of Ethics Some people feel that values keep changing with time and situation, 2013
while others strongly believe that there are certain universal and
eternal human values. Give your perception in this regard with due
justification.
Human Values There is enough on this earth for every one’s need but for no one’s 2013
greed. Mahatma Gandhi.
Human Values Nearly all men can withstand adversity, but if you want to test a man’s 2013
character, give him power. —Abraham Lincoln.
37
2. ATTITUDE
WHAT IS ATTITUDE
• “Attitude is the State of mind or a set of views or settled way of thinking or feeling
about something in a particular way which have an evaluative feature (Positive,
Negative or Neutral)” Attitude is part of social Psychology.
• Attitudes are abstract constructs, not something we can directly observe. We can
observe them only with behaviour. To elaborate, whenever a person sees or
think about targeted object, the sum of thoughts and emotions that created in a
person constitute attitude.
• In our day to day life, our attitude determines our behavior towards people,
situations, events etc. which in turn shapes the larger social interaction in
societies.
Examples:
• Having attitude on health that Eating junk food unhealthily
• Smoking causes cancer.
• Optimistic Vs Pessimistic attitude
• Demographic Dividend vs Population burden
• Economic Development Vs Environmental Protection
HOW AN ATTITUDE FORMS?

• In general, attitudes form part of our cognitive system by
learning through one’s own experiences and through interaction
with others.
• There are three stages in people’s life when most of our attitudes
are formed or when we learn how to evaluate things.
• It’s the early childhood and adolescence which are tender stages
of attitude formation as the person has no particular attitude toward most of the objects when he is born.
• There are few research studies shows that some inborn aspects of attitude but such genetic factors
influence our attitudes indirectly along with learning but not directly. Therefore, to form certain specific
attitudes there are few specific conditions required.
1. Learning by Association: First level of association happened at the level of Parents and Family. We form
our attitudes towards something by learning from parents. Next level of association happened at the school
level with teacher and friends. Third level of association at organisational level where we work. If we are
company of good people, we develop good attitudes. Or even by associating with books we can learn certain
attitudes.
“Positive attitudes learned through positive association between us and associated person”
Example:
1. Creating interest in a subject in a particular subject by associating with teacher
2. Leaning towards a particular ideology by reading books or associating with likeminded people
2. Learning by being rewarded or punished (Instrumental Conditioning): Rewards and punishments

create certain attitudes on basis of their personal experiences. Such attitudes may be positive or negative
depends how it influence him/her.
38
Example:
1. If a teenager does yogasanas regularly and gets “Miss Good Health” title she develops positive attitude
towards yoga
2. If a boy eats junk food and gets sick, he develops negative attitude towards junk food and develops positive
attitude towards good health
3. Being on time to school and if late we get punishment, it develops attitude of discipline
4. Getting first rank in class will be rewarded by parents
5. Severe punishment develops negative attitude towards against teacher at school.
3. Learning through Modelling (Observing others): Often, it’s not association nor by rewards or
punishments but sometimes we learn attitudes by observing celebrities or teachers or parents or role models
etc.
Example:
1. Children learns respecting elders by observing from parents
2. Role Models like Gandhi, Abdul kalam, Swami Vivekananda, Cheguvera etc.
3. Eka lavya learnt art of arrowing by just keeping photo of Dronacharya
4. Learning attitudes through Cultural Norms: Very often we learn attitudes through norms of our culture.
Norms are unwritten rules about behaviour that everyone supposed to be show under specific
circumstances. Over time, these norms may become part of our social cognition, in the form of attitudes.
Example: Offering coconut and fruits and flowers to the god part of some religious behaviour which is
approved by society.
5. Learning attitudes through Social comparison: When owns attitude corroborates with those held by
significant others, they are accepted as being accurate response to attitude object.
6. Learning through exposure to Information: By exposing to information like auto biographies, books and
information through various media like newspapers, internet creates opinion formation which in turn leads
to attitude.
Example: If a govt launches any new policy, we develop specific opinion against such policy by influencing
trough newspapers editorials, TV debates.
Attitude Vs. Values
Attitudes Values
• What do you like/dislike? • What is important for you?
• Attitude is related to a particular thing. • Whereas values are general in nature.
• Super-set of Values • Sub-set of Values
• Attitude may change with the situation • Values are relatively stable and enduring.
• Attitude is rather weak and unstable • Values are more strong, intense and durable than
attitude.
Techniques with which we learn to evaluate attitude objects and hence a particular type of attitude is
formed towards them:
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Classical/ Pavlovian In this person is exposed to a positive and neutral stimulus repeatedly and
Conditioning: after some time the response to neutral stimuli becomes the same as response
to positive stimuli.
Instrumental Conditioning: A process in which a positive behavior when rewarded has more chances of
repetition unlike the negative behavior which if repeated would lead to
punishment and thus less chances of repetition.
Example – Parents celebrating the success of child by praising them among
friends will form positive attitude of child towards success. Further, when
parents punish the child for their mistakes, it discourage the child to make
those mistakes again.
Social Observation: This involves learning from our social environment such as family, school,
media and its expression.
FACTORS INFLUENCING ATTITUDE FORMATION:

The following factors provide the context for the learning of attitudes through the processes described above.
1. Family and School Environment: Particularly in the early years of life, parents and other family members
play a significant role in shaping attitude formation. Later, the school environment becomes an important
background for attitude formation. Learning of attitudes within the family and school usually takes place by
association, through rewards and punishments, and through modelling.
2. Reference Groups: Reference groups indicate to an individual the norms regarding acceptable behaviour
and ways of thinking. Thus, they reflect learning of attitudes through group or cultural norms. Attitudes
towards various topics, such as political, religious and social groups, occupations, national and other
issues are often developed through reference groups. Their influence is noticeable especially during the
beginning of adolescence, at which time it is important for the individual to feel that s/he belongs to a group.
Therefore, the role of reference groups in attitude formation may also be a case of learning through reward
and punishment.
3. Personal Experiences: Many attitudes are formed, not in the family environment or through reference
groups, but through direct personal experiences which bring about a drastic change in our attitude towards
people and our own life.
Example: A driver in the army went through a personal experience that transformed his life. On one mission,
he narrowly escaped death although all his companions got killed. Wondering about the purpose of his own
life, he gave up his job in the army, returned to his native village in Maharashtra, and worked actively as a
community leader. Through a purely personal experience this individual evolved a strong positive attitude
towards community upliftment. His efforts completely changed the face of his village.
4. Media-related Influences: Technological advances in recent times have made audio-visual media and the
Internet very powerful sources of information that lead to attitude formation and change. In addition, school
level textbooks also influence attitude formation. These sources first strengthen the cognitive and affective
components of attitudes, and subsequently may also affect the behavioural component. The media can exert
both good and bad influences on attitudes. On one hand, the media and Internet make people better
informed than other modes of communication.
CONTENT OF ATTITUDE (ABC OF ATTITUDE)
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Cognitive Component of Attitude:

• We develop Cognition through analytical thought process. It is the ability to think and deliberate, basis of
which we form our opinions and views. It consists of the following elements:
➢ Knowledge about the target object
➢ Awareness about other’s opinion about the object
➢ Societal opinion
• Cognitive aspect of attitude maybe either positive or negative or
even its neutral.
• Example: If a person sees a snake,
1. Positive Cognition – Not to kill them but they are part of
biodiversity and few worships as god as part of religion
2. Negative Cognition - Snakes are Dangerous and kill them
3. Neutral Cognition – Neither kill them nor worship
Affective Component of Attitude:

• Affective component deals with emotional aspect of the Attitude that is moods, feelings associated with
targeted object. It is the result of past life experiences for longer periods in life.
• Example:
1. If we grow in a poverty conditions and face hunger in the past, we compassion towards weaker section
of people who are facing hunger
2. If someone victim of corruption he may blame entire officials and system as corrupt.
Cognitive Aspect Affective Aspect

Deals with Knowledge and Thought Emotional part
Product of deliberate thought and interpretation Occurs at sub-conscious level
Acquired by a person Ascribed to a person
Product of rationality Maybe or May not be rational
Behavioural Component of Attitude:

• This is the action towards the target object. It is the tendency to act in a particular way.
• Any kind of Behaviour exhibition depends on the both Affective and Cognitive component of Attitude.
Affective Cognitive
Behaviour
component component
Example: A ‘Green Environment’: The A-B-C Components of an Attitude
41
Suppose a group of people in your neighbourhood start a tree plantation campaign as part of a ‘green
environment’ movement. Based on sufficient information about the environment:
• Cognitive: Your view towards a ‘green environment’ is positive (cognitive or ‘C’ component, along with the
evaluative aspect).
• Affective: You feel very happy when you see greenery. You feel sad and angry when you see trees being cut
down. These aspects reflect the affective (emotional), or ‘A’ component of the same attitude.
• Behavioural: Now suppose you also actively participate in the tree plantation campaign. This shows the
behavioural or ‘B’ component of your attitudes towards a ‘green environment’.
In general, we expect all three components to be consistent with each other, that is, in the same direction.
However, such consistency may not necessarily be found in all situations.
For example, it is quite possible that the cognitive aspect of your ‘green environment’ attitude is very strong, but
the affective and behavioural components may be relatively weaker. Or, the cognitive and affective components
may be strong and positive, but the behavioural component may be neutral. Therefore, predicting one component
on the basis of the other two may not always give us the correct picture about an attitude.
• Behavioural component is very much important in making India Open defecation free.
• But it should be noted here that some attitudes don’t need to act in a particular direction. Either they just
stop at cognitive/Emotional due to fear or shy feeling.
Example: A person who abide by the traffic rules gets angry if someone violates rules like talking on phone while
driving but still, he doesn’t try to caution him or compliant to authorities due to fear or take it as usual mindset.
STRUCTURE OF ATTITUDE:
• Structure of attitude includes how positive and negative evaluation are
organised within and among the cognitive affective and behavioural
component of attitude.
• The structure often decides the extent to which an attitude in question
can affect the behaviour of an individual. People with integrity are less
ambivalent.
• Attitude structure answers the question that how positive and negative
evaluations are organized within and between the components-
cognitive, affective and behavioral.
One-dimensional Perspective:
• In one-dimensional perspective it is assumed that presence of positive belief, emotions and behavior
prevents the occurrence of negative beliefs, emotions and behavior. Or in other words they are extreme
opposites of a scale.
• This perspective thus implies that there is consistency in a person’s attitude towards the attitude object and
there will be no attitudinal ambivalence.
Two-dimensional Perspective:
42
• Two-dimensional view suggest that positive and negative

elements are stored along two separate dimensions. One
dimension reflects positive belief, emotion and behavior elements,
and the other dimension reflects many negative belief, emotion and
behaviour elements. The attitude may lie anywhere on this two-
dimensional plane.
• This view proposes that people can possess any combination of
positivity or negativity in their attitudes. Attitudes may subsume
little positivity and high negativity, little negativity and high
positivity, or no positivity or negativity (i.e., a neutral position).
Thus, attitude structure represents the attitude content and their

combination with respect to attitude object which helps us to predict
people’s attitude.
FUNCTIONS OF ATTITUDE :
1. Knowledge Function - Attitude helps us to understand overwhelming amount of information in the world.
They are shortcuts, helping us to simplify our perception of the world so that it becomes more manageable,
controllable and safer. However in the absence of knowledge about a person, we may use a stereotyped
attitude for judging the person.
E.g. - people who are not familiar with nuclear energy may develop an attitude that it is dangerous and should
not be used as an energy source.
2. Utilitarian Function - The utilitarian function exists in attitudes that maximise rewards and minimise
punishments obtained from attitude object. If a person holds or expresses socially acceptable attitude, other
people will reward them with approval and social acceptance.
E.g. – politicians show positive attitude towards reservation as in help in getting votes.
3. Object-Appraisal Function - It is often considered the most basic function of attitudes. It holds that all
attitudes serve to simplify reasoning and behavior by providing guide for how to interact with (i.e. approach
or avoid) an attitude object. This function is served by all attitudes which are strong and repetitive in nature
and thus easy to retrieve from memory.
4. Ego Defence - Ego defence refers to holding an attitude that protects our self-esteem or that justify action
that makes us feel guilty. Attitude helps to protect us from ourselves and from other and to explain why we
have done something that could be seen undesirable.
5. Social-adjustive function - It causes people to like attitude objects (e.g. car, places like restaurants) that are
popular among people whom they admire and dislike attitude objects that are unpopular.
6. Emotions Experience function - Another basic function of attitudes is that they help people to experience
emotions. Emotions themselves fulfill basic psychological needs, and, thus, people go for emotional
experiences, even when the experiences are unpleasant (horror movies). One way of experiencing these
emotions is through the possession and expression of strong positive or negative attitudes. For example,
people can have positive attitude towards pet animals because it helps in fulfilling their emotional need of
care, affection, love and loyalty.
7. Value expression - Attitudes are manifestation of our values. Attitude helps us to relate to ourselves & to
others, presenting a fairly unified image which helps to establish our identity for both ourselves and for
others. The attitude we express help communicate who we are & may makes us feel good because we have
asserted our identity.
ATTITUDE CHANGE:
• During the process of attitude formation, and also after this process, attitudes may be changed and
modified through various influences.
• Attitudes that are still in the formative stage, and are more like opinions, are much more likely to change
compared to attitudes that have become firmly established, and have become a part of the individual’s values.
43
• From a practical point of view, bringing about a change in people’s attitudes is of interest to community
leaders, politicians, producers of consumer goods, advertisers, and others. Unless we find out how attitudes
change, and what conditions account for such change, it would not be possible to take steps to bring about
attitude change.
The change in attitude can be of because of two types of influences:
• Informational influence is defined as the change in opinions or behavior that

occurs when we conform to people whom we believe have accurate
information. We base our beliefs on information given by experts such as scientists
Informational as well as our own family and friends.
Influence • Informational conformity lead to real, long-lasting, changes in beliefs. The result
of informational influence is normally private acceptance which refers to real change
in attitude of people.
• For instance – Reports on plastic pollution has lead people and respective
governments to change attitude towards plastic use rising inclination towards
searching for alternative.
• It occurs when we express opinions or behave in ways that help us to be
Normative accepted or that keep us from being isolated or rejected by others. When we
Influence engage in normative influence we conform to social norms or socially accepted beliefs
about what we do or should do in particular social contexts.
• The outcome of normative influence is public conformity rather than private
acceptance.
• Public conformity is a superficial change in behavior that is not accompanied by an
actual change in one’s private opinion or attitude. Impact of social influence may
appear in our public behavior even though we may believe something completely
different in private.
• E.g. A person can treat women at work place as equal colleagues due to norms at work
place but in home he may have different attitude towards his wife or sister where the
patriarchal and regressive attitude is reflected in his actions.
Majority influence occurs when the beliefs held by the larger number of individuals in the current social
group are adopted by everyone.
Minority influence occurs when the beliefs held by the smaller number of individuals in the current social
group prevail.
FACTORS THAT INFLUENCE ATTITUDE CHANGE:

• Characteristics of existing attitude – Positive attitude is easily subjected to change compared to Negative
attitude.
o Example: If a person reading about women empowerment after seeing successful women his positive
attitude towards women become more positive or his positive attitude may become negative fearful of
in future women may become more powerful and dominate men and ignores family responsibilities.
• Source Characteristics – Source credibility affect attitude change. Attitudes more likely to change if a
message comes from highly credible source.
o Example: If an Engineering student planning to buy a laptop are more convinced by a computer
professional who explains the features than a school child explains the same features.
• Message Characteristics – Attitude will change when the information present in the message is enough but
neither too extreme information nor too low information. Also, whether the information has rational or
emotional appeal also matters.
o Example:
1. An advertisement for cooking food in a pressure cooker may point out that this saves fuel such as
cooking gas (LPG) and is economical (rational appeal). Alternatively, the advertisement may say that
44
pressure-cooking preserves nutrition, and that if one cares for the family, nutrition would be a major
concern (emotional appeal). The motives activated by the message also determine attitude change.
2. Drinking milk may be said to make a person healthy and good-looking, or more energetic and more
successful at one’s job.
• Mode of Spreading the Message - Mode of spreading the message plays a significant role. Face-to-face
transmission of the message is usually more effective than indirect transmission, as for instance, through
letters and pamphlets, or even through mass media.
o Example: A positive attitude towards Oral Rehydration Salts (ORS) for young children is more
effectively created if community social workers and doctors spread the message by talking to people
directly, than by only describing the benefits of ORS on the radio.
• Target Characteristics - Qualities of the target, such as persuasibility, strong prejudices, self-esteem, and
intelligence influence the likelihood and extent of attitude change. People, who have a more open and flexible
personality, change more easily. People with strong prejudices are less prone to any attitude change than
those who do not hold strong prejudices. Persons who have a low self-esteem, and do not have sufficient
confidence in themselves, change their attitudes more easily than those who are high on self -esteem.
RELATION BETWEEN ATTITUDE AND BEHAVIOUR

Following factors influences relation between Attitude & Behaviour:
• Qualities of a person - Values like courage, integrity etc.
➢ People who are aware of their feeling display greater attitude
behaviour consistently then those people who rely on situational
question to decide how to behave.
➢ People with high level of integrity show high correlation between
Attitude and Behaviour.
➢ People in individual society have more correlation compared to
people in collective society.
➢ Individuals who depend on their own feelings and principles to judge act much more consistently with
their attitudes towards moral issue than the people who rely on
external standards to determine what is moral.
• Qualities of attitude – Strong and weak attitude show high and low
correlation between attitude and behaviour.
• Attitude accessibility – Attitudes which are acted upon on regular
basis are more accessible from memory. Such attitudes show higher
correlation with behaviour.
• Situation:
➢ Norms or belief about how one should or is expected to behave in a
given situation can exert a powerful influence on behaviour.
➢ Time pressure results in behaviour as per attitude
➢ Survival instincts dominate attitude.
STEPS TO INCREASE CORRELATION BETWEEN ATTITUDE AND BEHAVIOUR:

• Development of emotional intelligence.
• Introspection
• Attitude literacy – learn what attitudes are. Identify your good and bad attitudes.
• Connecting with conscience – try to understand the reasons behind holding particular attitude.
• Developing values of integrity and truthfulness.
• Discovering ways to motivate yourself.
• See change as an opportunity to grow.
45

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• Seeing criticism as an feedback and opportunity to achieve excellence.
TYPES OF ATTITUDE:
Though we are having many types of attitudes but mainly we deal with four types of attitudes. They are:
1. Moral Attitudes
2. Political Attitudes
3. Bureaucratic Attitudes
4. Democratic Attitudes
1. MORAL ATTITUDES:
Morality refers to righteousness. Moral attitudes are attitudes concerned with righteous manner. Thus, Moral
attitudes is not a neutral concept. It is a bias towards righteousness or virtuousness. Some of the moral attitudes
are:
1. Goodness
2. Respect
3. Love & Compassion
4. Selflessness
5. Empathy
Goodness:
• We born with materialistic nature. Any materialistic nature
of life consists of three modes, they are – Goodness, Passion
& Ignorance. When living entity comes in contact with
nature, he is subjected to these three modes.
• Goodness refers to the Good intentions in our actions.
This is the Mother of all Moral attitudes. All other moral
attitudes derived from this. Good actions start with good
intentions.
• Goodness is the pre-condition for inner happiness.
Goodness is purer than other modes of life and it frees one
from sinful actions. Those who situated in this mode develop
knowledge but they become conditioned by the concept of
happiness.
• Passion is loaded with unlimited desires and belongings.
Because of this one bound to materialistic activities.
• Ignorance comes with laziness. It is root cause of suffering
and delusion of all living entities. The result will be madness, • A person loaded with goodness
sleep and unhappy and no purpose to the life. becomes a good human Being.
• Sometime mode of ignorance becomes prominent and • A person loaded with passion leads a
defeating the mode of goodness. And sometimes passion materialistic nature of life
prominent over others and similarly goodness defeats other • A person loaded with ignorance
modes of life. There is always competition among them for becomes unnecessary asset to the
supremacy. society.
Respect:
• Human beings are having dignity and value. They are autonomous and
ends themselves. Every living entity has to be treated with respect, Give Immanuel Kant - Rational
Respect And Take Respect. human beings should be
treated as an end in themselves
Love & Compassion and not as a means to
• Love is deep affection towards others and compassion is action something else.
oriented sympathetic feeling for someone’s sufferings and
misfortunes.
46
Love Compassion
Feeling of affection towards someone we know Feeling of affection towards someone either we know
personally them personally or don’t know them at all
We are ready to sacrifice for them – Self Interest We act selflessness
Love is part of compassion Compassion is much bigger than Love
Defined in terms of relationships Defined in terms of Humanity
Selflessness:
• Selflessness is willing to act without expecting anything in return. A selfless action is the of basis of all
existence. Consciousness is the basis of selfless action.
• Advita Philosophy talks about self-consciousness. It states that we treat other souls as our souls. Then we
tend to help each other without expecting anything return which results in positive universal emotions and
no negative feelings.
Empathy:
It’s the basic awareness of the emotions and feelings of others. Empathy is the basis of an Emotional
Intelligence, ability to use our emotions in a positive way to overcome conflicts and challenges. We can develop
this attitude only when we are selfless. It is simply stepping into someone’s shoes.
Sympathy Empathy Compassion

Understands others feelings Understanding others feelings by Unconditional love applied towards
without feeling at yourself feeling personally others sufferings
Self – Oriented Self – Oriented – “I am Hurt too “ Look from Humanity Perspective
2. POLITICAL ATTITUDES:
• Political Attitudes are a set of with which an individual approaches a political problem and which
determines his line of conduct towards that problem.
• It’s also a set of rules & regulations, customs, traditions, beliefs that influences the political system of that
country.
• The sum total of political attitudes of an individual reveals that person’s outlook on the aspect on the
political aspect of social living. They define the relationship between the citizen, govt and functions of
political system.
Examples:
1. Voting behaviour of voters in an Elections decided by political attitudes followed by individual and
political parties
2. Govt policies were of socialist nature when India got independence but after LPG era in 1990’s India
opened its economy and followed pro market policy.
Some of the Political Attitudes are:
At Individual Level Political Attitudes towards At Political Party level

specific social issues
Attitude of People towards Employment, Gender equality, Political attitudes of parties
political system - Reactionary, social behaviour, poverty, etc. towards state - Leftist , Centrist,
Conservative, Progressive. Rightist.
• After the Independence, India adopted western liberal democratic form of government where there is a
nominal head instead of hereditary. The Representative form of govt having features such as rule of law,
independent judiciary, federal spirit, Unbiased and committed bureaucracy, free and fair elections, Elections
based on Universal adult franchise etc
• But even after seven decades of independence, these democratic institutions failed to perform to the
expected level where as western democracies was successful. It’s the country’s political system that
47
determines and influences the functioning of these institutions and in turn decides the success of other
institutions like economic progress, fiscal discipline, administration and elections.
• Our political system in structure wise on lines of western liberal democracy but in reality, it’s in feudal in
nature resulting in their failure. This is true in case of functioning of political party system. It’s based on the
multi-party system, FPTP voting system and Universal adult franchise etc. But outcomes of elections and
functioning of political parties not determined by cognitions. They appeal to public’s emotions rather than
their progress.
• Western democracies and Indian democracy, main difference lies in the political attitudes of the people.
• Voting Behaviour of public decided by emotions, ideology and progress and development report card of
the govt.
Emotions/Affective Ideology Cognition

Least developed democratic Stick to particular ideology Most developed democratic culture
culture. irrespective or democratic or not.
Appeals to vote based on Appeals votes based on ideology Appeals votes based on progress
emotions of the public. report of the govt
Social issues like poverty, Ideology overshadows the social Social issues play major role in
unemployment, economy having issues winning
no role to play here
Caste support, votes based on Leftist, centrist and Right-wing Development and economic
religion, region etc, sympathy ideology progress, political stability etc
votes if any particular leader of a
community dies
We have constitution but we lack “constitutionalism” in the country. We should take steps to strengthen the
democratic institutions in letter and spirit.
3. BUREAUCRATIC ATTITUDES
Some of the Bureaucratic attitudes which an official should possess are (Which will discuss in detail in the next
chapter)
• Honesty
• Integrity
• Commitment to the ideals of the Constitution
• Transparency & Accountability
• Abide to the rules & regulations but one should possess empathy and compassion also
• Courage of Conviction
• 4E – Economy, Efficiency, Effectiveness & Equity
• Objectivity
• Impartiality
• Non – Partisanship
• Proactive & Dynamic
4. DEMOCRATIC ATTITUDES:
Democratic attitudes are a set of values which strengthens the democracy. Some of the common examples of
democratic attitudes are,
1. Freedom and Liberty
2. Equality & Rule of law
3. Fraternity
4. Rights and Duties etc.
Freedom And Liberty:
48
• The term liberty means absence of restraints on the activities

of individuals and at the same time, providing opportunities
for the development of individual personalities.
• Constitution of India secures the citizens liberties by putting
them under its preamble mentioned as:
“Liberty of thought, expression, belief, faith, and worship”
• Every individual freedom to enjoy his liberty as sanctioned by

the law. The duty of the law is to safeguard one’s personal liberty.
• Law and Liberty: The law and liberty are twins and are
connected to each other to sanction equal treatment equally for
all.
• Understanding the concept of liberty begins in the classroom by
the conduct and attitude of student towards his teacher and his
classmates. Raising questions to clarify doubts to his class
teacher is his/her right, but the sanction of it becomes liberty.
• Liberty is just the sanction of law and the restrictions imposed are also a kind of liberty. Conducive learning
environment of classroom, conditions the student to understand the meaning and the purpose of liberty. The
basic fact of liberty is that law is the condition of liberty.
Two Phases of Liberty:
Positive liberty: Negative Liberty:

Positive liberty mean freedom to do something that For J.S. Mill, liberty means Negative liberty He
the individual should have rights and opportunities to submitted that there should not be any restraint
develop his personality. imposed upon man and his actions. He also asserted
that there should not be any hindrance in the path of
man.
• John Locke: Where there is no law there is no freedom.

• John Stuart Mill’s Harm Principle:
➢ Self-regarding actions - Affects no other persons: Here state no role to interfere
➢ Other regarding actions – Causes harm to others: External/state interference
• Rousseau: Man was born free, but everywhere he is in chains.
• Harold J. Laski: Liberty is the eager maintenance of that atmosphere in which men have the opportunity
to be their best selves.
• Gettel: Definite laws, sure enforcement and equality before law marked the advance of civil liberty of man
to man
• Hegel: State is a March of God upon earth and it is the highest expression and organ of social morality.
How does law protect liberty?

• Provides congenial atmosphere for the smooth running of civilized life in society. Law punish criminal and
defends the rights of the individuals.
• Law guarantee the enjoyment of individual rights and duties and protect them. The state punishes the
individual who causes harm to others and hinders path of others.
• Constitution is custodian of liberty and it confines the authority of the state and protects the fundamental
right of the people.
49
How Liberty is safeguarded?

• Liberty is safer in the Democratic form of govt than any other form of govt
• Constitution
• Rule of law
• Fundamental rights
• Independent judiciary
• Decentralisation of powers
• Economic security – It creates a equity based society where everyone gets equal opportunity.
• Political education and vigilance
Equality:
• Equality is a powerful moral and political ideal that has inspired and guided human society for many
centuries. Concept of equality invokes the idea that all human beings have an equal worth regardless of
their colour, gender, race, or nationality. It maintains that human beings deserve equal consideration and
respect because of their common humanity. Shared humanity lies in the universal human rights.
• Liberty and rights lead to a third principle in political theory, which is of equality. Equality determines
how rights are to be distributed amongst the individuals as citizens and groups, both whether equally or
unequally.
Liberty Rights Equality
• Equality, which means state of being equal. It

signifies ‘having the same rights, privileges,
treatments, status, and opportunities. Equality is
treated as something that relates to distributive
principle because of which rights, treatments, and
opportunities are distributed amongst the
beneficiaries in a fair manner.
• Fairness does not mean all to be treated equally
in all circumstances. In fact, it very well means
unequal treatment for those who are unequal.
Essentially it relates to the principle of justice,
because it requires fair distributive principle.
However, those who are equal should not be treated
as unequal and the unequal as equal.
Types of Equality
Political Economic
Civil Equality: Equality: Equality:
Social Equality: Natural
No discrimination Access to Equality: Wealth
Opportunity and
based on religion, authority Previlage s Natural Rights Distributive
belief, sex etc
Voting rights Justice
Equal access to
resources
How equality can be achieved?
50
• It is necessary sometime to treat people differently in order to ensure that they can enjoy equal rights.
Certain differences may have to be taken into account for this need. Some special consideration for the
disabled and protection for women employees especially in the corporate and IT industries when they
travel amidst work in the night are provided.
• These acts should not be treated as an infringement of equality but an enhancement of equality. Similarly,
some of the policies are needed to overcome the hindrances of equality by the government. For example,
India follows the principle of reservation and other countries follow affirmative action.
Establishing a Formal Equality: This is the first step towards the ending inequality in the society. Political,
economic, social inequalities can be reduced by customs and legal system. In India, our constitution provided
equality in the form of fundamental rights and Directive principles of state policy and various other sections
of the constitutions and other statutes.
Civic Equality Economic Equality Political Equality

• Equality before law (Article 14) • Men and women equal right to • Universal adult franchise
• Prohibition of discrimination livelihood and equal pay (Article (Article 325 and 326)
on grounds of religion (Article 39)
15) • To minimise inequalities in
• Equality of opportunity in income status, opportunities
matters of public employments (Article 38)
(Article 16)
• Abolition of Untouchability
(Article 17)
• Abolition of titles (Article 18)
Differential Treatment - Formal equality or equality before law not sufficient to make principle equality in
reality. Sometimes it necessary to treat people differently in order to ensure that they can enjoy equal rights. For
example, Reservations.
Affirmative Action - Affirmative action implies that it is not sufficient to establish formal equality by law. In
order to eliminate deep rooted inequalities, some positive measures are necessary and such positive measures
could minimize and eliminate slowly the entrenched forms of social inequalities.
Affirmative action Vs Reverse discrimination:
Affirmative Action: Reverse Discrimination:

Rationale is to enable qualified targeted groups to Giving preferential treatment to targeted groups,
catch up the effects of past discrimination in the usually by excluding better-qualified candidates who
workplace. are not part of the preferred group. Except under
unusual circumstances, reverse discrimination is not
legal.
Thomas Hobbes: “What good is freedom to a starving man? He cannot eat freedom or drink it”.
Fraternity:
Fraternity means a sense of brotherhood. The constitution promotes this feeling of fraternity by the system of
single citizenship and fundamental duties promotes harmony and common brotherhood.
BEHAVIOUR:
• Behaviours are responses/reactions we make or activities we engage in. Behaviours are simple or complex
and some behaviours are short and enduring. Some behaviours are overt. Few behaviours are Internal or
covert.
51
• All Behaviours covert or overt are associated with or triggered by some stimulus in the environment or
changes that happen internally. Therefore, Behaviour as an association between stimulus and response.
Example:
1. When a tiger is walking Infront of you, your heartbeat rises and response should be run from that place
2. During UPSC prelims exam, few aspirants suffers with stress and anxiety
Mind & Behaviour:

• Brain is the most essential part of human body for its survival. Brain controls our thoughts, stores the
information required for function of our organs.
• But the mind is the set of faculties including cognitive aspects such as consciousness, imagination,
perception, thinking, intelligence, judgement, language and memory, as well as non-cognitive aspects
such as emotion and instinct.
• Mind can’t exist without brain but mind is separate entity. There is a relation between mind and
behaviour.
• Mind causes a Behaviour. Any particular kind of behaviour depends on our mind responds to the stimulus
and environment where we were in.
• By using positive visualisation techniques and feeling positive emotions one can bring significant changes
in bodily processes which will reflect in our behaviour.
Examples:
1. Blind people able to imagine the context with mind’s imaginary power and they tend to act according to the
situation
2. A study proved that a person with blocked arteries was made to visualise that blood was flowing through
her/ his blocked arteries. After practicing this over a period of time, significant relief was obtained by these
patients as the degree of blockage became significantly less. Use of mental imagery, i.e. images generated b y
a person in her/his mind, have been used to cure various kinds of phobias (irrational fears of objects and
situations).
What causes Human Behaviour?

• The way Human evolved tend to behave in a particular way →Ancient humans started their early life
with hunting food later they practised settled agriculture. But still some of the tribes following such hunting
behaviour.
• Historically Constructed Behaviour → After Aryans invasion caste system started evolving. Now its
surviving in matured form of caste hierarchy.
• Culturally Constructed Behaviour → Some cultures treat women as family elder (Matriarchy) and some
cultures treats women as subordinate to men (Patriarchy).
• Biological shaping of Behaviour → Genes and Heredity – Maldhari community in Gujarat and Bishnoi
community in Rajasthan are protecting animals’ lions and blackbuck from so many generations
• Socio-Cultural shaping of Behaviour → Different behaviour exhibition in food habits: Eating Veg and Non
vegetarian food part of socio-cultural shaping of behaviour in India.
ATTITUDE & BEHAVIOR:

Attitude is a set of features which is in evaluation feature and Behaviour is a tendency to act in particular
direction. End result of attitude is Behaviour but it can’t be always true. Sometimes we failed up to act to the
particular issue.
Is attitude & behaviour will move in same direction?
Cases where attitudes • If our attitudes are negative our behaviour will never be positive.
and behaviour will go • Strong attitude causes tendency to show rigid behaviour
hand and hand: • When there is no external pressure to change our attitudes, behaviour
52
• When your behaviour not watched by no one your attitudes will be same as
behaviour
Cases where our • If something rewarding in nature and beneficial to us
behaviour different • Weak attitudes will eventually cause different behaviour
from our attitudes: • Lobbying
Example:
1. Political parties during campaigns preaches about women empowerment but when it comes to reality no
party willing to support women reservation bill in parliament
2. USA & Russia openly supports India’s candidature in security council seat but they are not in favour of
security council reforms in reality.
Therefore, Attitudes are not behaviours but they represent a tendency to behave or act in a certain way.
SOCIAL BEHAVIOUR:
Social behaviour is how social environment influences our thoughts, emotions and behaviour. A pro social
behaviour builds a harmonious society but an anti-social behaviour drags country to bottom of the table in the
development indices
What causes anti – Social Behaviour:

• Illiteracy and poor level understanding on social issues even among educated people
• Poverty
• Disturbed peace of mind
• Unemployment
• Family and health issues
Best way to reduce anti-social behaviour is by providing early intervention services by indulging them in pro
social activities. Early Intervention services can help measure anti-social behaviour and effectively teach
children and young adults the positive behaviours that should be adopted which they will carry into
adulthood and provide a positive social impact on their local society.
In addition to this, by addressing potential challenges at an earlier stage it gives charities the chance to prevent
them becoming serious issues that could become a strain on society. A pro social behaviour is the only way to
address the anti-social activities.
Pro-Social Behaviour:
• Throughout the world, doing good to others and being helpful is described as a virtue. All religions teach us
that we should help those who are in need. This behaviour is called helping or pro-social behaviour.
• Pro- social behaviour is very similar to ‘altruism’, which means doing something for or thinking about the
welfare of others without any self-interest (in Latin ‘alter’ means ‘other’, the opposite of ‘ego’ which means
‘self’).
Examples:
1. During recent airplane crash at Kerala airport, local people offered helping hand before the rescue teams
arrived. It saves many lives on time.
2. Sharing things, cooperating with others, helping during natural calamities, showing sympathy, doing
favours to others, and making charitable donations.
Pro-social behaviour has the following characteristics:

• Aim to do good to others
• To be done without any expectations in return
• Voluntarily gives lending hand where there is no external pressure
53
• Involves some difficulty or cost to the person. For instance, a person who earns illegally wanted to donate
some money to get reputation and his photograph will publish on newspaper. This attitude can’t be called as
pro social behaviour.
Case study:
Immediately after the Mumbai blasts on 11 July, 2006, the community stepped forward to help the blast
victims in any way they could. By contrast, on an earlier occasion, nobody came forward to help a girl on a
moving suburban train in Mumbai, when her purse was being snatched. The other passengers did nothing to
help, and the girl was thrown out of the train. Even as the girl was lying injured on the railway tracks, people
living in the buildings around the area did not come to help her.
The question then is: under what conditions, and with what motives do people help others? Still need to study
on such behaviour.
But under what circumstances people show their pro-social attitude, it’s difficult to assess such behaviour by
looking at the following case study.
Factors Influencing Social Behaviour

• In born attitude of helping others
• Influenced by learning
• Cultural factors
• Value education
• Learning from the lives of great reformers
Norms which conditions Pro Social Behaviour:

• Norm of social Responsibility: We should help anyone who needs help, without considering any other
factor.
• Norm of reciprocity: We should help those persons who have helped us in the past.
• Norm of equity: We should help others whenever we find that it is fair to do so.
Example: Many of us may feel that it is fairer to help a person who has lost all belongings in a flood, than to help
a person who has lost everything through gambling.
• Pro-social behaviour is affected by the expected reactions of the person who is being helped. E.g. People might
be unwilling to give money to a needy person because they feel that the person might feel insulted, or may
become dependent.
• Pro-social behaviour is more likely to be shown by individuals who have a high level of empathy, that is, the
capacity to feel the distress of the person who is to be helped. E.g. Baba Saheb Amate and Mother Teresa.
Pro-social behaviour may be reduced by factors such as a bad mood, being busy with one’s own problems, or
feeling that the person to be helped is responsible for her/his own situation (that is, when an internal attribution
is made for the need state of the other person).
Pro-social behaviour may also be reduced when the number of bystanders is more than one. For example,
the victim of a road accident sometimes does not get help because there are many people standing around the
scene of the accident. Each person thinks that it is not her/his responsibility alone to give help, and that someone
else may take the responsibility. This phenomenon is called “Diffusion of Responsibility”. On the other hand, if
there is only one bystander, this person is more likely to take the responsibility and actually help the victim.
Therefore, studying of social behaviour is very much important in implementing any scheme or policy to
understand the how people socially involved.
SOCIAL INFLUNCE & PERSUASION:
54
• Social influence is the process through which a person’s Behaviour, attitudes, views or thoughts gets
influences by social communication.
• Persuasion is just method of social influence. Social influence and persuasion, both are same but social
influence at group/community level influencing one’s views or beliefs or attitudes and persuasion at
individual level to pursue him to believe in something.
• Social behaviour helps us in opinion formation, impression formation and which in turn guide us to
influence others. But either we obey or defy social influence on others to adopt it from our own point of view.
Example: College institution brought a rule to ban on brining mobile phones to college. Students collecting
signatures of students to remove the ban. If I sign it will go against my own opinion but if I don’t sign it disturbs
student’s unity.
Social Influence
Social Facilitation Social Loafing
The nature of influence on Individual can be defined from two perspectives:
1. Social Facilitation - Behaviour in the Presence of others

Performance of specific actions or tasks is influenced by the mere presence of others. This is Called Social
facilitation.
Example:
1. Public speech Vs speech practice at home alone
2. Writing UPSC prelims on exam day Vs Giving mock test at home
As early as 1897, Norman Triplett observed that individuals show better performance in the presence of others,
than when they are performing the same task alone. For instance, cyclists racing with each other perform better
than when they cycle alone.
Why Such Behaviour?

• Arousal: Person experiences arousal, which makes the person react in a more intense manner. Arousal
because person feels he or she being evaluated.
• Nature of Task: The nature of the task to be performed also affects the performance in the presence of others.
A simple or familiar task, the person is surer of performing well, and the eagerness to get praise or reward is
stronger. So, the individual performs better in the presence of others than s/he does when alone. But in the
case of a complex or new task, the person may be afraid of making mistakes. The fear of criticism or
punishment is stronger. So, the individual performs worse in the presence of others than s/he does when
alone.
• Co-Action: If the others present are also performing the same task, this is called a situation of co-action. In
this situation, there is social comparison and competition.
2. Social Loafing:
• An individual performing an activity along with the others as part of a larger group. Task performance can
be facilitated and improved, or inhibited and worsened by the presence of others. Many other kinds of social
influence have been noticed.
• Diffusion of responsibility, which is often the basis of social loafing, can also be frequently seen in situations
where people are expected to help. We will look into this aspect and other factors in helping behaviour in the
section that follows.
55
Why such behaviour?

• Efforts of an individual in a group are pooled so that you look at the performance of the group as a whole.
It has been found that individuals work less hard in a group than they do when performing alone.
• Social loafing is a reduction in individual effort when working on a collective task, i.e. one in which
outputs are pooled with those of other group members.
• It is not possible for you to identify how much force each member of the team has been exerting. Such
situations give opportunities to group members to relax and become a free rider.
Example:
• If we are working together in a group, the larger the group, the less effort each member puts in
• Game of tug-of-war – Pulling rope against each other
• Political parties promising freebies during election campaign which will make citizens free rider
• One of the strong criticisms against Universal Basic Income is, it will make people lazy attitude and free
money will spent on buying luxury items than their capacity will eventually makes people free rider.
• Social influence can be seen indirectly by conformity with majority opinion by compliance with request from
others and obedience from the direction/order/instruction of person/institution in authority.
Example:
• Corona Virus lockdown – PM/CM addressing the nation/state directly on importance of social distancing
and stay healthy by cooperating with lockdown instead of assigning the task to some other Minister.
• Cabinet meeting during lockdown – Cabinet set an example by maintaining social distance during the
meeting. Frequent addressing and campaigns helped India successfully tackling the pandemic and
lockdown.
Nature of Social Influence:

• It can be Positive or Negative
• It can be consciousness or Unconsciousness
• Nature of influence varies according to the context and depends on the person who getting influence and who
influencing. Example: ISIS influencing youth across the world to choose the militancy
• Influence getting exhibited when you alone and when you are in public
• Nature of Influence can be varying from shorter to longer duration. Example: Most of the motivational
sessions generally lasted not more than one day.
How to get Social Influence:

• By strong Leadership
• Political campaigns to influence our attitudes
• Media
• Person in the authority – The person who at higher hierarchy influences like Boss subordinate relationship
• External Pressure
• Culture
PERSUASION
• Social influence and persuasion both are interchangeable, so whatever the concepts applicable to social
influence same applicable to persuasion also.
• Persuasion is part of civil servants’ day to day activities. He/she has to persuade various sections of people,
his/her subordinate officials in his/her office, public he/she interacted on daily basis and his/her superior
officers and persuade govt on any particular scheme or policy etc.
APPLICATIONS IN DAILY LIFE & ADMINISTRATION
56
An attitude formation is very much important towards any particular

social issue, political issue, environmental issue or an economical issue.
Its area of applications ranging from personal life to bringing good
governance in the country. Some of the applications are:
1. Making a Good Citizen: To create a good citizen, it’s a two-way

process:
➢ Rule of Law - Responsibility of the govt to respect each and every
community and giving unbiased attitude towards every
individual.
➢ Social Responsibility – An individual, instead of solely waiting
for the govt to things gets done better to take initiation and solve
their own problems. A sense of social responsibility creates a
social harmony in the society. Socially and morally responsible as a first step towards in making a good
citizen.
A Good citizen makes the society a better place to live in then we can find the solutions to the challenges facing
by the society.
Aristotle – Mere residing in country, enjoying a legal right does not make him a good citizen. A good citizen
is one who’s participation for social cause and able to partake in decision making process of the govt.
2. Creating a sense of Patriotism: A standard dictionary defines patriotism as reads “love of one’s country.”
But in wider sense it defined as:
➢ Special affection for one’s own country
➢ A sense of personal identification with the country
➢ Special concern for the well-being of the country
➢ Willingness to sacrifice to promote the country’s good
Accordingly, patriotism can be defined as love of one’s country, identification with it, and special concern
for its well-being. This is only a definition. A fuller account of patriotism is having a bigger scope. Such an
account would say something about the patriot’s:
• Beliefs about the merits of his country
• To be related to a past and a future that transcend the narrow confines of an individual’s life and its mundane
concerns
• Social and political conditions that affect the ebb and flow of patriotism, its political and cultural influence.
Moral Standing of Patriotism:

• Many thinks of patriotism as a natural and appropriate expression of attachment to the country in which we
were born and raised and of gratitude for the benefits of life on its soil, among its people, and under its laws.
• They also consider patriotism an important component of our identity. Some go further, and argue that
patriotism is morally mandatory, or even that it is the core of morality. There is, however, a major
tradition in moral philosophy which understands morality as essentially universal and impartial, and seems
to rule out local, partial attachment and loyalty.
• Adherents of this tradition tend to think of “one’s own” at odds with demands of universal justice and
common human solidarity. There is nothing wrong in Love of one’s own country and loyal to it, but extreme
form of patriotism creating new kind of social problems globally and creating hostility towards other
countries. It tends to encourage militarism, and makes for international tension and conflict.
Normative issues:
• Patriotism has had a fair number of critics. The harshest among them have judged it deeply flawed in every
important respect.
• In the 19th century, Russian novelist and thinker Leo Tolstoy found patriotism both stupid and immoral.
o It is stupid because every patriot holds his own country to be the best of all whereas, obviously, only
one country can qualify.
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o It is immoral because it promotes our country’s interests at the expense of all other countries and by
any means, including war, and is thus at odds with the most basic rule of morality, which tells us not to
do to others what we would not want them to do to us.
• Some of these objections can easily be countered. Even if full-fledged patriotism does involve a belief in one’s
country’s merits, it need not involve the belief that one’s country is better than all others. And the fact that a
country is not a collection of “discernible individuals” and that the social ties among compatriots are “largely
invisible or impersonal,” rather than palpable and face-to-face, does not show that it is unreal or imaginary.
• However, there is another, more plausible line of criticism of patriotism focusing on its intellectual, rather
than moral credentials. Moreover, Tolstoy’s arguments questioning the moral legitimacy of patriotic
partiality and those highlighting the connection of patriotism with international tensions and war cannot be
so easily refuted.
Rousseau: “General will” is greater than “Private will” so for any policy to be successful administration
should consider general will. Here General will means social will for greater good of society.
3. To solve social problems:

• Developing particular attitude towards particular a social issue helps in solving the social problems.
• India is a developing country facing many social issues. Poverty, Gender inequality, well-being of vulnerable
sections of society, Sex ratio, Corruption as a social issue instead of looking it as an administration issue, open
defecation, racial discrimination etc.
• A social problem can also look from the perspective of Behavior to be addressed. It has both objective and
subjective components. The objective component involves empirical evidence of the negative
consequences of a social condition or behavior, while the subjective component involves the perception that
the condition or behavior is indeed a problem that needs to be addressed, belief that particular social
condition which is harmful to the society.
Example:
• Objective view: Climate change is real and happening
• Subjective view: Climate change is myth
• Swachh Bharath Mission – Success of this mission because of behavioral change and govt campaigning
• Poverty, Employment & Gender equality should be treated as integrated social problem instead of looking
independently.
4. To eliminate prejudice and discrimination:

• Prejudices are examples of attitudes towards a particular group. They are usually negative, and in many
cases, they are based on stereotypes (the cognitive component) about the specific group.
• Stereotype is a cluster of ideas regarding the characteristics of a specific group. Often, stereotypes consist of
undesirable characteristics about the target group, and they lead to negative attitudes or prejudices towards
members of specific groups.
• The cognitive component of prejudice is frequently accompanied by dislike or hatred, the affective
component.
• The behavioural component, when a Prejudice get translated into discrimination, whereby people behave
in a less positive way towards a particular target group compared to another group which they favour.
Example: The genocide committed by the Nazis in Germany against Jewish people is an extreme example of
how prejudice can lead to hatred, discrimination and mass killing of innocent people.
Prejudices can exist without being shown in the form of discrimination. Similarly, discrimination can be shown
without prejudice. Yet, the two go together very often. Wherever prejudice and discrimination exist, conflicts
are very likely to arise between groups within the same society. Our own society has witnessed many deplorable
instances of discrimination, with and without prejudice, based on gender, religion, community, caste, physical
handicap, and illnesses such as AIDS. Moreover, in many cases discriminatory behaviour can be curbed by law.
But, the cognitive and emotional components of prejudice are more difficult to change.
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Prejudice has one or more of the following sources:

• Learning: Like other attitudes, prejudices can also be learned through association, reward and punishment,
observing others, group or cultural norms and exposure to information that encourages prejudic e.
• The family, reference groups, personal experiences and the media may play a role in the learning of
prejudices
A strong social identity and in-group bias:

Individuals who have a strong sense of social identity and have a very positive attitude towards their own group
boost this attitude by holding negative attitudes towards other groups. These are shown as prejudices.
• Scapegoating: This is a phenomenon by which the majority group places the blame on a minority
outgroup for its own social, economic or political problems. The minority is too weak or too small in
number to defend itself against such accusations. Scapegoating is a group-based way of expressing
frustration, and it often results in negative attitudes or prejudice against the weaker group.
• Kernel of truth concept: Sometimes people may continue to hold stereotypes because they think that, after
all, there must be some truth, or ‘kernel of truth’ in what everyone says about the other group.
• Self-fulfilling prophecy: In some cases, the group that is the target of prejudice is itself responsible for
continuing the prejudice. The target group may behave in ways that justify the prejudice, that is, confirm the
negative expectations. For example, if the target group is described as ‘dependent’ and therefore unable to
make progress, the members of this target group may actually behave in a way that proves this description
to be true. In this way, they strengthen the existing prejudice.
Strategies for handling prejudice:

Knowing about the causes or sources would be the first step in handling prejudice. Thus, the strategies for
handling prejudice would be effective if they aim at:
• Minimising opportunities for learning prejudices
• Changing such attitudes
• De-emphasising a narrow social identity based on the ingroup
• Discouraging the tendency towards self-fulfilling prophecy among the victims of prejudice.
These strategies can be accomplished through:

• Education and information dissemination, for correcting stereotypes related to specific target groups, and
tackling the problem of a strong ingroup bias
• Increasing intergroup contact allows for direct communication, removal of mistrust between the groups,
and even discovery of positive qualities in the outgroup. However, these strategies are successful only if the
two groups meet in a cooperative rather than competitive context
• Highlighting individual identity rather than group identity, thus weakening the importance of group (both
ingroup and outgroup) as a basis of evaluating the other person.
5. Ethical & Good Governance:

• According to World bank Good governance defined as “the manner in which power is exercised in the
management of a country’s economic and social
resources for development”.
• Good Attitudes and Morally social behaviour towards
public institutions and social institutions makes a
governance a good governance.
• The objectives of good governance can be achieved
only through Ethical governance, which is a
governance carrying out according established
standards. In India initiatives like citizen charter, RTI
etc failed because there is a missing component of
ethical governance in the governance or public
administration. Bureaucracy with Colonial attitudes
has failed to understand the importance of this revolutionary reforms in the public administration.
59
• To achieve ethical governance, we need a committed bureaucracy which is committed to the ideals of
constitution, honesty and integrity and behavioral reforms in the bureaucracy.
Governance Good Governance Ethical Governance
6. Conflict Management:
• Attitudes and Behavioral norms play a very important role in conflict resolution either it is ethnic conflicts
or communal violence or caste violence or son of soil theory. Sense of love towards own community or land
creates “We Vs Others Feeling”.
• Nothing can be achieved unless and until you believe in yourself and have a positive attitude. An individual
must avoid finding faults in others. Individuals tend to lose control on their emotions and overreact hurting
the sentiments of the other person.
Ways to solve conflicts:

• Intergroup meetings, deliberations and consultations.
• Joint celebration of festivals
• Strict law and order enforcement and harsh punishment for those who disturbs social harmony with hidden
motives
• Peaceful talks and discussions at govt level and civil society level
• Giving protection and protecting minorities and Tribals and their customs and traditions
Examples: Naga peace talks held by govt to end decades old ethnic conflicts among Naga tribes

Theme Question Year
Attitude formation Young people with ethical conduct are not willing to come forward to 2017
join active politics. Suggest steps to motivate them to come forward.
Attitude formation What factors affect the formation of a person’s attitude towards social 2014
problems? In our society, contrasting attitudes are prevalent about many
social problems. What contrasting attitudes do you notice about the
caste system in our society? How do you explain the existence of these
contrasting attitudes?
Moral and political In the context of defense services, ‘patriotism’ demands readiness to 2014
attitudes even lay down one’s life in protecting the nation. According to you, what
does patriotism imply in everyday civil life? Explain with illustrations
and justify your answer.
Moral and political It is often said that ‘politics’ and ‘ethics’ do not go together. What is your 2013
attitudes opinion in this regard? Justify your answer with illustrations.
Content, structure, Two different kinds of attitudes exhibited by public servants towards 2015
function of Attitude their work have been identified as the bureaucratic attitude and the
democratic attitude. A) Distinguish between these two terms and write
their merits and demerits. B) Is it possible to balance the two to create a
better administration for the faster development of our country?
Social influence and How could social influence and persuasion contribute to the success of 2016
persuasion Swatchh Bharat Abhiyan?
60
3. APTITUDE AND FOUNDATIONAL VALUES FOR CIVIL SERVICES
CIVIL SERVICES IN INDIA:

• The roots of the civil service go back a long way in human history. The key to the survival of the ancient
Egyptian civilisation that flourished as early as 3,000 BC, was the civil service – the historical model of all
later bureaucracies.
• Concept of recruitment based on merit started with China way back in 200BC. In China, the civil servants
were recruited on the basis of merit and enjoyed a well-defined career path and security of tenure.
• Serving the state was considered a great privilege bestowed only on a chosen few with demonstrated talents.
The nuclei of intensive modern states in the Middle Ages developed along with bureaucratic structures.
Developing a civil service was an essential step in the process of nation-building.
In India, Kautilya’s Arthasastra stipulates seven basic elements of the administrative apparatus. These elements
are embodied in the doctrine of the Prakrits. They are:
1. Swamin (the ruler)
2. Amatya (the bureaucracy)
3. Janapada (territory)
4. Durga (the fortified capital)
5. Kosa (the treasury)
6. Danda (the army)
7. Mitra (the ally)
EVOLUTION OF CIVIL SERVICES IN INDIA:

Ancient According to Arthasastra, the higher bureaucracy consisted of the mantrins and the
Period amatyas. While the mantrins were the highest advisors to the King, the amatyas were the
civil servants.
Medieval A new stage in the evolution of the administrative order came at the time of Delhi Sultanate
Period and refined during Mughals based on Mansabdari system and modernised in British rule.
The civil service system in India during the British times was based essentially on the
Mughal system with certain refinements. But the big changes came with the implementation
British of Macaulay’s Report. The Macaulay Report recommended that only the best and
administration
brightest would do for the Indian Civil Service (ICS). The ICS men were trusted agents of
the British Government even though there were also many patriots among them. The ICS
was the instrument of the imperial power.
PROBLEMS WITH BRITISH (COLONIAL) ADMINISTRATION:

Leaders of the Indian National Congress had made it clear during their struggle for independence that they
wanted to abolish the ICS and such similar services after the independence. Yet in the years afterwards the ICS
tradition not only survived, it prospered. Nehru was asked at a private meeting by some friends what he
considered to be his greatest failure as India’s first Prime Minister. He reportedly replied, ‘I could not change
the administration, it is still a colonial administration’.
• Continuation of that colonial administration ‘was one of the main causes of India’s inability to solve the
problem of poverty’.
• Lack of Accountability & transparency in the administration
• Red-tapism and cynicism
• Lack of inter departmental coordination
• Centralised administration
• Hierarchy
• Resist to change and status quo attitude
61
• Functioning of the civil service is characterised by a great deal of negativity, lack of responsiveness to what
the people want and the dictates of democracy.
• Most of the civil servants have been socialised to act in a manner that act in a manner of command-and-
control methods rather than respond to people’s needs and aspirations.
• One of the principal reasons for lack of efficiency in the district collectorate is the marked reluctance on the
part of the civil service to accept the changes in control and accountability as well as the altered roles and
responsibilities.
It is ironical that there has been no sincere attempt to restructure the civil service although more than six
hundred committees and commissions have looked into different aspects of public administration in the country.
MEASURES TO IMPROVE ADMINISTRATION:

• The common experience, however, is that they resist changes as they are wedded to their privileges and
prospects and thereby, have become ends in themselves. As instruments of public service, civil servants have
to be ready for change.
• Decentralisation - In the political field, the 73rd and 74th Amendments to the Constitution have brought
about major changes. Rural and urban local governments have been enabled to become institutions of self-
government. In order to make it meaningful, the existing system of administration of departments and the
District Collectorate has to undergo fundamental changes.
• Inculcate foundational values among the bureaucrats during entry training and mid-career training
• Promote Emotional intelligence to deal with emotions and conflicts between ethical dilemmas
• Participative citizen centric administration
• Making aware of the initiatives like RTI, Citizen charter to make citizen centric administration.
Despite these momentous changes, the attitude of civil servants does not seem to have changed at all. This is
because the civil servants still believe in the “Hegelian prescription” that they represent the universal
interest of the society.
Hegel argued that the most important institution in the state was the bureaucracy which represented
“the absolutely universal interests of the state proper”. To Hegel, the bureaucracy was a transcendent entity,
a mind above individual mind. He regarded the bureaucracy as the universal class, synthesizing the particularism
of the civil society with the general interests of the state. For Hegel, the exercise of power by the bureaucracy was
a mission sanctioned by God.
It is sad but true that the civil service in India, evokes the slowness, the ponderousness, the routine, the
complication of procedures, and the maladapted responses of ‘bureaucratic’ organisations to the needs which
they should satisfy, and the frustrations which their members, clients, or subjects consequently endure.
Therefore, it is need of the hour to reform the civil services and inculcate civil services values among the
bureaucrats.
2nd ARC RECOMMENDATIONS TO REFORM CIVIL SERVICES:

2nd ARC recommends following reforms in the civil services to make citizen friendly administration.
Setting right the asymmetry It was noted that there is an imbalance in the exercise of power in
of power: governance. Often systemic rigidities, needless complexities and over-
centralization make public servants ineffective and helpless in achieving
positive outcomes. On the other hand, negative power of abuse of authority
through violation of law, tyranny and nuisance value is virtually unchecked.
This situation is further aggravated by the asymmetry of power in our
society. The ‘privileged’ government position gives even the lower
government functionaries, enormous power over most of the citizens given
62
the abject poverty, illiteracy and enhancing feudal culture. This needs to be
set right in any effort towards public services reforms.
In a democracy, the civil service has to be answerable to the elected
government. There is criticism, however, that increasingly partisan
Setting free civil servants intervention and cronyism are undermining the Rule of Law, distorting
from undue political incentives and promoting corruption. This is adversely affecting the morale
interference: of public servants. The relationship between the political executive and the
civil services needs to be transformed on the basis of mutual
understanding, respect and recognition of each other’s distinct roles and
responsibilities.
There is need to recognize the complex challenges of modern
Professionalisation with administration in various spheres of activities. Meeting such challenges
stability of tenure and require domain expertise and long experience in the sectors concerned.
competition: There is also need to foster excellence in the public system. Existing
procedures and practices do not adequately help in developing domain
expertise, nor do they help in utilizing the available domain expertise.
The fact that the functioning of the civil services has an impact on the
quality of governance and thus on the wellbeing of the citizen. The
Citizen-centric perception of the civil services today is of a vast impersonal organization
administration: without commitment to human needs and values. It is necessary to redress
the situation particularly in this era of participative democracy by making
the governance apparatus an instrument of service to the people.
There is a general feeling that existing mechanisms of accountability are
inadequate. On the one hand, there are non-performance and on the other,
Accountability: competence and integrity are not adequately recognized or rewarded.
Therefore, innovative and effective mechanisms need to be put in place to
protect public money, guarantee intended outcomes and enforce
accountability.
Monitoring in government is primarily through measurement of
expenditure against outlays and at best through defined outputs. Clearly,
there is need to move towards measurement of outcomes. A change in this
Outcome orientation: direction has already started with the initial outcome budgeting exercises.
In order to engineer this shift to outcomes, major changes in attitudes,
monitoring and evaluation systems, incentives and accountability
measures are necessary.
Apart from the traditional civil service values of efficiency, integrity,
Promoting public service accountability and patriotism, it is necessary for civil servants to inculcate
values and ethics: and adopt ethical and moral values including probity in public life, respect
for human rights and compassion for the downtrodden and commitment to
their welfare.
POLITICISATION OF BUREAUCRACY:
Politicisation of Bureaucracy refers to undue political influence in the day-to-day administration due to
nexus between bureaucracy and politics resulting in government appointing their own people to sensitive
positions and higher offices. Examples: CBI often allegedly treated as ruling party’s investigation against
opposition parties.
REASONS FOR INCREASING POLITICAL INTERFERENCE IN ADMINISTRATION:
• Decaying nature of values such as integrity, honesty, courage among politicians and bureaucrats
• Increasing number of members with criminal record into legislative bodies. According to Association of
democratic reforms report, 17Th Lok Sabha having 43 percent of members elected with criminal record.
• Lack of stability and fixed tenure to take bold decisions
• For the past over the years, there should not be any systematic reforms undertaken to reduce politic isation
of civil services
• Falling nature of professional competence among bureaucrats
63
• Succumb to superiors’ orders

• Threat warnings and killing of honest civil servants who shown extraordinary courage in the administration.
Such fear resists civil servants to go against political masters with criminal record.
WAYS TO MINIMISING POLITICAL INFLUENCE IN BUREAUCRACY:

• Written communication between politicians and administration
• Specialisation of bureaucrats after certain period of service
• Reforms should be undertaken both at political level and administration reforms
• It should be avoided bureaucrats entering into politics after retirement otherwise they favour ruling govt
during their last years of service for the post-retirement benefits
• Conflict of interest should be stated
BUREAUCRATIC NEUTRALITY: A MYTH?

Is it possible to maintain political of bureaucracy and Weberian conceptions of administrative
neutrality?
• Government agencies at times implement the law in ways that supports with political considerations and
welfare of people, while at other times it go against public cause. Therefore, stark dichotomy between
political and bureaucratic understandings of administrative behaviour is a false one.
• By adopting the language of neutrality and efficiency at the core of the Weberian account of neutrally
competent modern bureaucracy, administrators can serve political ends.
• Govt officials guided on how the law is implemented through internal management practices that seek to
minimize both inefficiency and the susceptibility of lower-level bureaucrats to outside influences.
As a solution, “strategic neutrality” is an implementation practice that simultaneously serves administration

management and political needs. It helps guide public policy toward desired ends while minimizing the likelihood
that outsiders will gain sufficient political strength to overrule agency decisions.
CONDUCT RULES FOR NEUTRALITY:

Govt amended All India conduct rules which consists of dos and don’ts for bureaucrats to maintain political
neutrality.
• Make recommendations on merit alone
• Take decisions solely on public interest
• Declare private interests relating to public duty
• Take steps to resolve conflicts in a way to protect public good
• Don’t misuse official position and deprive financial or material benefits for themselves, family or friends
• Ensure courtesy and good behaviour with public
• Use public resources efficiently and effectively
• Maintain accountability and transparency
• Ensure fairness and impartiality
• Refraining by doing anything going against rules and regulations
• Perform and function public duty with highest degree of professionalism
COMMITTED BUREAUCRACY
• The bureaucratic form of organisation has both, advantages and disadvantages. Its main advantage, as
pointed out by Weber, is efficiency. Its main disadvantage, as pointed out by Marx, is alienation. Hence, we
aim at reducing alienation while maintaining efficiency. This can be done, to some extent, by improving
the bureaucracy's commitment, or moral dedication.
• According to Weber, the main characteristics of a bureaucracy are hierarchy, division of labour,
specialisation, rules and impersonality. All these factors make for efficiency. At the same time, however, a
64
bureaucracy suffers from alienation. According to Marx, the members of bureaucracy suffer from loss of
freedom, creativity, humanity, and morality.
IMPORTANCE OF COMMITTED BUREAUCRACY:

• Dedication, or commitment is required also because the employees have constantly to deal with complex
problems, many of which are new.
• Developmental activity in particular requires forecasting, planning, risk bearing, breaking new ground and
experimentation. Hence, innovations have to be made all the time. The making of innovations, or creativity,
requires emotional commitment.
• Commitment on the part of the members of a bureaucracy leads to effectiveness and efficiency. Effectiveness
means fulfilment of the organisational objectives, and efficiency means doing so with as little expenditure of
resources as possible. Thus, effectiveness and efficiency are aspects of the successful working of the
organisation.
• It gives job satisfaction, which is the intrinsic satisfaction which one gets from doing a job.
HOW TO ENSURE COMMITMENT IN BUREAUCRACY?

1. Commitment to values and objectives enshrined in the constitution
2. Commitment to the service of the people
3. Commitment to duty and profession
PROMOTING ETHICS & PUBLIC SERVICE VALUES:

• Promoting ethical values among civil servants started with Indian Regulation Act,1773. It has provisions
regarding bribery and no private trade.
• After that several attempts were made to inculcate civil services values among civil servants. After
independence, Indian govt setup several committees to study civil services.
• Among them, few notables are first ARC, Paul Appleby report on public administration, second ARC. Every
committee report recommended that there is need to change the bureaucratic behaviour and promote ethics
and moral values among civil servants for good governance.
Apart from the traditional civil service values of efficiency, integrity, accountability and patriotism, it is
necessary for civil servants to inculcate and adopt ethical and moral values including probity in public life,
respect for human rights and compassion for the downtrodden and commitment to their welfare. And
also, constitution provided some of the important ethical values to follow, liberty, equality, fraternity,
secularism, rule of law, distributive justice etc.
ATTRIBUTES OF A GOOD ADMINISTRATOR

• Willingness to assume responsibility
• A steadily enlarging ability to deal with more problems
• A strong bent toward action
• A good listener
• Effective with people.
• Capacity to build his own strength by building the competence of his organization
• Capacity to use his institutional resources
• Avoiding using power or authority for their own sake
• Welcoming reports of troublesome things
• A good team-worker
• A good initiator
Apart from the above attributes a good administrator should have a few basic values to bring goodness in the
society. These are called foundational values of civil services.
CIVIL SERVICES VALUES AS RECOMMENDED BY NOLAN COMMITTEE, UK:

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Nolan committee recommended seven principles which are essential for a bureaucrat. They are:
1. Selflessness: Holders of public office should take decisions solely in terms of public interest. Simply put, they
subserve public interest as against interest of the self.
2. Integrity: Holders of public office must insulate themselves from external influence in matters concerning
official duties.
3. Objectivity: In carrying out public business, including making public appointments, awarding contracts or
recommending individuals for rewards and benefits, holders of public office should make choices on merit.
The choices cannot be allowed to be made on any criteria other than merit. The requirement of recording
reasons is by itself a great safeguard that inhibits the decision maker from being subjective.
4. Accountability: Any public office is an office of trust. Therefore, public figure exercising any state function is
accountable for all actions taken in performance of the functions of that office. It naturally flows from this
that every act of commission or omission has to yield to scrutiny, whether by way of internal or external audit
mechanism. Here audit means not just audit of accounts but cause and consequences of every state action.
5. Openness: There is no better disinfectant than sunlight. Transparency has to be the mantra of all official acts.
Holders of public office should be as open as possible about all the decisions and actions they take. They
should give reasons for their decisions and restrict information only when the wider public interest clearly
demands
6. Honesty: Those who are working in public service to be honest in dealing with private interests. It is essential
that holders of public office must be obliged to declare their private interests so that they can always be held
accountable in case there has been any conflict involving their public duties. This also means the assets and
liabilities of public functionaries must be a matter in public domain. The mandatory declaration at the time
of entry in public office and periodically, thereafter, would only ensure the kind of probity we would like to
be in place.
7. Leadership: A true leader will always lead by own example. If a leader is honest, sincere and committed to
the task assigned to him, the vibes created percolate down the hierarchy cleansing the system that he
controls.
ARC in its 10th report (Refurbishing Personnel administration, scaling new height) is of the view that in
addition to commitment to the constitution values for civil services should include:
• Objectivity
• Commitment to the principles enshrined in the Constitution
• Empathy and compassion for the vulnerable and weaker section of society
• Adherence to the highest standards of probity, integrity and conduct
• Commitment to the citizens concerned and public good
• Impartiality and non-partisanship.
DWIGHT WALDO’S 12 OBLIGATIONS OF AN ADMINISTRATOR:

• Dwight waldo prescribed 12 obligations for an administrator which he should follow when conflict occurs
between law, family, duty etc.
• Waldo’s point was that ethical obligations become especially complex when these conflicts. It is too easy to
argue that the public administrator should remain consistent with organization bureaucratic norms, and
subordinate all else when on the job. But what to do when these conflict with the law, or the values of one’s
profession, or one’s commitment to family, or to one’s professional judgment of the public interest, or to one’s
own professional interests? These obligations guide him to take good decision when conflict occurs. They
are:
1. Obligation to the Constitution
2. Obligation to law
3. Obligation to nation or country
4. Obligation to democracy
5. Obligation to organization bureaucratic norms
6. Obligation to profession and professionalism
7. Obligation to family and friends
8. Obligation to self
9. Obligation to middle-range objectives “party, class, race, union, church, interest group and others”
10. Obligation to the public interest or general welfare
66
11. Obligation to humanity or the world

12. Obligation to religion, or to God.
FOUNDATIONAL VALUES OF CIVIL SERVICES:

Fundamental values are those values which are:
• Basic and Fundamental in nature
• Determines core identity
• Essential to achieve objectives or goals
APTITUDE
• Dictionary meaning of Aptitude is, Natural ability to do
something. Here Natural means sum total of experiences a person
had rather than simply by birth. It is neither acquired but nor
inherent. It is simply sum total of skills he learns during his lifetime
along with inborn aptitude.
• A person having a better aptitude it means he/she has the innate
potential to do something. A civil servant requires such aptitude to
do something to the society in his public service and ability to adopt
new skills as per changing times. Having potential is pre condition to achieve anything.
• Aptitude also looks at the future potential in coordination with present pattern of aptitude and
potentialities.
• Aptitude for civil servants not only based on just knowledge and skills but also it based on values and ethics.
They require a Holistic Competence, should be seen in integrated manner.
1. UPSC tests civil services aspirants’ aptitude through CSAT (Civil services Aptitude Test)
during preliminary exam.
2. If a student doesn’t have maths skills, he doesn’t fit for application areas of maths like
Examples: statistics, data management.
3. A certain aptitude for public service is inherent in the decision to join the civil services.
4. To become sport person, one requires psycho motor coordination
5. Defence services or police services requires mental as well as physical aptitude
TYPES OF APTITUDE:
• Physical Aptitude – Physical traits like heights, stamina, Chest breadth for armed forces etc
• Mental Aptitude – IQ, certain value-based attributes like honesty, integrity, patriotism etc.
APTITUDE FOR CIVIL SERVANTS:

1. Intellectual aptitude: This kind of aptitude based on knowledge and rationality. Means are only important
than ends.
2. Emotional aptitude: This aptitude mainly deals with behavioural ethics, which largely deals with public,
subordinates and superiors. This is also including how a civil servant controls his emotions on duty.
3. Moral aptitude: Includes moral values like empathy, compassion, justice. Means and ends both are
important here.
• On-Spot decision making

• Ability to differentiate between who are genuine and fake people
• Working through deadlines
Different Ways To Express Aptitude • Ability to take responsibility
In Civil Services • Hardworking
• Dedication to public service
• Tolerance and perseverance
• Discipline
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Domain Emotional Ethical Aptitude of

Competence Intelligence Behaviour Attitude Civil Servant
In normal Aptitude simply means knowledge and skills but for a civil servant its nurtured with ethical behaviour.
A right balance should be maintained between Aptitude and Attitude.
APTITUDE INTELLIGENCE
Application of Knowledge, rationality, ethical values Includes Knowledge & skills
and Emotional intelligence
Means & ends both are important Means are more important than ends
Its specific ability of an individual It is a general mental ability
Measured in terms of how well a person can perform Measured in terms of how much a person performs
tasks tasks in a competitive world
We can acquaint us with the specific abilities and We can predict individual’s success in a number of
capacities of an individual to succeed in a particular situations involving mental function or activity
field of activity.
Holistic
Skills Values
Competence
APTITUDE ATTITUDE
Ability to acquire skills, knowledge, abilities. Settled way of thinking
It is more about how we manage a situation How to perceive something
Associated with skill enhancement and knowledge This is more about virtues and values and their
enrichment and their applications application
CRITICISM AGAINST APTITUDE:

• It’s very difficult differentiate between what is correct potential
• Good behaviour attributed to attitude but not aptitude
• It’s incorrect to judge someone’s potential purely based on aptitude. Motto towards service enough to serve
the nation but not just aptitude is the only criteria.
The below values considered as Holistic competence for civil servants Aptitude. These 4Es should not be seen
as a separate value. Though there maybe overlapping but each value has distinctive characteristics.
HOLISTIC COMPETENCE: 4Es

Exhibits citizen centricity and inclusiveness, promotes public good and long-term interests
ETHOS of the Nation, People First, Strategic Thinking, Organisational Awareness, Commitment to
the Organisation, Leading Others
ETHICS Self Confidence, Attention to Detail, Taking Accountability, Demonstrates integrity,
transparency, openness and fairness
Promotes operational excellence and value for money, manages human capital and nurtures
capability, Results Orientation, Conceptual Thinking, Initiative and Drive, Seeking
EFFICIENCY Information, Planning and Coordination, Desire for Knowledge, Innovative Thinking,
Problem Solving, Developing Others, Self-Awareness and Self-Control, Communication
Skills, Team-Working.
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EQUITY Treats all citizens alike, ensures justice to all, with empathy for the weaker section,
Consultation and Consensus Building, Decision Making, Delegation.
INTEGRITY
• Literal meaning of Integrity is “the whole” or “completeness”.
Therefore, Integrity referred as holistic set of values and thoughts.
But from civil services point of view “Integrity defined as being a
person with integrity means having the quality of being honest and
having strong moral principles that one refuses to change”.
• Integrity is always defined in terms of person’s relationship with the
institution. It means organisation’s interests put above the self-interest.
Civil servants should be guided solely by public interest in their official
decision making and not by any financial or other consideration either in
respect of themselves, their families or their friends.
• Personalities with highest degree of integrity are TN Sheshan, Ashok
Khemka, Abdul kalam.
• Usually, Integrity measures in terms of Financial Integrity, how honest is he. And also, we can have other
types of integrity are there like Intellectual integrity, Moral Integrity, Professional Integrity.
"You will not have a united India if you do not have a good Ail India Service, which has the independence to speak
out its mind and which has a sense of security. I need hardly emphasize that an efficient, disciplined and
contented service assured of its prospects as a result of diligent and honest work is the sine qua non of sound
administration under a democratic regime, even more than under authoritarian rule” – Sardar Vallabhai Patel on
Civil services in India.
According to Ministry of Personnel, a person with integrity "Consistently behaves in an open, fair and
transparent manner, honours one's commitments and works to uphold the Public service values."
SOURCES OF INTEGRITY:
• Conscience - One’s inner conscience always guides how to adhere to our values.
• Constitution as a source – Part IV-A and Article 51A on fundamental duties mentioned as: “Uphold and
protect the sovereignty, unity and integrity of India”
• Code of conduct and code of ethics for civil services.
• Rewards and awards for recognising Integrity of individuals who uplift the values of the organisation. E.g.
Annual Vigilance awards, On Civil services day and good governance day, best administrators will be
recognised and awarded by PM.
• Learning from peers and role models
• Foundational training and midterm career training who frequently teaches importance of values in
Administration.
TYPES OF INTEGRITY:
Integrity involves managing various commitments and values, it can be said that such types of integrity are
simply manifestations of a person’s overall integrity, or of their personal integrity.
Moral • Moral integrity is doing the right thing when no one is watching.
Integrity • Judging others and own self based on honesty and consistency.
• Moral integrity is having the courage to follow what we believe in our hearts is right.
• Strongest integrity when compare to other types of integrity.
• Intellectual integrity is to being honest with own thinking while judgement.
• This leads to true moral judgement, avoid false consciousness, ability to admit own
mistakes, respect other's efforts and also lead to moral accountability.
Intellectual • Factors like avoiding self-centred attitude, Leadership, aware of ground reality, liberal
Integrity personality, avoiding discrimination and stereotyping, motivating counterpart,
maintains harmony amongst colleagues develops intellectual integrity.
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• A person has intellectual but not personal integrity, or has more of the former than the
latter.
• Upholding the code of ethics, standards, norms and values of the respective profession
• Professional integrity thus defines the professional who consistently and willingly
Professional practices within the guidelines of the mission of a chosen profession under the
Integrity obligation of a Code of Ethics.
• Varies from organisation to organisation
• Professional integrity can be compromised sometimes when compare to moral
integrity and narrower than other types
FACTORS THAT DECIDES INTEGRITY:

• Consistency: Consistency is a pre-condition for Integrity. Consistency in thoughts, decision making. It is not
about taking correct decision now and later rush into decision making hastily is not the consistency.
Consistency is about being the same regardless of the situation. Unwavering adherence to our decisions and
values irrespective of situations. E.g. Civil servants frequently get pressure from higher officials and local
MLAs and Ministers to get favour of them while awarding contracting. Such pressure never gets influence our
decision making and diluting our values not to be treated as consistent integrity.
• Accuracy of one’s actions: Action should be in sync with words and words should be in sync with one’s
thoughts - Eliminating the gap between actual conduct and desirable conduct. E.g. An officer speaking
something before public and showing different behaviour in actual conduct while implementing any project
or dam construction
• Truthfulness: Upholding the value of truth is very much essential in Integrity. E.g. Speaking the truth on
implementation of the project or policy or delay in publishing merit list of candidates for recruitment
• Honesty
SIGNIFICANCE OF INTEGRITY IN PUBLIC LIFE:

• As civil servants are given unrestricted access to power, integrity ensures effective use of power in the
process of administration
• Safeguard the nation from corruption by politicians and public officials who have been given almost
unrestricted access to public resources together with the power to take decisions that impact on the lives of
everyone and the nation as a whole.
• Integrity along with honesty and transparency lays foundation for ethical governance and good governance
• It also inculcates habit of accountability among the officials
• Ensures there is no conflict of interest while dealing with govt projects
• Develops independent thought process and decision making instead of political pressure and emotional
attachment while dealing with ethical dilemmas
• Makes civil servants and public with integrity socially responsible
REASONS FOR DECLINING INTEGRITY IN CIVIL SERVICES:

There are various causes which result in lack of integrity. These can be discussed under the following points.
• Industrialisation and LPG era- With the industrialisation man started resorted to exploiting nature and
became materialistic life seeking comforts. In this process, ethical values started declining and eroded almost
from public life.
• Colonial attitudes – By continuing ICS services even after the independence also continued colonial nature
of administration which is in by nature opaque, non-transparent, Redtapism, lack of integrity, partial.
• Post-Independent politics- After the independence with continuous political turmoil and emergency,
political instability. Using such advantage situation bureaucracy had resorted to corrupt practices
• Lack of Regulatory environment – There is no proper regulatory framework to assess civil servants’
performances and their actual conduct in daily administration.
• Politicisation of Bureaucracy – Too much interference from bureaucracy and criminalisation of
bureaucracy also impacted erosion of integrity in public life. Public lost faith on civil servants.
• Corruption – This is also one of the reasons which causes declining integrity with scams like 2G scam, coal
scam, commonwealth scam etc
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• Lack of code of Ethics – We have code of conduct but we don’t have code of ethics to enhances values among
civil servants
• Article 311 – By granting constitutional protection to civil servants, there will be a long process to prosecute
corrupt officials which require departmental permission.
• Conflict of Interest – By having conflict of interest, civil servants choosing sides with personal affiliations.
INSTITUTIONAL FRAMEWORK TO STRENGTHEN INTEGRITY:

Presently the following legal and institutional framework we have to promote integrity and check corruption
• Prevention of corruption act,1988
• Civil services conduct rules
• Central Vigilance commission and state vigilance commission
• CBI
• Lokpal and Lokayukta
• Integrity pacts
COMMONWEALTH’S MODEL ACT OF INTEGRITY:

• The Model Act provides for Ministers and non-elected public officials to abide by the terms of the Codes of
Conduct and to make written declarations of conflict of interest.
• It details offences constituting abuse of office, misconduct and neglect of duty.
• It sets up an Integrity Commission and provides for its composition, functions and powers.
• The Model Act is explicitly drafted to apply to public servants involved in all of the main areas of governance:
the executive, the legislature and officers employed by parliament, and the judiciary.
• A requirement for signature of a copy of the Code of Conduct generates a public undertaking to act in a
particular way, to which the general public can hold Ministers and all public officials accountable. In this way
transparency and accountability – both of which are key constituents in upholding integrity in public life –
are enhanced.
• In types of cases that are particularly blameworthy, of conduct contrary to the terms of the Model Act, the
Act proposes an offence under the heading of “abuse of office” or “misconduct and neglect of duty”.
In the Model Act, responsibility for administering the Act is placed on a dedicated Integrity Commission
established specifically for the purpose with the following main functions:
a. To promote and enforce integrity and accountability of public officials
b. To identify areas of public duty in which significant conflict of interest issues are likely to arise
c. To devise guidelines on conflicts of interest
d. To advise public officials on the application of the Act, the Codes of Conduct and the guidelines
e. To oversee the signing of Codes of Conduct by public officials
f. To investigate allegations of offences under the Act.
WAYS TO IMPROVE INTEGRITY IN CIVIL SERVICES:

• Developing habit of Accountability of their official conduct which indirectly enhances integrity and develops
habit of being responsible while dealing with public
• There should be no conflict of interest
• Inculcate courage of conviction and spirt of service which are two most fundamental ideals to ensure
integrity
• Implementation of RTI in letter and spirit which ensures transparency and information sharing
• Impartial in official conduct and no political bias
• Politely reject undue political requests and pressures for seeking any favouritism
• Public funds should be utilised with utmost care, financial integrity can be achieved only with efficient use
of public purse
• Check and intelligence gathering on bribing at subordinate level in your office
STEPS TAKEN BY GOVT TO PROMOTE INTEGRITY IN CIVIL SERVANTS:

Some of the initiatives taken by govt to promote Integrity among civil servants:
• Separate column of integrity in ACR.
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• In CVC selection criterion one integrity clause has been added that person should be of unquestionable
integrity.
• Integrity pledge by CVC and Integrity index by CVC and IIM Ahmedabad
• IMF has Integrity Hotline for handling allegation against staff misconduct for internal and external sources.
• Integrity pacts – a tool developed by transparency International. It was used in AgustaWestland deal.
• Integrity survey for honest officers.
• Integrity recognition certificate by government.
HONESTY
• It simply means representing the same what exactly they are in convergence of thoughts and actions.
➢ Upholding the truth
➢ Non manipulation of facts
➢ Providing unbiased, rational and meritorious decisions.
HONESTY INTEGRITY
Being truthful and standing what we say Consistency in value system, thoughts and actions
Telling lie may or may not break our Honesty Being truthfulness is the first pre condition for
Integrity
May or May not reflect actual conduct Must be reflected in actual conduct
Can be Honest without integrity – Just words no action It can’t be possible without Honesty – Words and
actions are in sync
Honesty is One of the components of Integrity Honesty is subset of Integrity
Example: Lal Bahadur shastri known for his honesty Example: TN Sheshan who reformed elections was
and moral commitment. He resigned when rail known for his integrity
accident happens during his tenure as railway
minister
CONSEQUENCES OF ABSENCE OF HONESTY AND INTEGRITY:

1. Knowledge without Integrity: Integrity & knowledge, both of which are essential components of
governance & efficiency. A blend of both integrity and knowledge is required for public service as well as for
the inclusive growth of the society. Knowledge without integrity is both dangerous and dreadful. A man
without integrity will not only imbalances the harmonious work culture and efficiency but will also promotes
nepotism, corruption and inefficiency thus eroding the aspect of inclusive growth.
• The integrity of a person depends on two factors:
1. One is skills means ability to do
2. The other factor is the values within that guide such action.
In other words, however talented a person may be his contribution to the society directly depends on the values
he has imbibed. If the values are negative like anger, ego, greed, jealousy, vindictiveness etc., the higher skill will
result in higher negative contribution.
• Charles Sobharaj, Osama Bin Laden, Harshad Mehta like are examples of such high skill and
Examples: low values.
• ISIS recruiting very high skilled young minds and diverting into anti-social activities
• Cyber hackers
• In the modern era, we have very high skills in all the spheres. But the decline in value system all around is
deteriorating the situation and resulting in overall unhappiness, insecurity and tensions.
• These in turn lead to all sort of health problems – physical, mental emotional and psychological.
2. Intellectual Dishonesty:
• Intellectual dishonesty is a failure to apply standards of rational evaluation, meritorious decision making in
problem solving
• False claims
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• Biased decision making

• Absence of honesty
• Manipulated facts that is not adherence to values and truthfulness
3. Conflict of Interest:
• A conflict of interest arises when a person’s interests is not in
the best interest of his organization to which that individual
owes loyalty. So, Conflict of interest may be defined as a situation
in which a public employee has a private or personal interest
sufficient to influence or appear to influence the objective
• Exercise of his official duties. It’s a situation when person involves
in multiple interests and serving one best interests over another.
Conflict between self-interest and overall welfare of the
organisation. This arises when a person having no integrity to the
organisation he is working.
• Conflict of Interest mainly arises when an official lacking financial integrity which leads to corruption finally
but this is not just limited to economic matters but it’s just an indicator.
EXAMPLE: 2G scam, ICICI former CEO Chanda Kocher favouritism to his Husband entity in sanctioning loans
Awarding contracts to relatives involved.
OECD’S TYPES OF CONFLICT OF INTEREST:

1. Actual conflict of interest: A direct conflict between a public official’s current duties and responsibilities
and his/her private interests.
2. Apparent conflict of interest: where it appears that a public official’s private interests could improperly
influence the performance of their duties but this is not in fact the case.
3. Potential conflict of interest: where a public official has private interests, which are such that a conflict of
interest would arise if the official were to become involved in the relevant official responsibilities in the
future.
• Bribery
• Influence govt’s official in awarding contracts
Different situations where Conflict of • Economic matters
Interest occurs: • Gifts
• External source of income
• Relatives businesses.
Ways to solve Conflict of Interest in Civil Services:

• Complete transparency in decision making
• Strict implementation of code of conduct and code of ethics
• Making accountable for their actions
• One way of avoiding conflict between public and private interest is through disclosure of one’s interest. This
by itself cannot resolve the conflict of interest but is a good first step as it acknowledges the possibility of
such a conflict.
• Register of Interests should be maintained. A specific mechanism for disclosure of private interests is
maintenance of a ‘Register of Interests’. Legislators are expected to record in the register all their interests
periodically.
• The Ethics Commissioner should be appointed similar to the lines of USA to look into interpret the rules
which govern standards of conduct and conflict of interest.
The Committee on Ethics of the Rajya Sabha, recommended that to start with the following interests of
Members should be entered in the Register. It is also relevant to civil services:
1. Remunerative Directorship
2. Regular Remunerated Activity
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3. Shareholding of Controlling Nature

4. Paid Consultancy
5. Professional Engagement
To conclude, Integrity is a vital part of all our lives. Without a basic human integrity, we are animals. Integrity
defines how we live, and who we are. If I could adhere to only one value to live by, it would be Integrity. Success
will come and go, but integrity is forever. Integrity is all about doing the right thing at all times and in all
circumstances, whether or not anyone is watching.
OBJECTIVITY
• Objectivity refers to the ability to judge fairly, without bias or external influence. It is the quality of being true
even outside of a subject, individual biases, interpretation and feelings. Objectivity involves value free
judgement based solely on merit. Objectivity means decisions and actions are based on empirically verifiable
facts.
• The Nolan Committee has mentioned objectivity as one of the seven foundational value in public life.
• It is based on action based on facts, evidence which can be proved and right on line of scientific standards
and rationally reasonable.
NECESSITY OF OBJECTIVITY FOR CIVIL SERVANTS:

• Civil servants discharge their duties based on clearly defined rules
• It ensures fair judgements but not with emotions
• To ensure impartiality and non-partisanship
• To helps in decision making based on evidence, facts and field visits but not ideally sitting at head quarters
• Resolves ethical dilemmas
• Efficient utilisation of public funds
• Helps in smooth flow of governance
• To maintain political neutrality and ensures fair decision making but not with any political compulsions
• Cultivates values like integrity, honesty, transparency
OBJECTIVITY SUBJECTIVITY
Based on verifiable facts Based on assumed facts
We look things from the perspective of how they are We look things from our perspective
Scientifically valid and rationally reasonable Nothing proved like that
No personal opinions influence our decision making Personal opinions play a role in decision making
On ground reality and filed visits Based on assumptions and imagination
No ground for prejudices and stereotypes There is ground for generalisation
Examples: Examples:
To understand tribal problems and for their welfare Terror cases – Usually police suspects terrorists
one should filed visit tribal habitats frequently belongs to one religious’ community
Sexual harassment cases against senior employees to
be verified with evidence instead of prejudice or
stereotypes. Objectivity in investigations instead of
subjective view of first suspects belongs to lower
section of people.
HOW OBJECTIVITY IS USEFUL IN CIVIL SERVICES?

• There is no scope for irrational reasoning while awarding contracts or picking up beneficiaries
• There is enough proof scientifically valid in implementing a govt programme or sanctioning dam project etc
• To understand cultures and customs in tribal dominated areas
• Filed visits to analyse ground reality instead of just sitting head quarters
• To develop positivity among the staff and public.
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According to Nolan committee objectivity must be there “in carrying out public business, including making
public appointments, awarding contracts, or recommending individuals for rewards and benefits, holders of
public office should make choices on merit.”
CRITICISM AGAINST OBJECTIVITY:

• Too much objective leads to apathetic in administration
• Kills innovation, creativity at field level. Too much interference from headquarters or secretariat discourages
good ideas
• Makes a man completely emotion less person. Purely based on facts and data may not be sufficient sometimes
to take fair decision.
WAYS TO INCULCATE OBJECTIVITY:

• To ensure objectivity administration should be carried on written rules with less discretion
• Develop emotional intelligence and empathetic towards weaker section of society
• Allowing freedom to implement good innovative ideas at field level instead of taking every order from
superiors but with written permission from them
• With transparency and openness objectivity can be ensured
• Information management system one of the innovate enhances objectivity
NON-PARTISANSHIP AND IMPARTIALITY:

• NON-PARTISAN - Non-partisanship is a quality of being politically neutral. Non-partisanship entails that the
civil servant will serve the government of the day faithfully irrespective of his own political views,
preferences and beliefs.
• IMPARTIALITY – Impartiality means acting solely on merit while dealing with the general public without
discrimination on the basis of race, religion, caste, class or any other consideration. It is a principle of justice
holding that decisions should be based on objective criteria, rather than on the basis of bias, prejudice, or
preferring the benefit to one person over another for improper reasons.
• Political Neutrality- Non-partisanship should be apolitical behaviour and non-prejudice and no stereotypes.
• Impartiality and Non-partisanship can be used interchangebly. It is non-discriminatory and being fair and
unbiased. It is based on principle of Equal justice and based on merit.
➢ Citizens should be discriminated based on gender, caste, religion etc
➢ Impartial advice to the govt
India as a diverse country in terms of religion, caste, gender and varies region to region. Civil servants are
expected to show impartiality and non-partisanship attitude and implement rule of law in letter and spirit.
Political Non-
CIVIL SERVICE
Impartiality Partisanship
NEUTRALITY
WHY IT IS IMPORTANT TO BE IMPARTIAL AND NON-PARTISAN?

• To uphold constitutional values prescribed in the preamble “Equality of status and Opportunity”
• In accordance with the Article 14 and article 15 of the constitution – Right to Equality
• Equitable distribution of resources
• Inclusive growth
• Sustainable growth
• To prevent majoritarian dominance
• To not to bias any political party and showing any favouritism based on our political ideology
• To build credibility and trust among the public
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• Civil servants in carrying out their official work, including functions like procurement, recruitment, delivery
of services etc, should take decisions based on merit and free from any partisan consideration.
NON-PARTISANSHIP:
• Though it can be treated as synonym with impartiality but it refers particularly about political
neutrality. In a parliamentary democracy Political executive is temporary but Bureaucracy is permanent.
Therefore, civil servants are to be work with different political parties during their career. They should not
have any political ideology professionally. The only political freedom they enjoy is voting in elections. They
should be completely non-partisan and impartial.
• Otherwise it will be led to Politicisation of Bureaucracy. During emergency period Indira Gandhi called for
a committed bureaucracy, who they work for ruling party. Some of the senior officials works for ruling party
because of post-retirement benefits like career advancements, governor posts etc.
CONSEQUENCES OF PARTISANSHIP:
If bureaucrats become partisan towards political parties the consequence to be, they will act as political party
servants than public servants:
• Through partisan nature they violate their oath of office as political neutrality
• They ignore Sense of public duty and public welfare at stake.
• They are obligated to enhance constitutional values but by affiliating to political parties, it will lead to
constitutional breakdown. Example: Emergency in 1970s
• Politics- Bureaucrats nexus threat to democracy and secularism
• There will be no social justice and merit to be ignored. Example: Vyapam scam in MP
• Political pressure and breaking down our own morality will make a man apathetic towards weaker section
of society.
• Leads to inefficient utilisation of resources, corruption and scams. Example: 2G scam and coal gate scam
IMPARTIALITY:
The civil service is required to be politically impartial, loyal and with equal commitment to serve Governments
of all political persuasions. This means that:
• He may not publicly defend the decisions and views of Ministers (as distinct from explaining them), including
in the social and other media, or by writing to newspapers,
• He must even avoid saying or writing anything which could be quoted as demonstrating that he personally
(or your colleagues) either agree or disagree with Ministers’ decisions,
• He may not disclose the advice that he has given to Ministers
• He must explain and implement your Minister’s policies with real commitment, whatever your personal
views.
POLITICAL IMPARTIALITY PUBLIC IMPARTIALITY

Political neutrality that is showing any kind of Being partial towards weaker section of people but
impartiality towards any political party impartiality should be first step in achieving equality
Can’t use public resources for any political party like Can’t use public resources for self-interest or
donating public land for ruling party office personal interest. Everyone should be treated
equally while allocating resources of govt
End result will be politicisation of Bureaucracy if not End result will be nepotism, favouritism if not
impartial impartiality in public duty
Does not allow civil servants personal political views to Does not allow civil servant to have personal
determine any advice you give or your actions to opinions on contemporary issues like reservations,
political parties quota system. It’s the duty of govt to frame policies
and its duty of civil servant to implement them.
DEDICATION TO PUBLIC SERVICE

“Public service refers to the delivery of govt services to the public. “
• Civil servants should deliver services in a fair, effective, impartial and courteous manner. Dedication to
such public service serves sense of duty which is inspired by many ideals. Such dedication ensures that one
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can deliver public services even in the absence of formal commitments and obligations. In today’s world
where Ethical Governance is a global concern, different countries are making efforts in achieving clean
government.
• An outright approach is towards developing service orientation in the public service. The government
servants are expected to serve with the at your service attitude. Such a temperament can be an outcome of a
Pure Mind only, which is neither influenced by the preconditions or the preconceived ideas, nor by the ego
or the selfish interests: neither by the Tamasic guna nor by the Rajasic guna.
• The balanced state of Sattwa can only provide the public services without deviation of funds or interest in
one’s own interest. Public service delivery can be efficiently administered, if social network groups are in
operation and they mobilise people around common issues. Women’s Self-Help Groups/ Micro-Credit
Institutions in Andhra Pradesh and Tamil Nadu and Kudumbashri in Kerala are fine examples of collective
participation which have led to better implementation of development programmes in these States.
PUBLIC SERVICES CODE:

A draft ‘Public Service Bill’ of the Ministry of Personnel, Public Grievances and Pensions seeks to lay down a
number of generic expectations from civil servants, which are referred to as “values”. The salient ‘values’
envisaged in the Bill are:
• Allegiance to the various ideals enshrined in the preamble to the Consti tution
• Apolitical functioning
• Good governance for betterment of the people to be the primary goal of civil service
• Duty to act objectively and impartially
• Accountability and transparency in decision-making
• Maintenance of highest ethical standards
• Merit to be the criteria in selection of civil servants consistent, however, with the cultural, ethnic and other
diversities of the nation Ensuring economy and avoidance of wastage in expenditure
• Provision of healthy and congenial work environment
• Communication, consultation and cooperation in performance of functions i.e. participation of all levels of
personnel in management.
The draft Bill also envisages a Public Service Code and a Public Service Management Code laying down more
specific duties and responsibilities. Violation of the Code would invite punishments akin to the current major and
minor penalties by the heads of institutions/ organizations. A ‘Public Service Authority’ is also envisaged to
oversee implementation of the Code and values indicated above and to render advice in the matter of the values
and the Code.
As instruments of public service, civil servants have to be ready for change. The common experience, however,
is that they resist changes as they are wedded to their privileges and prospects and thereby, have become ends
in themselves. Kant’s “Duty for the sake of duty” realises civil services attitude towards their duty. In civil
services, dedication integrates with the person’s public good.
This dedication would ensure that civil servant’s sense of duty is integrated with his official responsibility. As a
result, that will to serve the public keep doing his job even if it is un-wanting, tedious, or in hostile environment
etc.
Public servants today are at the helm of complex challenges of administration in critical sectors like policing,
education, healthcare, transportation, land management, infrastructure, skill promotion, employment
generation, rural development and urban management. Therefore, civil servants should be motivated and
inspired to work to achieve such noble goals. What they needed is just spirit of service and spirit of sacrifice for
the welfare of the country.
IMPORTANCE OF DEDICATION IN PUBLIC SERVICE:

Dedication is the quality of being committed to the certain task. Commitment is the formal obligation but
dedication is guided by sense of duty and values. Therefore, Dedication is defined as quality of commitment with
perseverance.
• Dedication integrates civil servants’ idea of public good
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• Inculcates sense of duty

• For the nation’s development
• For the cause of weaker sections of society
• To be brave and take bold decisions
SIGNIFICANCE OF DEDICATION FOR CIVIL SERVANTS:

• A dedicated bureaucrat can uplift the ideals and values enshrined in the consti tution
• To find out creative solutions for the problems faced in the administration
• To handle political pressures
• Enhances his credibility among the public
• Efficient use of resources
• To act in manner in which no one will be discriminated
• A dedicated civil servant can motivate others and become role model for others
Commitment Perseverance Dedication
CIVIL SERVANTS WHO DEDICATED THEIR LIFE FOR PUBLIC WELFARE:
• S. R. Sankaran was an Indian civil servant, social worker and the Chief Secretary of
SR Sankaran the State of Tripura, known for his contributions for the enforcement of Abolition
of Bonded Labour Act of 1976 which abolished bonded labour in India.
TN Sheshan • Brought several reforms in elections
• Known and respected for his high levels of honesty and integrity. He is best known
Ashok Khemka for cancelling the illegal land deal in Gurgaon and also brought several irregularities
in the govt. Due to this he transferred more then 50 times in his career.
Vinod Rai • During his tenure as CAG chief he brought several scams like 2G scam, coal scam etc.
Mahesh Bhagwat • Known for his friendly policing and also trains civil services exam aspirants free of
cost.
Armstrong pame • Awarded with most eminent IAS awardee for his dedication to public service
Durga shakti • She came into public view after launching a massive drive against corruption and
Nagpal illegal sand mining within her jurisdiction.
Praveen Kaswan • An IFS officer, known for his efforts to make people aware of conservation and
forestry through social media.
TOLERANCE
• Tolerance is recognising other’s beliefs and practices without sharing in them. It’s simply respecting others
beliefs, customs and accepting what they are. Intolerance can be unlearnt but tolerance comes with mutual
respect.
• Tolerance is a fair, objective & permissive attitude towards those whose opinion, practices, race, religion,
gender, or economic status etc differ from one’s own.
• Tolerance is a foundational value in civil servants.
• Tolerance is a basic value for other values.

• Empathy and compassion is not possible without tolerance.
• That is why Plato has called temperance as one of the four cardinal virtues.
• Aristotle has talked about ‘golden mean’.
• Jawaharlal Nehru has been very tolerant to criticism. After Indo-China war his own ministers criticised him
in the parliament. He listened to them and acknowledged their criticism.
78
ARISTOTLE GOLDEN MEAN:

Tolerance is the midpoint on a spectrum ranging between prohibition/unacceptance at one end to acceptance at
the other.
Prohibition Tolerance Acceptance
• Imposing our cultural values on others - Intolerant

Examples: • Meat eating people not forcing vegetarians to eat meat and vice versa
• In Jainism tolerance is captured in the ideal of Syaadavaada, which means that every
view is correct from its own perspective, but no particular view is absolutely correct.
TOLERANCE CAN BE CONCEPTUALIZED IN THREE FORMS-

1. Permissive conceptions
2. Coexistence conception
3. Respect or esteem conception
IMPORTANCE OF TOLERANCE- ETHICS OF TOLERANCE:

• Tolerance at individual level develops sense of respect towards others
• To strengthen moral values of individuals by accepting others beliefs and customs
• At societal level to maintain communal harmony
• Tolerance gives the chance to raise voice through Freedom of expression and speech
• Other values like Equality and justice can’t be achieved without tolerance
• For Human development
• Article 19 - civil servants have to show tolerance not only for different practices but also different viewpoints.
• It is a constitutional obligation over civil servant. Tolerance is inherent in secularism.
• To be impartial, objective and non-partisan. A civil servant cannot treat everyone equally if he is not tolerant.
• Refugee crisis can be solved through tolerance
• Space for cultural dialogue
The spirit of tolerance and love towards other sections of society develops mutual respect in the society which
creates a harmonious and peaceful coexistence.
EMPATHY & COMPASSION TOWARDS WEAKER SECTIONS OF SOCIETY:

Empathy and compassion considered as foundational value in civil services towards weaker sections of society.
Apathy, sympathy, Empathy and compassion terms are used to denote the self-lessness.
Apathy Lack of interest with less or no emotions. It is the state of indifference or the state in which
no emotion such as concern; care, motivation etc are shown.
Sympathy Involves a feeling of pity and sorrow for suffering of others.
Empathy It is about experiencing feelings and emotions of others and active desire to help
Compassion Able to understand others sufferings and actively involving to help others. This is action
part of empathy
EMPATHY:
Empathy and Compassion mostly used interchangbly. Empathy is about thinking and feeling from others
perspective. As swamy Vivekananda said, Prefer a man with kind heart rather than intelligent mind.
• Empathy is considered as one of the important values that should be possessed by any civil servant. If a
civil servant having empathy nothing else matters but if he doesn’t have empathy again nothing else matters.
• If you have empathy all other values like honesty, tolerance, integrity will be part of your value system. If
you don’t have empathy all other values become insignificant.
79
• Empathy is essential for understanding wider perspective, rational thinking, feeling emotions of other by
stepping them into their shoes.
• It’s the basic awareness of the emotions and feelings of others.
• Empathy is the basis of an Emotional Intelligence, ability to use our emotions in a positive way to overcome
conflicts and challenges. We can develop this attitude only when we are selfless. It is simply stepping into
someone’s shoes.
• Empathy and compassion is not possible without tolerance.
1. Granting leave for pregnant women

Examples: 2. Patience to listen problems of old age people and people from weaker section of
people
IMPORTANCE OF EMPATHY IN CIVIL SERVICES:

• For positive discrimination for weaker sections of society
MEANINGS:
• By understanding others emotions, One’s Emotional Intelligence helps in
better decision making for good governance and ethical governance • Apathy - indifference
• For inclusive growth empathy is need of the hour • Sympathy - kindness
• As India a diverse country, with the help of empathy we can able to avoid • Empathy - experience
stereotypes and prejudices in bringing administration. • Compassion - action
WHY EMPATHY MATTERS?

• Empathy helps connect people, moving them toward each other in a helping and/or healing capacity.
• When you show deep empathy toward others, their defense energy goes down and positive energy replaces
it. That's when you can get more creative in solving problems
• As we live our lives at work and at home, we are continually interacting and balancing relationship dynamics.
• When we lack empathy, we are unable to develop and nurture those interpersonal connections, leading
to strained relationships, broken trust, loss of relationships, and isolation.
• It becomes more difficult to repair conflicts, work collaboratively, or solve problems when we don't practice
empathy.
• Our society relies on empathy to facilitate connections and forward movement. When the empathy piece is
missing, we become more disconnected and less effective in our productivity and innovation of new ideas.
TYPES OF EMPATHY:
COGNITIVE EMPATHY EMOTIONAL EMPATHY AFFECTIVE EMPATHY

Taking another person's Sharing an emotional experience Ability to understand another
perspective person's emotions
Imagining what it's like in another Feeling distress in response to Respond appropriately to the
person's shoes someone's pain someone’s suffer
Understanding someone's Experiencing a willingness to help If someone embarrassed, chill them
feelings someone with blush
COMPASSION:
• Compassion takes empathy and sympathy a step further. When you are compassionate, you feel the pain of
another or you recognise that the person is in pain and you do your best to alleviate the person’s sufferings.
Indian society is hierarchical in nature so its duty of the civil servants to uplift those who were at the bottom
of the development table.
• Civil servants help to bring socio-economic change in the society. Compassion is important for citizen friendly
governance. Social justice can’t be possible without being compassionate towards weaker section of people.
ELEMENTS OF COMPASSION:
Compassion entails five elements that apply to the self or others:
1) Recognising suffering
2) Understanding the universality of suffering in human experience
80
3) Feeling for the person suffering and emotionally connecting with their distress
4) Tolerating any uncomfortable feelings aroused (e.g., fear, disgust, distress, anger) so that we remain
accepting and open to the person in their suffering
5) Acting or being motivated to act to alleviate the suffering.
COMPONENTS OF COMPASSION:
• Sensitivity – Sensitive to the problems of individuals and society at large
• Empathy – Empathetic to the issues while getting into shoes of others.
• Motivation – Motivation to do something which is coming from inside instead of someone forcefully impose
on us
• Judgement – Non- judging attitude by looking at their problems and seeking help
• Emotional balance – Self-control our emotions and be compassion to those who need and recognising the
fake emotions of people with wrong intentions.
HOW TO CULTIVATE COMPASSION:

• Self-motivation and self-lessness attitude
• Field visits
• Compassionate mind training
• Mindfulness cognitive therapy
SYMPATHY EMPATHY COMPASSION

Understands others feelings Understanding others feelings by Unconditional love applied towards
without feeling at yourself feeling personally others sufferings
Self – Oriented Self – Oriented – “I am Hurt too “ Look from Humanity Perspective
There is a gap between words and Words and actions are in sync It eliminates the gap between what
actual conduct is desirable and what is actual
conduct. It is action oriented.
It is essential for creating Essential for eliminating Essential to bring social justice
kindness in the society stereotypes and prejudices
Behaving with kindness Behaves with sympathy Behaves with respecting human
dignity and human rights
Example: When someone met Example: Few youngsters, who Example: Good Samaritan who
with accident, everyone show faced hunger problem in their joins in hospital who hit with
sympathy but majority of people childhood formed as a team in accident and even ready to donate
don’t come forward to take that Hyderabad and distributing to blood if necessary
person to hospital hungry kids from left out food from
events
IMPORTANCE OF EMPATHY& COMPASSION TOWARDS WEAKER SECTIONS OF SOCIETY:

• First and foremost, objective behind empathetic and compassionate civil servant should be to uplift the
weaker sections of society, SCs, STs, children, women, people below poverty line, wanderers etc.
• India having so much diversity across its continent, so district administration sometimes failed to recognise
intended beneficiaries. In that case, empathetic civil servant desire to help such people appreciated.
• It creates cultural harmony and builds trust on public offices
• Serves the purpose of “public service”, service to humanity service to god.
• Personalities like Mother Theresa, Gandhiji always stands as role models when we talk about compassion.
In administration, Shankaran, in his entire career worked for the weaker sections of society without bending
any rules and regulations.
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Integrity, impartiality and “In looking for people to hire, you look for three qualities: integrity, 2018
non-partisanship, intelligence and energy. And if they do not have the first, the other two
objectivity will kill you.” – Warren Buffett. What do you understand by this
statement in the present-day scenario? Explain.
Integrity, impartiality and State the three basic values, universal in nature, in the context of civil 2018
non-partisanship, services and bring out their importance.
objectivity
Integrity, impartiality and One of the tests of integrity is complete refusal to be compromised. 2017
non-partisanship, Explain with reference to a real-life example.
objectivity
Integrity, impartiality and Integrity without knowledge is weak and useless, but knowledge 2014
non-partisanship, without integrity is dangerous and dreadful. What do you understand
objectivity by this statement? Explain your stand with illustrations from the
modern context.
Integrity, impartiality and Why should impartiality and non-partisanship be considered as 2016
non-partisanship, foundational values in public services, especially in the present-day
objectivity socio-political context? Illustrate your answer with examples.
Integrity, impartiality and There is a heavy ethical responsibility on the public servants because 2014
non-partisanship, they occupy positions of power, handle huge amounts of public funds,
objectivity and their decisions have wide-ranging impact on society and
environment. What steps have you taken to improve your ethical
competence to handle such responsibility?
Integrity, impartiality and What does ‘accountability’ mean in the context of public service? What 2014
non-partisanship, measures can be adopted to ensure individual and collective
objectivity accountability of public servants?
Dedication to public What is mean by public interest? What are the principles and 2018
service procedures to be followed by the civil servants in public interest?
Dedication to public Examine the relevance of the following in the context of civil service: 2017
service (a) Transparency (b) Accountability (c) Fairness and justice (d)
Courage of conviction (e) Spirit of service.
Dedication to public How do the virtues of trustworthiness and fortitude get manifested in 2015
service public service? Explain with examples.
Dedication to public What do you understand by the following terms in the context of public 2014
service service? (5 terms x 3 marks each: a) Integrity b) Perseverance c) Spirit
of service d) Commitment e) Courage of conviction f) Personal opinion
Dedication to public Indicate two more attributes which you consider important for public 2013
service service. Justify your answer. (10 marks |100 words)
Empathy, tolerance and A mere compliance with law is not enough, the public servant also has 2015
compassion towards the to have a well-developed sensibility to ethical issues for effective
weaker sections. discharge of duties.” Do you agree? Explain with the help of two
examples, where (i) an act is ethically right, but not legally and (ii) an
act is legally right, but not ethically.
82
4. EMOTIONAL INTELLIGENCE
This chapter on Emotional Intelligence (EI) is important to
understand our own self. In general, it helps to study self- You can’t simply read about emotional
behaviour but in particular it helps in the day to day intelligence in order to master it. You
administration. This chapter helps you in: have to experience and practice the
• Management of Emotions skills in your everyday life.
• Taking Ethical actions
• How to control our negative emotions and how to use a
negative emotion constructively?
• Helps in self-motivating to bring social awareness
• Resolving in conflicts
What is Intelligence?
• Intelligence is the ability to acquire and apply knowledge
and skills.
• Intelligence is the capacity to understand the world and
resourcefulness to cope with its challenges.
• Intelligence refers to individuals ability:
o To understand complex ideas
o To adapt effectively to the environment
o To learn from past experiences
o To engage in various forms of reasoning
o To overcome obstacle by careful thought
What Is Emotional Intelligence (EI)?

• Emotional Intelligence is defined as the ability to understand our own emotions and other’s emotions and
use them constructively to guide one’s thinking and actions.
• Emotional intelligence has been defined differently by various scholars. According to Peter Salovey and
John Mayer (1990s) it is defined as "the ability to monitor one's own and other people's emotions, to
discriminate between different emotions and label them appropriately, and to use emotional
information to guide thinking and behavior".
• This definition was adopted by Goleman and further categorized the emotional intelligence into:
o Self-awareness,
o Managing emotions,
o Motivating oneself,
o Empathy,
o Handling relationships.
Head Heart
EI
(IQ) (Emotions)
• Emotional intelligence is one of several types of intelligence required for success in all kinds of situations.
• Expressions of emotion depend on regulation of emotion for self or others. Persons who are capable of having
awareness of emotions for self or others and regulate accordingly are called emotionally intelligent. Persons
83
who fail to do so, deviate and thereby develop abreaction of emotion, resulting in anger, frustration and
conflict.
Examples:
1. When I get first rank in the examination, I feel Joy and happiness.
2. When someone annoys you, you get frustration and angry
3. When you lost your wallet and money, your mood will be sad
4. When you are watching a horror movie or walking midnight, may get fear
5. When you are in the interview hall, you may fell excitement and nervous
Scenario 1:
Your department is facing some challenges. There is too much politics, back biting and arguments. Recently there
was an outburst from one of. Your team members. Using EI, you can manage destructive emotions and can
manage this situation effectively.
Scenario 2:
I was in bad mood on Monday, attributed to family issues. However, I kept myself motivated and happy in the
office so that my work should not be hampered, neither work space.
Scenario 3:
Everyone was not happy in the office because of issues discussed in recent meeting. However our manager kept
everyone motivated and inspired, this increased everyone’s efficiency and elevated mood.
• After the Industrial revolution, society drastically changed at Individual level, family level, societal level.
Individual human beings leading materialistic comforts and giving least importance to human relations,
Joint Family system broken down and society became more selfish.
• Capitalistic society created an atmosphere of uncertainty and insecurity among employees where it can’t
afford inefficiency. In this process life became more
materialistic in nature. There is no inner motivation to do best
of our abilities.
• Leadership failed to inculcate good attitudes among his
followers where themselves don’t have such attitudes. In the
long run, organisations become inefficient if they didn’t resolve
these issues.
• If no peace of mind at individual level it will directly effects on
his performance at organisational level leading to losses to the
organisation.
• Then, what they realised was there is a need to motivate public,
employees and others and understand their emotions and using with that information one can guide to
improve efficiency of an organisation. This is how emotional intelligence concept got popularised and this is
just effective management of our emotions and use them efficiently.
What Is An Emotion?
• The term Emotion is often considered synonymous with the
Emotions are irrational. Emotions are
terms ‘feeling’ and ‘mood’. For example, Joy, sorrow, hope,
unproductive. Emotions are
love, excitement, anger, hate, and many such feelings are
subjective. Emotions should never
experienced in the course of the day by all of us.
guide administrative actions.
• Feeling denotes the pleasure or pain dimension of emotion,
which usually involves bodily functions. Feeling is the name
we give to emotion and feelings could be mixed different
emotions.
• Mood is an affective state of long duration but of lesser intensity than emotion.
• Both these terms are narrower than the concept of emotion.
• Affect is a broader term, generally used to describe experience of feeling or emotion.
84
Emotions:
• Emotions are complex pattern of arousal, subjective feeling,
and cognitive interpretation. As much as 80% of adult’s “success”
• Emotions, as we experience them, move us internally. comes from EQ – Daniel Goleman
• This process involves physiological as well as psychological
reactions
• Emotion is a subjective feeling and the experience of emotions varies from person to person.
• Ten basic emotions are joy, surprise, anger, disgust, contempt,
EM OTIONAL
fear, shame, guilt, interest, and excitement with combinations of INTELLIGENCE
them resulting in other emotional blends. It has been noted that

at least six emotions are experienced and recognised Using
Perceiving
everywhere. These are: anger, disgust, fear, happiness, sadness, (Constructively)
Emotions
Emotions
and surprise.
• Some of the positive – negative emotion combinations are joy-
sadness, acceptance-disgust, fear-anger, and surprise-
anticipation.
• Emotions vary in their intensity (high, low) and quality M anaging
Emotions
Understanding
Emotions
(happiness, sadness, fear).
• Subjective factors and situational contexts influence the experience of emotions. These factors are gender,
personality, and psychopathology of certain kinds.
• Evidence indicates that:
o Women experience all the emotions except anger more intensely than men.
o Men are prone to experience high intensity and frequency of anger.
• This gender difference has been attributed to the social roles attached to men (competitiveness) and
women (affiliation and caring).
Importance Of Emotion:
• Emotion derives charity. It is emotion that has lead Bill Gates, Azim Premji and others to give all their wealth
for charity purpose.
• Nationalism, respect the national symbols of India, respect constitutional ideals and institutions, the National
Flag and the National Anthem, cherish and follow the noble ideals which inspired our national struggle for
freedom.
• It is emotion only that derives civil servants to dedicate himself to the nation. Dedication is commitment with
passion. It has emotion attached with it.
• Empathy and Compassion, Tolerance, Forgiveness
• Sensitivity - Respect for others religious believe, humble tradition of tribal folks.
• Food donation, Blood donation, being good Samaritan
• Gandhiji’s talisman is based on emotion to understand the vulnerability of others.
• The idea of dharma is born in heart which is full of empathy and compassion.
• In matters where doubt intervenes, the natural inclination of the heart of good person becomes the authority
or the decisive factor. - Kalidasa
• Emotion is an important component of Attitude.
• Concept of committed bureaucracy require emotion
• Charles Darwin said emotion helps in survival.
• Positive emotions leads to positive behavior – like after watching movies like Bagban one will start to
respect parent even more.
Mechanism Of Emotion:
85
Behavioral
Cognitive
Emotion Physiological Subjective response – how
appraisal to
provoking response
identify the
Experience we show or
event arousal feeling react to our
cause of arousal
feeling
EI helps you to:

1. Solve problems by using both logic and feelings.
2. Be flexible in changing situations.
3. Help other people express their needs.
4. Respond calmly and thoughtfully to difficult people.
5. Keep an optimistic and positive outlook.
6. Express empathy, compassion, and caring for others.
7. Continuously learn how to improve ourselves and the organization.
8. Enhance our interactions and communications with other culture people.
Types Of Emotions:
Positive Emotions Negative Emotions
Joy, happiness, love, gratitude etc. Hatred, Angry, Sad, anxiety, fear etc.
Managing Negative Emotions:

• It is difficult even to imagine a life without emotions. Emotions are a part of our daily life and existence.
They form the very fabric of our life and interpersonal relations. There are various intensities of an
emotion that can be experienced by us. You can experience extreme elation or slight happiness, severe grief.
• However, most of us usually maintain a balance of emotions. When faced with such a conflicting situation
between emotions, we will face abnormal emotional reactions such as anxiety, depression etc.
Anxiety is a condition that an individual develops in case of failure to adopt

an appropriate ego defense, protect mind/self from anxiety.
Example:
Anxiety • If the individual fails to adhere to a Defense of rationalisation for his
immoral act (like cheating or stealing), he may develop intense
apprehension about the outcomes of such an act.
• Anxious individuals find it difficult to concentrate or to make decisions
even for little important matters.
• It affects an individual’s ability to think rationally, feel realistically,
and work effectively. The condition overwhelms the mood state of the
individual. Because of its enduring nature, the individual who suffers
from depression develops a variety of symptoms like difficulty in falling
Depression asleep, increased level of psychomotor agitation or retardation,
decreased ability to think or concentrate, and loss of interest in personal
or social activities, etc.
• In daily life, we are often faced with conflicting situations. Under
demanding and stressful conditions, a lot of negative emotions like fear,
anxiety, disgust, etc. develop in an individual to a considerable extent.
• Such negative emotions, if allowed to prevail for a long time, are likely to
affect adversely the person’s psychological and physical health.
86
• This is the reason why most of the stress management programmes

emphasise emotion management as an integral part of stress
management. The major focus of emotion management techniques is the
reduction of negative emotions and enhancing positive emotions like,
hope, happiness, creativity, courage, optimism, cheerfulness, etc.
• Effective emotion management is the key to effective social functioning
in modern times.
Anger is a negative emotion. It carries the mind away or the person loses
control on behavioural functions during the state of anger. The major source
of anger is the frustration of motives. However, anger is not a reflex, rather
it is a result of our thinking. Neither is it automatic nor uncontrollable and
caused by others but it is a self-induced choice that the individual makes.
Anger is a result of our thinking and hence is controllable by your own
thoughts only. Certain key points in anger management are as follows:
• Recognise the power of your thoughts
• Realise you alone can control it
Anger Management • Do not engage in ‘self-talk that burns
• Do not magnify negative feelings.
• Do not ascribe intentions and ulterior motives to others
• Resist having irrational beliefs about people and events
• Try to find constructive ways of expressing your anger
• Have control on the degree and duration of anger that you choose to
express
• Look inward not outward for anger control
• Give yourself time to change. It takes time and effort to change a habit.
Ways to manage negative emotions:

• Enhance self-awareness:
o Be aware of your own emotions and feelings.
o Try to gain insight into the ‘how’ and ‘why’ of your feelings.
• Appraise the situation objectively:
o It has been proposed that emotion is preceded by evaluation of the event. If the event is experienced as
disturbing, your sympathetic nervous system is activated and you feel stressed. If you do not experience
the event as disturbing, then there is no stress. Hence, it is you who decides whether to feel sad and
anxious or happy and relaxed.
• Self-monitoring:
o This involves constant or periodic evaluation of your past accomplishments, emotional and physical
states, real and vicarious experiences. A positive appraisal would enhance your faith in yourself and lead
to enhanced feeling of wellness and contentment.
• Engage in self-modeling:
o Be the ideal for yourself. Repeatedly observe the best parts of your past performance and use them as
an inspiration and motivation to perform better in the future.
• Perceptual reorganisation and cognitive restructuring:
o Try viewing the events differently and visualise the other side of the coin. Restructure your thoughts to
enhance positive and reassuring feelings and eliminate negative thoughts.
• Be creative:
o Find and develop an interest or a hobby. Engage in an activity that interests and amuses you.
• Develop and nurture good relationships:
o Choose your friends carefully. In the company of happy and cheerful friends you will feel happy in
general.
• Have empathy:
o Try understanding other’s feelings too. Make your relationships meaningful and valuable. Seek as well as
provide support mutually.
• Participate in community service:
87
o Help yourself by helping others. By doing community service (for example, helping an intellectually
challenged child learn an adaptive skill), you will gain important insights about your own difficulties.
Enhancing Positive Emotions:

• Our emotions have a purpose. They help us adapt to the ever-
changing environment and are important for our survival and well-
being.
• Though negative emotions protect us in such situations but excessive
or inappropriate use of these emotions can become life threatening
to us, as it can harm our immune system and have serious
consequences for our health.
• Positive emotions such as hope, joy, optimism, contentment, and
gratitude energise us and enhance our sense of emotional well-
being. When we experience positive affect, we display a greater
preference for a large variety of actions and ideas. We can think of
more possibilities and options to solve whatever problems we face and thus, we become proactive.
• Positive emotions give us a greater ability to cope with adverse circumstances and quickly return to a
normal state. They help us set up long-term plans and goals, and form new relationships.
• Various ways of enhancing positive emotions are given below:
o Personality traits of optimism, hopefulness, happiness and a positive self-regard
o Finding positive meaning in dire Having quality connections with others, and supportive network of close
relationships
o Being engaged in work and gaining mastery
o A faith that binds social support, purpose and hope, leading a life of purpose
o Positive interpretations of most daily events.
Bureaucracy on Emotions Modern neuroscience on Emotions

Makes us inefficient Make us effective
Sign of weakness Sign of strength
Interferes with good judgement Essential to good judgement
Distracts us Motivate us
Obstructs or slow down reasoning Enhance and speed up reasoning
Arbitrary and tyrannical Built trust and connections
Weaken neutrality Activate ethical values
Inhibit the flow of objective data Provide vital information and feedback
Complicate planning Sparks creative and innovation
Undermine management Enhances leadership
Mixed Model of Emotional Intelligence:

• The mixed model was most famously described by
Daniel Goleman, and is widely accepted and used
model for EI. It involves a range of competencies
which are broken down into skill sets and which
together form the picture of a person’s level of EI.
• Emotional Intelligence of emotional intelligence
subsumes intrapersonal and interpersonal elements.
88
1. Self-awareness
The intrapersonal
elements:
2. Self-motivation
Components Of EI
1. Social awareness
The interpersonal
elements:
2. Social competence
1. Self-Awareness - Ability to keep negative emotions and impulses

The intrapersonal elements: under control
2. Self-Motivation - The drive to achieve despite setbacks, developing
skills to attain targets and taking initiative to act on opportunities.
1. Social-Awareness - The awareness and the tendency to appreciate
The interpersonal elements: other’s feelings
2. Social-Competence - Social skills that help to adjust with others,
such as team building, conflict management, skills of communicating.
SELF-AWARENESS:
• It is the ability to know one’s emotions, strengths, weaknesses, drives, values, and goals and recognize their
impact on others while using gut feelings to guide decisions.
• Example: One should self-aware of their own emotion
o Seeing blood causes fear
o When someone talking with high pitch and louder, getting angry
Advantages of Self Awareness in daily life and Administration:

• An angry Bureaucrat, being self-awareness about his anger management he can manage angry public in his
official duty
• A district collector can handle Journalists smoothly when raises several questions during media brief and
criticises his administration.
• When someone cry, we get sympathetic towards them. By knowing our weakness few fake beneficiaries try
to get benefits from the govt simply using weapon of CRY
• Personal life we may not giving promises when we are happy. So, at the end we won’t feel regret if its
unworthy promise to not get fulfilled.
SELF-MOTIVATION:
• Motivation plays vital role in shaping human behaviour. Behaviours are caused by an underlying motive.
Behaviour is goal-driven. Goal-seeking behaviour tends to persist until the goal is achieved. For achieving
their goals people plan and undertake different activities. Most of our everyday explanation of behaviour is
given in terms of motives.
• Example: Why do you come to the school or college? There may be any number of reasons for this behaviour,
such as you want to learn or to make friends, you need a degree to get a good job, you want to make your
parents happy, and so on.
Motivation Cycle:
A need is lack or deficit of some necessity. The condition of need leads to drive. A drive is a state of tension or
arousal produced by a need. It energises random activity. When one of the random activities leads to a goal, it
reduces the drive, and the organism stops being active. The organism returns to a balanced state.
89
Need
Reduction of
Drive
Arousal
MOTIVATION CYCLE
Achievement Arousal
Goal seeking
behaviour
Here are a few ways of motivating your own self as well as others:
• Be planned and organised in whatever you do
• Learn to prioritise your goals
• Set short-term targets (In a few days, a week, a month, and so on)
• Reward yourself for hitting the set targets
• Compliment yourself on being an achiever each time you hit a target (Say “Cheers! I did it”, “I am really good
with that”, “I think I can do things smartly”)
• If the targets seem difficult to attain, again break them up into smaller ones and approach them one by one
• Always try to visualise or imagine the outcomes of all the hard work you have to put in to reach your set
goals.
Advantages of Self-Motivation:
• We can finish the projects on time
• Bureaucrats implements govt schemes, policies most efficiently
• To fulfill some of the biological motives like Hunger, Thirst, Survival of species through sexual activity
• Physiological motives like Power, success
• Among kids’ curiosity develops intellectual ability
• Exploration solves many questions in this universe like universe origin, how life evolved etc
Theory of Self – Actualisation:

• Abraham Maslow attempted to portray a picture of human
behaviour by arranging the various needs in a hierarchy. His
viewpoint about motivation is very popular because of its
theoretical and applied value which is popularly known as the
“Theory of Self-actualisation”.
• Maslow’s model can be conceptualised as a pyramid in which
the bottom of this hierarchy represents basic physiological or
biological needs which are basic to survival such as hunger,
thirst, etc. Only when these needs are met, the need to be free
from threatened danger arises. This refers to the safety
needs of physical and psychological nature. Next comes the
need to seek out other people, to love and to be loved. After
these needs are fulfilled, the individual strives for esteem, i.e.
the need to develop a sense of self-worth.
• The next higher need in the hierarchy reflects an individual’s motive towards the fullest development of
potential, i.e. self-actualization. A self-actualised person is self-aware, socially responsive, creative,
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spontaneous, open to novelty, and challenge. He also has a sense of humour and capacity for deep
interpersonal relationships.
• Lower level needs (physiological) in the hierarchy dominate as long as they are unsatisfied. Once they are
adequately satisfied, the higher needs occupy the individual’s attention and effort. However, it must be noted
that very few people reach the highest level because most people are concerned more with the lower level
needs.
SOCIAL AWARENESS:
It is the ability to take the perspective of and empathize with others, including those from diverse
backgrounds and cultures and the ability to understand social and ethical norms for behavior and to recognize
family, school, and community resources and supports. This includes:
• Service orientation – anticipating, recognizing and meeting other people’s need.
• Developing others – Understanding the needs of people to progress and cultivating their abilities
• Understanding opportunities through diverse people.
Emotional Intelligence
Social Awareness
Social Capital
Advantages of Social Awareness:

• Developing empathy and compassion among individuals and also they are foundational values for civil
servants
• Better social relationships
• Understanding others based emotional needs
• Fewer risky behaviours
• Positive social atmosphere
SOCIAL COMPETENCE:
• It is the ability to handle social relations effectively. Given the complexity of social interactions, social
competence is the product of a wide range of cognitive abilities, emotional processes, behavioral skills, social
awareness, and personal and cultural values related to interpersonal relationships. It depends on age to age
or person to person and situation to situation it varies.
• Example:
o To do friendship with kids we may have to behave like kids and do childish things before them
o To inculcate different cultures, we have to learn and practice their cultural practices
Advantages:
• To study tribal cultures and making sure of govt initiatives reach out to them
• To reach out to the civil society to make them part of administration
• To strengthen human relationships
• Coordination between different departments
• Profession and personal life balance
Skills required to being Emotionally Intelligent:

• Flexibility: Emotionally intelligent people adapt to changes. They use problem-solving to develop options.
• Optimism: Emotionally intelligent people have a positive and optimistic outlook on life. Their mental
attitude energizes them to work steadily towards goals despite setbacks.
• Self-Awareness: Emotionally intelligent people are aware of how they feel, what motivates and
• demotivates them, and how they affect others.
• Social Skills: Emotionally intelligent people communicate and relate well with others. They listen intently
and adapt their communications to others’ unique needs, including diverse backgrounds. They show
compassion.
• Emotional Control: Emotionally intelligent people handle stress evenly. They deal calmly with emotionally
stressful situations, such as change and interpersonal conflicts.
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Utility Of EI:
• Emotional Intelligence is a desirable moral quality rather than a skill. A well-developed EI is not only as
instrumental tool for accomplishing goals, but has a dark side as a weapon
for manipulating others by robbing them of their capacity.
• New evidence shows that when people hone their emotional skills, they
become better at manipulating others. When you’re good at controlling
your own emotions, you can disguise your true feelings. When you know
what others feeling are, you can motivate them to act against their own best
interests.
• Leaders who master emotions can rob us of our capacities for many
reasons. If their values are out of step with our own, the results can be
devastating.
• Instead of assuming that emotional intelligence is always useful, we need to think more carefully about where
and when it matters.
• Example, there was no relationship between emotional intelligence and helping. Helping is driven by
our motivations and values, not by our abilities to understand and manage emotions. However, emotional
intelligence was consequential when examining a different behavior. Challenging the status quo by speaking
up with ideas and suggestions for improvement. Here is growing recognition that emotional intelligence—
like any skill—can be used for good or evil. So, if we’re going to teach emotional intelligence in schools and
develop it at work, we need to consider the values that go along with it and where it’s actually useful.
Positive side of EI Negative side of EI

• Mahatma Gandhiji’s speeches inspired many • Hitler speeches to play with Germans emotions
Indians to fight for independence through Non- • Left wing extremism and Terror organisations
Violence manipulating innocent youth emotions and led
• Swamy Vivekananda speech at world them to fight against state
parliament of religions and Rabindranath
Tagore’s writings
• Martin Luther King JR’s speech inspired many
Americans and across the world
• Nehru’s Tryst with destiny speech
Applications Of EI In Administration And Governance:

EI can be used in governance and administration for the appraisal of emotions arising from situations and
better decision making, effective emotional management during public management activities.
• To improve Organisational relationships among peer employees
• To recruit well qualified staff to the bureaucracy who can better at managing their emotions
• To measure performance i.e. 360-degree feedback to assess the officials of the govt
• To negotiate with corporates and NGOs to work for the govt
• To inculcate social responsibility among civil society and private companies
• Stress and anger management during public interaction
• To prevent conflict of interest.
• Be optimistic at work can build confidence and helps to meet the targets
• Impersonal detachment in the day to day administration
• Maintaining political neutrality irrespective of our personal ideology
• Requesting written communication if any higher officials or ministers appealing to you purely based on
emotions.
Advantages Of Developing Our EI:

• Improved relationships
• Acting with integrity
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• Reduced stress levels

• Improved career prospects
• Improved communication with others Feeling confident and
positive
• Respect from others
• Better empathy skills
• Learning from mistakes
• Increased creativity
• Managing change more confidently Fewer power games at
work
Emotions drive people and people drive outcomes. Investing in EI

can help in enhancing social, organisational, and national
wellbeing and success.
Ways to build EI:

• Encouraging Debates
• Improving Emotional illiteracy
• Role modelling
• Improving Listening
• Communication Skills
• Generating empathy
EI can be inculcated in administrators at following stages:

Emotional intelligence has been accepted as a very important quality for a civil servant and administrator
which not only helps him in his official work but also helps in maintaining work- personal life balance.
Recruitment The introduction of ethics paper in the civil services examination is one of
the creative steps to monitor the emotional intelligence of candidates.
Training NITI Aayog has suggested introduction of mid-career training modules for all
services and preparation of handbooks for skill orientation to improve
competency which in turn can have focus on acquisition of soft skills as well
which includes the emotional intelligence of the civil servants.
Evaluation According to NITI Aayog consideration of replacing annual confidential reports
(ACRs) with multi stake holder feedback (MSF) is necessary reform for better
accountability. The multi-stake holder feedback in turn will regulate the biased
emotions in civil servants and in turn it can make civil servants more responsive
and sensitive to the needs of others.
The Effect Of Artificial Intelligence On EI:

Automation and AI are bringing new opportunities and greater efficiencies to both businesses and society.
This is increasing employee and organisational focus on unique human cognitive capabilities that machines
simply cannot master. Emotional intelligence is one such area that AI and machines find hard to e mulate, making
it an essential skill set in today’s age.
Consequences:
• AI will change the job profile of companies
• New roles will be created and many traditional roles will be occupied by automation
• Surpass Human intelligence and human emotions
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• Erases the lines between tasks performed by machines and humans

• Junior and sub junior level employees suffer more with job loss
• Ethical decision making may or may not be ensured.
Benefits of EI in the era of AI

• Increase in efficiency and productivity
• Higher job satisfaction
• Better emotional and mental wellbeing
• Reduced fear of job loss
• Openness to changing attitudes
• Lower attrition
• Improved public relations through AI
• When you have a EI you will be more honest and authentic in delivering your service which results in positive
impact on the public offices
Ways to strengthen Human Intelligence over AI:

• Only those employees or people who rate highly on EI skills will have a higher chance of retaining their jobs,
compared to the ones who just have their basic technical and digital skills in place
• Reskilling the workforce frequently
• Increasing the area of opportunities for employees
• The hiring, learning, and feedback programs in organizations have not been adapted to the age of the
machine. Ready to change with changing attitudes of technology.
Over the years job satisfaction declining. To achieve synergy between man and machine, EI will be the only
arrow in the human hand to win against Artificial Intelligence.

Theme Question Year
Concepts, and their “Emotional Intelligence is the ability to make your emotions work 2019
utilities for you instead of against you”. Do you agree with this view? Discuss.
Concepts, and their What does this quotations mean to you in the present context: 2018
utilities “Anger and intolerance are the enemies of correct understanding”.
Mahatma Gandhi.
Application in How will you apply emotional intelligence in administrative 2017
administration and practices?
governance
Concepts, and their Anger is a harmful negative emotion. It is injurious to both personal 2016
utilities life and work life. (a) Discuss how it leads to negative emotions and
undesirable behaviours. (b) How can it be managed and controlled?
Concepts, and their “The weak can never forgive; forgiveness is the attribute of the 2015
utilities strong.”
Concepts, and their We can easily forgive a child who is afraid of the dark; the real 2015
utilities tragedy of life is when men are afraid of the light.
Concepts, and their What is ’emotional intelligence’ and how can it be developed in 2013
utilities people? How does it help an individual in taking ethical decisions?
Concepts, and their There is enough on this earth for every one’s need but for no one’s 2013
utilities greed. Mahatma Gandhi.
Concepts, and their What do you understand by the term ‘voice of conscience’? How do 2017
utilities you prepare yourself to heed to the voice of conscience?
Concepts, and their I count him braver who overcomes his desires than him who 2013
utilities overcomes his enemies —Aristotle
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Concepts, and their What is meant by ‘crisis of conscience’? Narrate one incident in your 2013
utilities life when you were faced with such a crisis and how you resolved
the same.
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5. MORAL THINKERS & PHILOSOPHERS FROM INDIA & WORLD

This Chapter on Thinkers is very much important in linking both theoretical and practical aspects of ethics. One
should integrate into other areas applications. It will provide a valid ground to prove your stand or opinion in
answering Ethics questions and case studies. Some of the Tips to write a good answer to quote based questions
are:
• Reading question multiple times to understand basic essence of the quote and identify key words from the
quote and try to attach synonyms to that particular key word
• Write same quote in our own words.
• Example: Q. (2018): “Falsehood takes the place of truth when it results in unblemished common good” can
rewritten as Even a lie could be considered as a truth, if that lie is harmless and brings unquestionable
benefits.
• Structure of the answer should be: 1) Introduction, 2) Why? with recent illustrations, 3) Applications in
daily life and administration, 4) Conclusion
PHILOSOPHY:
• Philosophy as a word derived from the Greek work “philosophia” which means love of wisdom. Therefore,
philosophy which answers to some of the most fundamental questions about life, human existence,
rationality, god, religion etc.
• Man as a social animal desire to seek cause-effect relationships and motivates him to question the society
where he lives. This kind of questioning and seeking answer ultimately derives truth and knowledge.
Philosopher who is a knowledge seeker. Philosophy can be applied to physical world existing around us and
also applied intangible objects and imaginary like god, cosmology.

PHILOSOPHERS
INDIAN PHILOSOPHERS WESTERN PHILOSOPHERS
• Indian philosophy • Socrates
• Kautilya • Plato
• Tiruvalluvar • Aristotle
• Swami Vivekananda • Epicurus
• Gandhiji • Machaivalli
• Jawaharlal Nehru • Thomas Aquinas
• Thomas Hobbes
• Rousseau
• John Locke
• JS Mill
• Immanuel Kant

INDIAN SCHOOLS OF PHILOSOPHY
Indian system of philosophy consists of six schools of philosophy called as “Shad Darshan”. They are ancient
texts of Indian philosophy.

Philosophy Author Main theme
Samkya Philosophy Kapila Eliminate physical and mental pains and receive
liberations.
Yoga Philosophy Patanjali Practise of meditation and samadhi for renunciation
Nyaya Philosophy Gautama Logical quest for god and phases of creation
Vaisheshika Philosophy Kanada Rishi Science of logic and futility of maya
Mimansa Philosophy Jaimini Vedas are eternal and divine
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Uttara Mimansa Badrayana Explains the divine nature of soul, maya and creation.
Philosophy (Vedanta
Philosophy)

1. SAMKYA/ SANKYA PHILOSOPHY:
• Samkhya, (In Sanskrit, “Enumeration” or “Number”) also spelled as Sankhya.
• Samkhya adopts a consistent dualism of matter (prakriti) and the eternal spirit (purusha).
• The two are originally separate, but in the course of evolution purusha mistakenly identifies itself with
aspects of prakriti.
• Right knowledge consists of the ability of purusha to distinguish itself from prakriti.
• The Samkhya school assumes the existence of two bodies, a temporal body and a body of “subtle” matter that
persists after biological death.
• When the former body has perished, the latter migrates to another temporal body.
• The body of subtle matter consists of the higher functions of buddhi (“consciousness”), ahamkara (“I-
consciousness”), manas (“mind as coordinator of sense impressions”), and prana (“breath,” the principle of
vitality).
• Three primal qualities of matter that are called Gunas (“qualities”). They make up the prakriti but are
further important principally as physio psychological factors.
1. The first is Tamas (“darkness”), which is obscurity, ignorance, and inertia
2. The second is Rajas (“passion”), which is energy, emotion, and expansiveness
3. The highest is Sattva (“goodness”), which is illumination, enlightening knowledge, and lightness.
• To these correspond personality types:
1. Tamas, that of the ignorant and lazy person
2. Rajas, that of the impulsive and passionate person
3. Sattva, that of the enlightened and serene person.

2. YOGA PHILOSOPHY:
• Yoga, in Sanskrit: “Yoking” or “Union”
• The practical aspects of Yoga play a more important part than does its intellectual content, which is largely
based on the philosophy of Samkhya, with the exception that Yoga assumes the existence of god, who is the
model for the aspirant who seeks spiritual release.
• Yoga holds with Samkhya that the achievement of spiritual liberation (moksha) occurs when the spirit
(purusha) is freed from the bondage of matter (prakriti) that has resulted from ignorance and illusion.
• An aspirant who has learned to control and suppress the obscuring activities of the mind and has succeeded
in ending attachment to material objects will be able to enter samadhi —i.e., a state of deep concentration
that results in a blissful ecstatic union with the ultimate reality.
• Generally, the Yoga process is described in Eight stages (Ashtanga-yoga, “Eight-membered Yoga”).
• The first two stages are Ethical preparations. They are:
1. Yama (Restraint), which denotes abstinence from injury (ahimsa), falsehood, stealing, lust, and avarice
and
2. Niyama (“discipline”), which denotes cleanliness of body, contentment, austerity, study, and devotion
to God.
• The next two stages are physical preparations:
3. Asana (“seat”), a series of exercises in physical posture, is intended to condition the aspirant’s body and
make it supple, flexible, and healthy.
4. Pranayama (“breath control”) is a series of exercises intended to stabilize the rhythm of breathing in
order to encourage complete respiratory relaxation.
• The fifth stage, (5) Pratyahara (“withdrawal of the senses”), involves control of the senses, or the ability
to withdraw the attention of the senses from outward objects.
• The above five stages are external aids to Yoga, the remaining three are purely mental or internal aids.

• (6) Dharana (“holding on”) is the ability to hold and confine awareness of externals to one object for a long
period of time (a common exercise is fixing the mind on an object of Meditation, such as the tip of the nose or
an image of the deity).
• (7) Dhyana (“concentrated meditation”) is the uninterrupted contemplation of the object of meditation,
beyond any memory of ego.
• Samadhi (“total self-collectedness”) is the final stage and is a precondition of attaining release
from samsara, or the cycle of rebirth. In this stage the meditator perceives or experiences the object of his
meditation and himself as one.

3. NYAYA PHILOSOPHY:
• Nyaya, (Sanskrit: “Rule” or “Method”)
• It important for its analysis of logic and epistemology.
• The major contribution of the Nyaya system is its working out in profound detail the means of knowledge
known as inference.
• Like the other systems, Nyaya is both philosophical and religious.
• Its ultimate concern is to bring an end to human suffering, which results from ignorance of reality. Liberation
is brought about through right knowledge. Nyaya is thus concerned with the means of right knowledge.

4. VAISHESHIKA PHILOSOPHY:
• Vaisheshika, (Sanskrit: “Particular”)
• It is significant for its naturalism, a feature that is not characteristic of most Indian thought.
• The Vaisheshika school attempts to identify, inventory, and classify the entities and their relations that
present themselves to human perceptions.

5. MIMAMSA PHILOSPHY:
• Mimamsa, (Sanskrit: “Reflection” or “Critical Investigation”)
• Mimamsa, probably the earliest of the six, is fundamental to Vedanta, another of the six systems, and has
deeply influenced the formulation of Hindu law
• The aim of Mimamsa is to give rules for the interpretation of the Vedas, the earliest scriptures of Hinduism,
and to provide a philosophical justification for the observance of Vedic ritual.
• Because Mimamsa is concerned with the earlier parts of the Vedas, it is also referred to as Purva-Mimamsa
(“Prior Study”) or Karma-Mimamsa (“Study of Actions”).
• Vedanta, which deals with the later portion of Vedic literature called the upanishads, is called Uttara-
Mimamsa (“Posterior Study”) or Jnana-Mimamsa (“Study of Knowledge”).

6. VEDANTA PHILOSOPHY:
• The term Vedanta means in Sanskrit the “conclusion” (anta) of the Vedas.
• Vedanta is the 'Rationale of all religions' and without Vedanta, every religion becomes superstition. All
history of Indian life is the struggle for the realisation of the ideal of the Vedanta through good or bad fortune.
• Vedanta applies to the Upanishads, which were elaborations of the Vedas, and to the school that arose out of
the study (Mimamsa) of the Upanishads. Thus, Vedanta is also referred to as Vedanta Mimamsa (“Reflection
on Vedanta”), Uttara Mimamsa (“Reflection on the Latter Part of the Vedas”), and Brahma Mimamsa
(“Reflection on Brahman”).
• The three fundamental Vedanta texts are:
1. Upanishads- Elaborations of the Vedas
2. Brahma-sutras (also called Vedanta-sutras), which are very brief, even one-word interpretations of the
doctrine of the Upanishads
3. Bhagavad-Gita (“Song of the Lord”), which, because of its immense popularity, was drawn upon for
support of the doctrines found in the Upanishads.

• Several schools of Vedanta developed, differentiated by their conceptions of the nature of the relationship,
and the degree of identity, between the eternal core of the individual self (atman) and the absolute
(Brahman).
• Those conceptions range from the:
1. Non-dualism (Advita) of the 8th-century philosopher Shankara
2. Vishishtadvita literally, “Qualified Non-dualism” of the 11th–12th-century thinker Ramanuja
3. Dualism (Dvaita) of the 13th-century thinker Madhva.

• The transmigration of the self (samsara)
• The desirability of release from the cycle of rebirths
• The authority of the Veda on the means of release - that brahman is both the
The Vedanta material and the instrumental cause of the world
schools believes • The self (atman) is the agent of its own acts (Karma) and therefore the recipient of
that: the fruits, or consequences, of action.
• All the Vedanta schools unanimously reject both the non-Vedic, “nay-saying”
philosophies of Buddhism and Jainism and the conclusions of the other Vedic, “yea-
saying” schools (Nyaya, Vaisheshika, Samkya, Yoga, and, to some extent, the Purva
Mimamsa).
RAMAYANA & MAHABHARAT:

Ramayana & Mahabharat, they are not just religious texts but they reflect Ethical issues and Ethical
dilemmas in our life. We can find answers from these texts to many questions surrounding in our life. They teach
us how to live a life and how not to live a life and what is good and what is bad. Let’s look at the characters
from them and will see what to learn from their characters.

Character Role What to learn?
Ram • Governance • Governance – Public as prime importance over
• Friendship family. Commitment to his people’s welfare. Ideal
• Marriage model of Governance.
• Respect to elders • Friendship – Treated Hanuman as his friend than
• Courage of conviction his subordinate
• Law Vs Morality • Marriage – Remain loyal to his wife
Sita • Self- Respect and Marriage Loyal to her Husband and self-respect when Lord Ram
suspicion her pureness
Dasharatha • Bad social influence • Never make promises when you are Happy
& Kaikeyi • Bad influence results in bad actions which yields
bad results only
• Greediness Though he was very intellectual but when his
Ravana hungriness for power and other women, result in his
intelligence overshadowed by his madness and
ignorance led him to destruction.
• Dharma • Though he has the ability to occupy the throne, but
he stayed away from Throne and power just
Bhishma because he given word to his father.
• Don’t get too much attached
• Learn to Forgive
• Dharma Comes first
• Be compassionate

Sri Krishna Teacher – Student relationship Krishna led arjuna to fight with Kauravas’s. Dharma
& Arjuna wins always over Evil
Relationship
Dharmaraj Values Lifelong he sticks to his Moral values what he believed
in
ESSENCE OF BHAGVADGITA:
Gita packs an intense analysis of life, emotions and ambitions
“Don’t let the fruit be the purpose of your actions,
and therefore, you won’t be attached to not doing your duty”

Great Pleasure at • This is very much applicable to in the lives of Bureaucracy. After getting into
Work service they work for promotions, rewards and salary hike etc.
• But they failed to committed to the public which are intended to work for.
Enjoying the pleasure of journey that is duty will yield fruits automatically.
Duty with commitment is more important than the destination.
“The awakened sages call a person wise when all his undertakings are free
from anxiety about results”

Emotions • Life is all about managing emotions. Panic and emotional attack can be a real
killer.
• If we can’t manage them, they will be led us into path of unhappiness and
unsatisfied life.
“We are kept from our goal, not by obstacles but by a clear path to a lesser
goal”
Goals & Ambitions • Getting distracted by social media, love, momentary pleasures etc. will deviates
us not to achieve our goal. With stuck by our confusion, we give up our dreams
and goals.
• We should focus on our inner happiness and calmness to achieve any goal.
“He alone sees truly who sees god in every creature he does not harm
Equality himself or others”
• Treat everyone equally
Selflessness “A gift is a pure when it is given from the heart to the right person at the right
time and at the right place, and when we expect nothing in return”.
Never run away from “You might like another duty, and dislike yours. But still, do your own duty, and
your duty not another’s, even if you can do another’s duty very well”.
“In order to deliver the pious and to annihilate the miscreants, as well as to re-
Truth alone triumphs establish the principles of truth, I advent myself time to time”.

• There is always bigger power watches everything and truth never be hidden. It
will come out some day and that bigger power punish those who lied.
KAUTILYA’S ARTHASHASTRA:
Kautilya, who was the author of Arthasastra, wrote his book in 300BCE that book concentrated more on the
Political Economy. Kautilya, was the chief Minister of Chandra Gupta Maurya, who ruled a North Indian State
about 300 BCE wrote the book Arthasastra, which literally means Artha = wealth and Sastra = knowledge,

“Science of wealth”. In short, a first literary source on political economy where he explained the concept of
good governance.

Kautilya’s Thoughts:
• King, in the happiness of his subjects lies his happiness, in their welfare his welfare. Anything considers as
good only when it’s good to his subjects and shall not consider it as good anything which causes harm to his
subjects
• King always accessible and available to his citizens
• He emphasized on code of conduct to the king and his council of ministers. They should not own assets of the
people
• Progressive taxation
• In favour of welfare state
• Behavioural aspects of King

“Yatha Raja Thata Praja”

If king is honest and efficient & Accountable, it’s very difficult for people to get corrupt.

CORRUPTION:
He talked about corruption in the administration while it comparing it fish, how we can’t prevent a fish from
drinking water in the ocean similarly, we can’t prevent a public official to not get corrupt while he deals with
public money. However, he didn’t give moral aspects of corruption whether it is good or bad. But he
discussed elaborately how to stop corruption. As we are all human beings its natural as being selfish so
corruption can happen, it can’t be prevented. Here are the four ways we can prevent from being corruption being
happen.

Saam-Niti Teaching and awaking public and public officials about ethical values in the
administration, code of conduct, code of ethics etc.
Daam-Niti Incentivising hard working officials, recognising the honest people and better salary
structures, better working conditions and best service conditions. There should be a
grievance redressal mechanism for both public and public officials.
Dandh-Niti Those who indulge in corrupt activities should get punishment. Punishments acts as
deterrents and creates fear among the officials which results corruption becomes high
risk activity but in India corruption is a low risk activity and high gain activity.
Bedh-Niti Vigilance and Intelligence and spy system on those who going against rules, taking
bribes, unaccounted money etc to be reported.
THIRUVALLUVAR:
• Though Kautilya, who was the author of Arthasastra, wrote his book in 300BCE that book concentrated more
on the Political Economy, while his book Thirukkural concentrated more on Political governance, wisdom
and Love/sex.
• Thiruvalluvar has given many concepts in Thirukkural regarding king and kingdom which can be correlated
with the contemporary concepts of political science like state, government etc.
• Qualities of King: Courage, Liberal hand, Wisdom & energy, Knowledge, Taking strong decisions.
• What a kingdom should and should not have? Complete cultivation, Excessive starvation, Virtuous person,
Irremediable epidemics, Merchants with inexhaustible wealth, Destructive foes.
• Components of Kingdom: People, Army, Resources, Ministry, Friendship, Fort.
• Duties of King: Identifying resources, collecting revenue, Protecting revenue, Distribution of revenue.

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• The core theme of it is about how to be a rational and practical person
• Truthfulness: “Even a lie could be considered as a truth, if that lie is
harmless and brings unquestionable benefits”
• God & Religion: “Even if god and fate doesn’t will it, your true efforts will
bear the fruits”
• Forgiveness: “Retaliation will bring joy only for a day. Patience and
forgiveness will bring joy for life”.
• Character: “Great is the joy of the mother when a child is born to her; but
greater is the joy when she hears his unblemished character and
scholarliness from others”
THOUGHTS FROM HIS • Talk with caution: “Even the most powerful person in the world will get
WORK “THIRUKKURAL” into serious trouble with a loose tongue”. “Even fire burns will heal easily
but burns from loose words will never be”.
• Grace/Charity: “Grace is the child born out of the mother called love.
However, grace is always raised as the stepchild of wealth”.
• Righteousness: “Nothing will protect you as much as righteousness.
Nothing will destroy you as much as the lack of righteousness”.
• Nation/State: “A Nation should have 5 key elements – Good health, Good
economy, Harvest, Happiness and Strong defence “
• Wealth: “Wealth is like a lamp taken into a dark room. It can eliminate the
despair of darkness and poverty”.
• Win or lose: “Better to lose fighting an elephant than to feel elated winning
a rabbit”.
SWAMI VIVEKANANDA:
• Swami Vivekananda, disciple of Ramakrishna Paramahamsa, was a pioneer of rationalist movement in
India.
• Follower of Vedanta Philosophy. His version of Vedanta called as “Practical Vedanta” based on Adi
Shankar’s Advita Philosophy.
• He tried to find scientific account of practical Vedanta. Vivekananda deeply impressed with western
materialism and scientific discoveries. He desired Indian spiritualism plus western materialism for a
happier life of a man.

• Education and Social service through RK Mission: To awaken the people of
India through education, to develop sense of patriotism through discipline and to
serve the society he established the Ramakrishna Mission and Ramakrishna Math.
• Brotherhood: Through speech at World parliament of religions and later
initiatives developed sense of brotherhood among the people of India and people
of globe
His Contributions: • Rationality and Scientific temper: He condemned blind superstitious beliefs
and searched for rationality and scientific meaning to every aspect of religion. He
says that if superstition enters into brain, man becomes ignorant and path of
degradation of life.
• Materialism & Spiritualism: The West appeared to him as the land of material
civilization. The spirit of that civilization to him was essential for Indian progress.
Therefore, he declared “From the great dynamo of Europe, the electric flow of that
tremendous power vivifying the whole world, we want that energy, that love of


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independence, that spirit of self-reliance, that immovable fortitude, that dexterity

in action, that bond of unity of purpose that thirst for improvement”.
• Religion: He distinguishes institutional religion from personal religion. According
to him true religion is one who follow their conscience and personal religion.
Religion is the highest form of expressing love and devotion.
• Empowerment: His birth anniversary celebrated as National Youth Day. He
believed that Youth energy can change the shape of the country.
GANDHIJI:
• In the first half of the 20th century, Gandhiji led our nation to a successful fight against the then mightiest
power with unique tools of love, truth and non-violence.
• However, during the same period, the world faced two World Wars, and the Mahatma himself faced
assassin’s bullets. After his death, global society faced many anxious moments – from the Cold War to the
9/11 at the turn of the century and the creation of many flashpoints across the world. At national and
international levels there were instances of injustices, apathies, distrusts and disparities despite Gandhi’s
message.
• However, his thoughts still relevant even today. Many world leaders quoted him several times how they
got inspiration from his ideology such as Einstein, Nelson Mandela, Martin Luther King JR, Barak Obama etc.
• So, the struggle persists, but the hope that ‘truth shall prevail’ also persists. If we believe in continuance of
life on this planet, there is no option but to sustain this hope. And this is, perhaps, the essence of Gandhiji’s
relevance. Gandhiji’s message is not political alone.
• It is manifested in a holistic manner for the wholesome development of humankind. The politics, sociology,
economics and ethics of Satyagraha, Constructive Programme, Trusteeship, Swadeshi and Khadi, basic
education, Truth and Nonviolence, eleven vows, peace and sustainability of human society – all
contribute to a Gandhian dream of a sane, just and empathetic society.

GANDHIJI’S THOUGHTS ON POLITICS:
• Gandhiji was not a political philosopher. For all his sayings were pouring from his deep feelings and sincere
realization of the truth. Without going into disputes, it can be agreed that he was not committed to any
exclusive school of thought. His speech and pen had generally come from responses from particular situation.
Thus, Gandhi had revised his opinions from time to time though his conceptual framework remained the
same. He had not altered from his basics.
• Gandhi's political thought stems from different traditions, Eastern and Western. Though he had inherited
many traditions he had not agreed in to with any one of them. He had picked up many traditional concepts
from his immediate predecessors as well as from ancient texts.
• Gandhi did never claimed to be an original thinker. But when we look into all his sayings, we find a
conceptual framework, common to a philosopher. Moreover, when we find that his theoretical formulations
and practical pursuits are identical, we have every reason to accept him as a philosopher in the Indian sense.
But unlike other philosophers and political scientists of both the East and the West, only he could emerge not
only as the man of destiny of the nation but also as the man of the millennium.
• For him, politics had encircled him like the coil of a snake. He must wrestle with the snake, there is no respite.
He could have thought of avoiding politics, if without politics food and work could be provided to the hungry
unemployed people of India. He strongly felt that without involving himself in politics, it is not possible to
remove socio-economic exploitation and political subjugation and thereby moral degradation of the
people of Indian unless he involved himself in politics.
• In this perspective, we have to understand Gandhi's confrontation with the coil of a snake. No matter how
much tough, the task might be, we have to come out from it by wrestling with the snake. This can be
successfully performed if we can alleviate the present state of politics to Dharmic politics. By Dharmic, Gandhi
meant that it should be remove from corrupting influences and sectarianism. This politics should be the

privilege of all. Gandhi was not prepared to accept any fixed dogma or mechanical way for either of politics
or religion.
• To understand Gandhi's politics, it is also necessary to understand Gandhi's concern for the cleavage between
state and civil society. Gandhi’s political philosophy integrates the ethical, the moral, and the spiritual
into a political way of being that is best suited for India’s transition from colony to independent
nation. He believed in Swaraj, self-rule to Indian country men.

WHAT SWARAJ MEANT TO US:
• Swaraj to the poor – Awakening and upliftment of poor
• No majority rule
• Freedom of expression
• Means to achieve swaraj through patience, perseverance, ceaseless toil, courage and intelligent appreciation
of the environment.
• Basis in self-sacrifice
• Through Truth and Non violence
• Genius of our civilisation - If Swaraj was not meant to civilize us, and to purify and stabilize our civilization,
it would be nothing worth. The very essence of our civilization is that we give a paramount place to morality
in all our affairs, public or private.

GANDHIJI’S SARVODAYA:
Gandhi’s Economic philosophy based on SARVODAYA, Universal upliftment of all or Progress for all. This is the
21st century which is globalisation era. New Economic policy making the world as a global village. New
challenges and problems coming before the state and humanity like Extremism, Environmental issues, social
dichotomy etc. What is happening today, Gandhiji predicted long back in his writings in Hind Swaraj, 1908.
Gandhiji put forward four main goals before humanity to resolve the contemporary issues. They are,
• Sarvodaya
• Non-Violence
• Swaraj
• Swadeshi

• Objectives of Sarvodaya is to know Gandhian philosophy of Sarvodaya for
changing attitude of youth & aware youth for their rights & duties.
• Self-supported Village network where agriculture produce enough to
consume by everyone in that village
• Family relationships go well beyond blood relationships where society divided
based on race, caste, region etc.
• Strengthening of village councils, which determines needs of the village
through consensus by village members themselves.
Objectives & • Village industries based on cottage basis
Principles of • Politics will not be instrument of power but agency of service
Sarvodaya: • Society will be functioned based on spirit of love, fraternity, non-violence,
truthful.
• Everyone has equally represented; liberty and equality should be respected.
There is no room for discrimination and exploitation.
• The Sarvodaya society is socialist in the true sense of the term. All calling will
be the same moral, social and economic values. The individual personality has
the fullest scope for development.
• The gain to the individual would be small. The development of each quality
depends upon every other. If all the qualities are improved a little, then the
individual would gain more.


Sarvodaya aims for Service for Common Welfare. It lays great emphasis on moral and spiritual values. It
seeks to create new social and economical values. The concept of possession yields place to the concept of
trusteeship. People will work for the good of all and family feeling will animate the entire community. There will
be fullest scope for freedom, fellowship and equality.

Though, Sarvodaya ideals are Nobles and sacred but they are not work practically as per present political
atmosphere is concerned. Politics mainly focus on winning elections than progress of community, Economic
values mostly oriented on profit making and crony capitalism, society more and more polarising. As human
beings mostly selfish, it’s very difficult to bring change among them. For example, as part of Sarvodaya campaign
“Bhoodhan movement”, people donated useless land to landless poor. So, need of the present era for youth is
'Think Globally and Act Locally'.

1. Swadeshi or Use locally made goods
2. Remove Untouchability
3. Bread labour
4. Non-Violence
5. Truth
Gandhiji’s 11 Vows 6. Non-Stealing
7. Self-discipline
8. Non-Possession
9. Control of the palate
10. Fearlessness
11. Equality of all religions

GANDHIJI’S SEVEN SINS:
Gandhiji in his weekly “Young India” publication mentioned Seven types of sins which destroys us. They are:

• Present day politics and Ethical principles must go hand in hand. Main
aim of politics is to win the elections.
• In Ethics ends and means both are important and they should be ethically
and morally correct. But in Politics ends are more important than means.
• People choses leaders who pleases them rather than simply good governance.
People forces politicians to do what they desire rather than what is good
Politics without for them. For example, consumption of alcohol and tobacco is injurious to
principles. health and mainly vulnerable to the poor. But still political parties never
campaign about banning them just to please men and women who consume
them and revenue loss to the govt.
• If political parties never fulfil unethical demands from the people, they never
get votes. If they stick to ethical values, they hardly get votes who are in
minority.
• But politics and ethics must go together otherwise politics without principles
merely struggle for power. Politics and Elections should be fought on
cognitions where people vote based on progress on political party and govt
progress. Election system should be accountable to the people. Then only
politics and ethics go together.
• This is the practice of getting something for doing nothing. Today there are
Individuals, govt officials, professions, Businesses where you don’t have to
Wealth without work work but getting wealth with corrupt activities, taking bribe, black money,
manipulating markets, escaping paying taxes, getting govt benefits
10

though we are not fit into eligibility criteria with fake identity and without
assuming any kind of social moral responsibility.
• This principle very much applicable to present day corporate debt culture
where banking sector facing heavy NPA problem. Corporates or
organisations, those are in financial troubles moving away from natural laws
and started borrowing pubic money again and again leading to finally
bankruptcy. Such assumption of wealth considered as sin.
• Following Moral values and Ethical principles by respecting rules and
regulations prevents this kind of sin.
• Industrialised societies moved away from natural laws. Industrial revolution
made this world a materialistic society. People became self-centred and
Pleasure without selfish in nature and looking for material comforts for short term momentary
conscience pleasures.
• Such pleasure without conscience resulting in a consequence of sexual
exploitation, environmental plundering, drink and drive and kill
people. To overcome this sin, Integrity therapy required at every level.
• As dangerous as a little knowledge is, even more dangerous is much
knowledge without a strong, principled character. A knowledge without
values is useless and at values without knowledge too useless.
• Today’s education system mostly centred around results oriented than
Knowledge without value-based education. Education started defining Success in terms of good
character salary structure but failed to inculcate good values among the students. So,
most of the students failed to mould their character since their childhood.
• Therefore, our education system gives equal importance to both Knowledge
development without compromising on values like respecting elders,
protecting environment, honesty and integrity. Knowledge should be
transformed into wisdom, ability to use such knowledge for right purposes.
• This is called Business ethics and also ethics of management. Business
without morality creates Crony capitalism, Economic exploitation,
Environmental degradation where corporates breaks natural laws for pure
Commerce without profit motives and there is no Corporate Social Responsibility (CSR).
morality • According to Adam smith, every economic transaction should be Moral.
Business runs on rule of fairness and benevolence which are
underpinnings for Capitalism. Commerce or Business or trade with morality
follows ethical capitalism which progress the country.
• Science and Technology are necessary to advance the Human race but they
are not the only solution for overall development.
• Humans can’t become slaves to technology but day by day technological
advancements in mobile industry, health, internet, entertainment making
humans merely just spectators.
Science without • It’s very difficult to survive present day youth without mobile. Rival nations
humanity racing against each other for acquiring and developing advanced weapons. In
Biotechnology sector humans started doing research on editing human genes
by violating natural laws. Some of the severe ethical violations happening
across the world in the name technological advancements.
• Therefore, science and technology can be used for only where it is necessity
which reduces human burden but it can’t be replaces humans at all.
• Here sacrifice refers to sacrificing of our own stereotypes, prejudices,
Worship without wrong mindset against other individuals and other communities.
sacrifice

11

• Such kind of worship is sacred. Helping to humanity which indirectly

worshipping the god, “Manava Seve=Madhava Seva”.
JAWAHARLAL NEHRU:
Nehru moulded his ideology mostly from western liberal values like democracy, scientific temper,
rationality and Leftist ideologies like Socialism, Marxism.

• His Political philosophy based on Democracy. He had a strong faith in
democracy.
Political Philosophy: • He believed in autonomy of the democratic institutions. He followed strong
ethical and moral values in politics.
• Never resorted to misuse of his power. When there is a situation criticism
against govt, he never steps back to point out his own govt mistakes and
praises opposition members.
• In his Congress annual session at Avadi happened in 1955 he reiterated that,
“To establish socialistic pattern of society”.
• Till liberalisation of Indian economy in 1990’s India followed his economic
Economic Philosophy: principles where state owns resources of the country but he encouraged
private sector too that is Mixed Economy.
• He gave importance to centralisation of planning. Land reforms undertaken
to distribute land to landless poor.
• Religion has nothing to do with state. He believed in state not to interfere
in religious matters.
Secular: • Present secular credentials of India attributed to his strong values in
Secularism. He emphasised on Scientific temper and rationality over
pseudo-science.
• He raised his voice against super powers dominance and colonial rule. Played
a key role in getting independence to many African countries. Frontrunner in
establishing NAM (Non-Aligning Movement). Even today in International
relations his “Panchsheel” follows:
International Ethics: 1. Mutual respect for each other's territorial integrity and sovereignty.
2. Mutual non-aggression.
3. Mutual non-interference.
4. Equality and mutual benefit.
5. Peaceful co-existence.
SAINT MOTHER TERESA:

Mother Teresa was born in Macedonia. At the age of eighteen she left her parental home and joined an Irish
community of nuns with missions in India.

Her Contributions
• From 1931 to 1948, Mother Teresa taught at St. Mary’s High School in Calcutta, she glimpsed suffering and
poverty outside the convent walls which made deep impression on her. In 1948, she received permission
from her superiors to leave the convent school and devote herself to working among the poorest of the poor
in the slums of Calcutta.
• Although she had no funds, she depended on Divine Providence, and started an open-air school for slum
children. Soon she was joined by voluntary helpers, and financial support was also forthcoming. This made
it possible for her to extend the scope of her work.
12

• She was the founder of “The Missionaries of Charity”, whose primary task was to love and care for those
persons nobody was prepared to look after.
• She known for her selfless service, will power, compassion towards with people suffering with various
kinds of issues.
• Her compassion towards leprosy patients, AIDS/HIV people commendable.
• For her service she was awarded with Nobel Peace prize.
• Holy Catholic Church of Vatican recognised her with sainthood.
AMARTYA SEN:
• Amartya Sen, an economist who was awarded the noble prize in Economic Sciences in 1998 for his
contributions to welfare economics and social choice theory and for his interest in the problems of
society’s poorest members.
• Sen was best known for his work on the causes of famine, which led to the development of practical solutions
for preventing or limiting the effects of real or perceived shortages of food.

CONTRIBUTIONS:

• The Capability Approach is defined by its choice of focus upon the moral
significance of individuals’ capability of achieving the kind of lives they have
reason to value.
• This distinguishes it from more established approaches to ethical evaluation,
Capability Approach such as utilitarianism or resourcism, which focus exclusively on subjective
well-being or the availability of means to the good life, respectively.
• A person’s capability to live a good life is defined in terms of the set of valuable
‘beings and doings’ like being in good health or having loving relationships
with others to which they have real access.
• Seeks to evaluate economic policies in terms of their effects on the well-being
Basic Welfare of the community.
Economics • His influential monograph “Collective Choice and Social Welfare”—which
addressed problems such as individual rights, majority rule, and the
availability of information about individual conditions.
• Sen devised methods of measuring poverty that yielded useful information
for improving economic conditions for the poor.
• For instance, his theoretical work on inequality provided an explanation for
Sex Ratio why there are fewer women than men in some poor countries in spite of the
fact that more women than men are born and infant mortality is higher
among males.
• Sen claimed that this skewed ratio results from the better health treatment
and childhood opportunities afforded to boys in those countries.
• Sen’s interest in famine stemmed from personal experience. As a nine-year-
old boy, he witnessed the Bengal famine of 1943, in which three million
people perished.
• He believed that there was an adequate food supply in India at the time but
Poverty and Famines that its distribution was hindered because particular groups of people—in
this case rural labourers—lost their jobs and therefore their ability to
purchase the food. In his book “Poverty and famines: An Essay on
Entitlement and Deprivation”, Sen revealed that in many cases of famine,
food supplies were not significantly reduced.
13

• Instead, a number of social and economic factors - such as declining wages,

unemployment, rising food prices, and poor food-distribution systems - led to
starvation among certain groups in society.
• In order for economic growth to be achieved, he argued, social reforms such
Economic Growth as improvements in education and public health must precede economic
reform.
• Along with Pakistani economist Mahbub-ul-Haq, he proposed UNDP’s
Human Development Index to measure the economic development. The
Human Development Human Development Index (HDI) is a summary measure of average
achievement in key dimensions of human development: a long and healthy
life, being knowledgeable and have a decent standard of living.

WESTERN PHILOSOPHERS
SOCRATES: FATHER OF WESTERN PHILOSOPHY

• Socrates was a Greek philosopher from Athens who is credited as one of the founders of Western
philosophy, and as being the first moral philosopher of the Western ethical tradition of thought.
• He grew up during the golden age of Pericles’ Athens, served with distinction as a soldier, but became best
known as a questioner of everything and everyone.
• His style of teaching - Famously known as the Socratic method - involved not conveying knowledge, but
rather asking question after clarifying question until his students arrived at their own understanding. He
wrote nothing himself, so all that is known about him is filtered through the writings of a few contemporaries
and followers, most notably his student Plato.
• Socrates was accused of corrupting the youth of Athens and sentenced to death. Choosing not to flee, he spent
his final days in the company of his friends before drinking the executioner’s cup of poisonous hemlock.

Virtue bases approach – Most important virtue for human being as per Socrates is knowledge. [Jainism – Right
faith, Right Knowledge and Right Conduct]

ETHICAL THOUGHTS OF SOCRATES:

A) VIRTUE ETHICS:
• Virtue ethics primarily concerned with helping one person become a better person through self-
improvement. Virtue ethics requires us to understand how to be transform ourselves into better people.
That means we have to understand what is moral, how to be motivated to be moral, and how to actually
behave morally.
• Socrates thought that knowledge is virtue, and virtue leads to happiness. It makes sense to think that
moral people know what morality is. If you know right from wrong, then you might be able to choose to do
what you know to be right.
• It also makes some sense to suspect that our beliefs about right and wrong influence our decisions. If we
believe it’s right to help a drowning child, then it would be fairly shocking to decide not to do so—and it
would less surprising when we decide to help the child.
• Virtue always leads to happiness. Criminals commit crimes that hurt others. However, helping others can
make us happy, so doing the right thing might be more fulfilling than committing crimes.
• Socrates proposed “unity of the virtues” - if you have one virtue, then you have them all. Courage requires
wisdom, wisdom requires moderation (e.g. appropriate eating habits), and moderation requires courage.
Socrates argued that all virtues are a sort of wisdom, but it isn’t clear that one sort of wisdom would require
all sorts of wisdom.
• Example, I don’t know nothing about programming computers, but that doesn’t seem to make me less
virtuous. However, Socrates might have envisioned a person with an ideal virtue (such as ideal courage)
14

that would require us to possess all other virtues assuming that there will be at least one situation when one
virtue requires another.
• Example, Courage to feel the pain of someone’s withdrawal symptoms after become addicted to cigarettes.

• He believed that life of virtue was always in a person’s best interests.
Socrates believed that only people with self-knowledge could find true
Virtue as Happiness happiness.
• According to Socrates, Happiness flows not from physical or external
conditions, such as bodily pleasures or wealth and power, but from living a
life that’s right for your soul, your deepest good.
• Self-knowledge is a sufficient condition to the good life. Socrates identifies
knowledge with virtue. If knowledge can be learned, so can virtue. Thus,
Socrates states virtue can be taught.
Virtue as Knowledge • He believes “the unexamined life is not worth living.” One must seek
knowledge and wisdom before private interests. In this manner, knowledge
is sought as a means to ethical action.
• What one truly knows is the dictates of one's conscience or soul.
B) ETHICAL INTELLECTUALISM:
Socrates pre-supposes reason is essential for the good life.
• One's true happiness is promoted by doing what is right.
• When your true utility is served (by tending your soul), you are achieving happiness. Happiness is evident
only in terms of a long-term effect on the soul.
• Human action aims toward the good in accordance with purpose in nature.
Socrates states no one chooses evil; no one chooses to act in ignorance.

• We seek the good, but fail to achieve it by ignorance or lack of knowledge as to how to obtain what is good.
• He believes, no one would intentionally harm themselves. When harm comes to us, although we thought we
were seeking the good, the good is not obtained in such a case since we lacked knowledge as to how best to
achieve the good.

To summarise Socrates ethics, he offers three argument in favour of the just life over the unjust life:
1. The just man is wise and good, and the unjust man is ignorant and bad
2. Injustice produces internal disharmony which prevents effective actions
3. Virtue is excellence at a thing’s function and the just person lives a happier life than the unjust person, since
he performs the various functions of the human soul well

• The only true wisdom is in knowing you know nothing.
• Sometimes you put walls up not to keep people out, but to see who cares enough to
break them down.
• Contentment is natural wealth; luxury is an artificial poverty.
QUOTES: • Understanding a question is half an answer
• The hottest love has the coldest end.
• To be is to do
• He is not only idle who does nothing, but he is idle who might be better employed.
• Be true to thine own self
• True knowledge exists in knowing that you know nothing.
PLATO:
15

• Plato was born in 427/428 BCE and belonged to an aristocratic family in Athens, a Greek City State. He was
a disciple of Socrates who was one of the foremost philosophers of Greece.
• During his time there was great chaos in the political life of Athens. This resulted in the Athenian government
condemning Socrates to death because of his teachings. This greatly affected Plato’s views on politics
especially in Athens.
• In about 387 BCE Plato founded his ‘Academy’. The name ‘Academy’ comes from the name of a famous
Athenian hero called ‘Akademos’. Here Plato taught Political Philosophy which contained politics, ethics,
mathematics and sociology.
• The three most important works of Plato are ‘The Republic’, ‘The Statesman’ and ‘The Laws’. Apart from
these works, he has written a number of other smaller books.

FOUR CARDINAL VIRTUES (MORAL UNIVERSALISM):
Plato identifies four cardinal virtues that are necessary for a happy individual and a good society. He also believed
that an ideal state should have people with these virtues.
1. Prudence – prudence is right reason in action. It plays vital role in terms of guiding and regulating all other
virtues.
2. Temperance – is a strength that protects against excess and consists self-regulation and obedience to
authority. It suggests harmony among conflicting elements.
3. Courage – courage is bravery to do justice. It removes obstacles that come in the path of justice.
4. Justice – Different philosophers have different idea of justice

PLATO’S THOUGHTS:

Ideal State • According to him, in an Ideal State should be made up of three classes namely Ruling
Class, Military Class and Economic Class.
• He believed that justice resided both in one single human being as well as the State.
He said every human being is endowed with three qualities though in different
proportions. He said these qualities are Reason, which resides in a person’s head,
Spirit which resides in a person’s heart and Appetite which resides in a person’s
Ideal Justice stomach. He said these are the three parts of the human soul.
• Firstly, he said true justice is that, these three parts should do their rightful business
in order to make a human being whole.
• Secondly, these three parts existing in every individual, should be faithfully reflected
in the State which is a collective of human beings as a whole through the formation
of the three classes namely, Ruling Class, Military Class and Economic Class by which
his Ideal State is formed.
• Plato designs an education system based on various stages suited to the age of the
students from childhood to adulthood. He also devices methods of eliminations as
higher stages of education are reached by human beings depending on the proportion
Education of the three parts of their souls namely reason, spirit and appetite.
• Persons who are found suited to fulfil economic duties of the State are separated from
the ones suited for Ruling and Military services. In the second process of elimination
the persons suited for ruling are given special training to become what Plato calls
‘Philosopher Kings’ to rule his ‘Ideal State’.
• In his work ‘The Republic’, Plato had practically condemned Democracy. He had
developed the idea that all were not fit to rule and that only the philosophers who
Democracy had been specially trained for the purpose should rule.
• He said this because it was Athenian Democracy which condemned his teacher
Socrates to death.
Children • According to Plato, children were national possession and as such it was obligatory
on the part of the State to bring them up according to their attitudes.
16

• Plato thought that we have three major parts: The intellect, the emotions, and the
appetites. We have the intellect to reason and learn, emotions to be motivated, and
the appetites to know when we are in need of something (food, water, etc.).
• Wise people use their emotions to motivate them to do what the intellect finds
valuable, but the unwise use their emotions to motivate them to overindulge the
Virtue appetites. To over-indulge the appetites is to be immoderate and addictive, but the
intellect should learn to value fulfilling our appetites in a healthy way.
• Plato helps us understand why some people do what they know to be wrong—
because our emotions can side with our appetites—but he does not make it entirely
clear why some people are (relatively) wise and are able to passionately value the
right things, but others are unwise and passionately value superficial things.

IS JUST MAN HAPPIER THAN UNJUST MAN?
• Plato in his book “THE REPUBLIC” explained about how a just life more pleasurable than the unjust life
commentary by Socrates.
• Socrates argues that the just life is more pleasurable than the unjust life. The view is not that pleasure is the
good and that the just life is happier because it has more pleasure. It is that the just life is happier and that it
also has more pleasure than the unjust life.
• Socrates gives two proofs of this conclusion. The first is that there is pleasure for inside and that the praise
of the wisdom shows that that the life of reason is the "sweetest". Another proof that he describes as the
"greatest and most decisive overthrow" for the just man against the unjust man.
• In this proof of the conclusion that the just life is more pleasurable, a part of the inner consciousness get its
"truest" pleasures when the objects of its desires are "most proper" to it, that when reason rules, all three
parts get their "truest" pleasures because the knowledge in the part with reason directs action, and that when
either the appetitive or spirited part rules, the three parts do not get their "truest" pleasures.
• Therefore, to make just life happier, three parts: Reason, spirit and appetite should be in perfect
synchronisation and balanced.
• The just life, then, not only is first in "happiness" it is also more pleasurable than the unjust life. So, in both
ways the just life is better than the unjust life.
• Plato, though by no means the first philosopher, undoubtedly is one of the earliest to leave us a significant
body of work. He spent most of his time asking and providing answers to questions that have always
troubled people. Even centuries after his death, if we think of politics and the problems of living together, the
issues that confront us again and again very often involve the sorts of questions that Plato’s Republic can help
us think about in a more focused and sophisticated way. Hence, Plato is considered the most influential
political philosopher of all times.

• States are as the men, they grow out of human characters
• Dictatorship naturally arises out of democracy, and the most aggravated form of
tyranny and slavery out of the most extreme liberty
QUOTES • Beauty of style and harmony and grace and good rhythm depend on simplicity
• Knowledge becomes evil if the aim be not virtuous
• An empty vessel makes the loudest sound, so they that have the least wit are the
greatest babblers
• Nothing in the affairs of men is worthy of great anxiety.
ARISTOTLE:
Aristotle was student of Plato studied at Plato’s Academy in Athens. He considered as encyclopaedia of
Political philosophy. After Plato’s death Aristotle started his own teaching program. Alexander is one of his
disciples. Unlike Plato who proposed “Ideal State” but Aristotle proposed “Best Practicable State”.
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ARISTOTLE’S THOUGHTS:

• All human beings seek happiness. So he first recognizes that happiness is the
ultimate good, since all other goods are intermediate while happiness is final. We
pursue other goods to achieve happiness, but happiness is valuable in itself.
According to Aristotle highest form of happiness is a life of intellectual
contemplation.
Happiness • Since reason is what separates humanity from animals, its exercise leads man to
the highest virtue. Aristotle believed that happiness was the most important thing
in life. He taught that one should not waste one’s time in the pursuits of pleasure,
but should seek happiness instead. According to him, true happiness lay not in
material things, but in understanding one’s true nature, and regaling one’s full
potential. In short, happiness depends upon ourselves, and not on the outside world.
• Full potential or perfection is possible through virtue that is golden mean between
two extremes.
• Aristotle defined virtue as a
golden mean between two
extremes. He believed every
situation has two extremes of action,
one extreme (vice) of defect or vice
of minimal and a vice of excess. The
ethical action or the virtue ethic was the mean of the two extremes. For
example, the vice defect of confidence would be cowardice, or too little confidence,
while the vice excess of confidence would be rashness or too much confidence. The
ethical virtue between the two would be courage, the mean between cowardice and
rashness.
Virtue Ethics • Aristotle further believed that the identification of the Golden Mean is based
on a person’s character, or virtue, which is engrained by habitual action. For
example, an honest person will not lie because telling the truth is a personal value
and a personal habit. The key to virtue ethics is that the ethical action is based on
the individual.
• Vice of Minimal, having a belief that god will take care everything.
• Vice of Excess, Be greedy in nature.
• How to obtain Virtues?
1. Habit
2. Happiness
3. Intellectual virtues like Wisdom, knowledge, Prudence etc
4. Moral Virtues like courage, temperance, liberty etc
• According to him state as a natural entity. Authority of the State is moral and the
State is natural. Since the family could not satisfy the ever-increasing needs of the
people, they had to come out of their limited circle and thought of creating the State.
The families combined together to make the State and made it a perfect association.
• According to Aristotle, the foremost function of the State is to promote good life
and create essential conditions for mental, moral and physical development
State & Citizen of the people.
• He classified states into three types based on qualitative and quantitative aspects.
• The State should also function in such a way
that good habits of individuals are
converted into good actions and promote
good, happy and honourable life. If a man
wants a good life, he can achieve that by
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becoming a good citizen of that state by actively involving decision making process
of the state.
• Aristotle believes that the family is a natural institution and in fact it existed
Family prior to the State.
• It is natural as individuals become members from their very birth. It is the starting
point of moral life and the nucleus of the State.
• According to Aristotle, the slave is the first of the animate property of a Master,
i.e., the slave is first among all living property of the household of which the master
Slavery is the head. He says those who are not virtuous are slaves.
• The slave is an instrument of action and not that of production. Because as soon
as he starts performing productive functions, he loses his character as a slave and
becomes virtuous.

Thus, Aristotle is still considered one of the greatest thinkers in politics, psychology and ethics. His intellectual
range was vast covering most of the sciences and many of the arts. His works have laid the foundation of centuries
of philosophy. Even after the intellectual revolution of the Renaissance, the Reformation and the Enlightenment,
Aristotelian concepts remain embedded in world philosophy. Therefore, he is undoubtedly one of the most
influential philosophers of all time.

• At his best, man is the noblest of all animals; separated from law and justice, he
is the worst.
• He who is to be a good ruler must have first been ruled.
• Fear is pain arising from the anticipation of evil.
• Character may almost be called the most effective means of persuasion.
• Of all the varieties of virtues, liberalism is the most beloved.
QUOTES • The aim of the wise is not to secure pleasure, but to avoid pain.
• All men by nature desire knowledge.
• We make war that we may live in peace.
• Man is by nature a political animal.
• It is unbecoming for young men to utter maxims.
• Men create gods after their own image, not only with regard to their form but
with regard to their mode of life.
KARL MARX:
Karl Marx is one of the few people who changed the way we see the world. For Marx, any theory should not only
support in understanding the world around, but be a step towards transforming the world. His works –
Communist Manifesto, Materialistic Conception of History and Das Capital, are a culmination of various
economic ideas, channelled towards the single goal of self- emancipation of working class. He touched upon
capitalism, socialism and communalism.

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Some of his works and his thoughts:

Karl Marx’s works Theme Thoughts
Social change through To raise the proletariat to the position of the ruling class
The Communist Revolution and to win the battle of democracy
Manifesto Communist should aim to replace private property with
public control of all properties.
Bible of the working class It deals with the process of production of capital, process
Das Capital of circulation of capital and the totality of the process of
capitalist production.
Philosophical approach to Materialism principally dealt with social world. The
reality derived from the material world has always been in constant motion,
Dialectical teachings of Karl Marx contradictions and change. Marx believes that friction
Materialism caused by constant motion in the society leads to
contradictions within the society, which eventually leads
to change in the society. Dialectical Materialism relates to
the process of change in the society.
Surplus Labour value The Capitalists gets surplus value for the extra labour that
Theory of Surplus has been put in by the labourer. The capitalist pays his
Value workers less than the value their labour, and in most
occasions usually only enough to maintain the worker at a
subsistence level.
GANDHIJI & MARXISM:

SUBJECT GANDHIJI MARX
• Gandhiji and Marx both wanted to • Means – Class Struggle and Violence
Concept of State establish a stateless and classless • End – Stateless society
(UPSC 2020 society but for their means for
Prelims) achieving the aim is different.
• Means - Non-Violence
• End – Stateless and Classless society
• Both are not having faith in Capitalism • He wanted to uproot Capitalism
and its exploiting but they differ in through Revolution
means
Capitalism • Gandhiji wanted to remove capitalism
by creating Capitalist Trustees by
Economic Decentralisation and
Cooperative societies & Cottage
industries
• He had firm faith in Democracy but he • Dictatorship of working class
felt western democracy was
Democracy incomplete so he wanted to
decentralise powers by giving more
powers to Panchayats.
Rights& Liberty • Staunch supporter of Individual Liberty • Collective rights than Individual
and rights rights
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• Gandhiji believes in god and led a • Marx believes in Materialistic life

spiritual life. and no faith in god. He considered
religion as opium for the workers,
because in his view religion made
Religion man a fatalist and it did not allow
discontentment to arise in the
workers against capitalism. The
result was that they lacked
organisation and enthusiasm
needed for a revolution.
Economy& • Local economy needs to be • Industrial Economy and Working-
Industries strengthened. class dominance
• “Not Mass Production but Production
by Masses”
Ends & Means • Non-Violence • Violence
QUOTES:
• There is a limited amount of power in society, which can only be held by one person or group at a time.
• The history of all hitherto existing society is the history of class struggle
• Democracy is the road to socialism

Marx argues that the nature of that class struggle varies according to the nature of production. Hence in feudal
societies, where the main form of production was agriculture, the class struggle was between those who owned
the land and those who worked on it. In a modern industry, the struggle is between the bourgeoisie (factory or
business owners) and the proletariat (workers in the factory). In reality the society as a whole is more and more
splitting up into two great hostile camps, into two great classes directly facing each other – bourgeoisie and
proletariat. It is in this premise that Marx said that “the history of all hitherto existing society is the history
of class struggle”.

Marx summarized his contributions into three major sections:
1. Classes (proletariat and bourgeoisie) are not a permanent feature of a society
2. Class struggle leads to ‘dictatorship of the proletariat’, resulting in workers taking control of production
3. ‘Dictatorship of the proletariat’ would lead to classless society and with the differences vanishing from the
society, the state eventually withers away.

Marxism is like a religion. The impact that Marxism had on humanity can only be compared to the influence
religion had on mankind. Nearly half of the world population was influenced by Marxist ideology. While, Marx
himself would have not followed everything he wrote, his writings did influence leaders like Lenin, Stalin, Mao
and others who used Marxist theories in order to bring about change in countries like Russia, China, Cuba,
Vietnam, etc. In the present era, most of the erstwhile communist countries have become democratic in nature.
However, the society continues to witness class differences and it is increasing every year. Hence, so long there
are capitalists and exploitation in the society, Marx’s ideas can never be ignored or forgotten.
UTILITARIANISM:
• Utilitarianism means “Greatest good to the greatest number of people”. Human actions based on
maximising his/her utility in a given situation so that human can survive. It’s purely based on cost benefit
analysis.
• Two moral philosophical thinkers Jeremy Bentham and JS Mill, who’s theories framed on utilitarian
principle.
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• Humans are most of the time concerned about self-interest than societal interest
How it works? • Such self-interest behaviour tries to draw maximum utility
• Utility based on benefit greater than cost occurred to it
• Individual level – Self motives (Ego satisfaction)
Application of • Societal level – Greater good to greater number of people
Utilitarian Principle • Governance – Same principle, more benefit to the people in schemes, govt
benefits, in administration etc.
JOHN STUART MILL (ETHICAL ALTRUISM):

• J S Mill was a most influential English Philosopher. He was Naturalist, Utilitarian and Respects liberal values.

MILL’S NATURALISM
• Mill’s general picture of mind and world is established by appealing to what we are warranted in believing
about the nature of those objects, human beings are wholly part of nature. Philosophical basis of
environmental ethics derived from his Naturalism. This earth belongs to everyone and every species has a
right to live on this planet. Just because human greed can’t harm to the other species.
MILL’S UTILITARIANISM
• He believes that Human actions should not only bring happiness to individuals but also to the society.
• It will benefit more than losses. Greatest happiness to the greatest number of people through human actions.
This is also called Social utilitarianism.
• So, good for an individual good for society too. A good act was one that would increase the general
prevalence of pleasure over pain in the whole of society. It could thus be construed as a form of Ethical
altruism.

MILL’S ON LIBERTY
• Mill's "On Liberty", predicted that among all his works, this was destined to survive the longest and is has.
The transformation of society from aristocratic to democratic forms of organization brought with it both
advantages and disadvantages. It meant rule by social masses that would be more powerful, uniform and
omnipresent than the rulers of previous eras.
• Mill expressed that such powers could have the capacity of stifling conformism in thought, character and
action.
• Mill’s principle on liberty states that “the sole end for which mankind are warranted, individually or
collectively, in interfering with the liberty of action of any of their number, is self-protection”
• Thus, the practical philosophy of this argument by Mill is primarily utilitarian. In his ‘On Liberty’ Mill puts
forward different strategies to argue for freedom of thought and discussion, character, and action. On the one
hand Mill argues for freedom of space for individuals which individuals should have to develop their own
character while on the other, he maintains that it is best for society too.
• “Human nature is not a machine to be built after a model, and set to do exactly the work prescribed for it, but
a tree, which requires to grow and develop itself on all sides, according to the tendency of the inward forces
which make it a living thing”
• Mill was of the opinion that mass society is self-repressive in nature which would lead to the sapping of
human energy and potential. It is important for society to create conditions where individuals can develop
their own ways of living. This will enable variety and diversity of character and culture which will become
the engine of productive tension that will drive a nation forward. Mill’s insistence throughout On Liberty,
sought to preserve the individual’s freedom against the possibility of legislative or state coercion and
also from the deceptive forms of social coercion.
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John Stuart Mill occupies a very important place in the history of political thought and Naturalism which
was widespread in the nineteenth century. His works emphasized the importance of human nature for the proper
study and understanding of the state. He developed his own philosophy of franchise.

Mill states that casting one’s vote is as necessary for the political animal as is the air that he or she
breathes. No other political thinker has been as emphatic as Mill in the conception of voting. The influences that
utilitarianism had on Mill also were important in the formulation of his ideas on the principle of economy and
that of representative government where the freedom of the individual to develop his capabilities should be
never interfered with. On each of these subjects Mill was often provocative that no student of the discipline can
afford to ignore.
JEREMY BENTHAM (ETHICAL EGOISM):

• Bentham also a Utilitarian who defined Happiness from the perspective of Society. Individuals fulfils
their pleasures for benefit of society which is called as Ethical Egoism. Because, Individuals satisfy their ego
needs which brings more pleasures than pain which is considered as Ethical.
• According to him, People should be given individual liberty to satisfy their ego needs. Once Individual
pleasures satisfies it benefits the society by self-development.
• Any action considered as good which maximises the society benefits.

PRINCIPLE OF UTILITY:
• According to Bentham, pleasure and pain govern not only how human beings act, but also how human beings
ought to act. Such acts based on the principle of utility or the principle of utilitarianism: “Greatest happiness
(pleasure) for the greatest number of persons (the community)”.
• For Bentham, motives can only be considered good or bad based on their results of being productive of
happiness or unhappiness.
IMMANEUL KANT:
• Immanuel Kant was one of the central Enlightenment thinkers. Kant's comprehensive and systematic works
in epistemology, metaphysics, ethics, and aesthetics have made him one of the most influential figures in
modern Western philosophy.
• He belongs to Deontological school of ethics where means and ends both are important.
• For him:
MEANS = END

KANT’S “CATEGORICAL IMPERATIVE”:
• It’s a way of evaluating motivations for our actions. Kant defined it as supreme principle of morality
that is rationality.
• He characterised it as an objective, rationally necessary and unconditional principle that we must always
follow despite any natural desires or inclinations we may have to the contrary. Any human action can be
justified through this principle.
• Any immoral action can be called as immoral because it violates this principle. This rationality can be
discoverable by through practical reason.
• This rationality can also be considered as autonomous or free. The fundamental principle of morality,
Categorical imperative is none other than the law of an autonomous will.

KANT’S PRACTICAL IMPERATIVE:
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• Kant states that act to treat humanity, whether yourself or another, as an end-in-itself and never as a means
and we are never to treat others merely as a means to an end, but we are to treat others as an end in
themselves.
• People are not to be used unjustifiably in order to obtain your goals or seek an edge or unfair advantage.
People have rights which would supersede, for example, the tyranny of the majority in utilitarianism.

KANT’S GOOD WILL:
• The good will is the only good without qualification, i.e. the only intrinsic good. Kant describes the good
will as a will that acts from duty as a “good-in-itself.”
• According to Kant, important considerations about duty are emphasized as:
Ø The class of actions in accordance with duty must be distinguished from the class of actions performed
from duty.
Ø Kant believes only actions performed from duty have moral worth.
Ø For Kant, all moral actions are actions in accordance with practical reason.

• The purpose of the action is not the duty itself, per se, but instead the intention or motivation of acting
ethically. For example, saving a stranger in distress is the aim of an action done from the intention of doing
one's duty.
• Performing one's duty, then, is not the purpose or goal of the morally worthy action—the purpose is to help
the stranger is distress.
• This principle very much applicable to civil services when they are in ethical dilemma regarding Duty. A
duty with moral worth always treated as Good will.

KANT’S DUTY ETHICS
• Duty-based ethics are concerned with what people do, not with the consequences of their actions.
Ø Do the right thing.
Ø Do it because it's the right thing to do.
Ø Don't do wrong things.
Ø Avoid them because they are wrong.
• Kantian duty-based ethics says that some things should never be done, no matter what good consequences
they produce. This seems to reflect the way some human beings think. People have a duty to do the right
thing, even if it produces a bad result.
• Kant thought that it would be wrong to tell a lie in order to save a friend from a murderer. Its
universalisation of Ethics. Sometimes we may have to lie with good intentions, that is “Moral Absolutism”,
in that case Kant’s universal duty ethics can’t work. Different situations demand different approaches,
universalization can’t work every time and everywhere.

Though Kant criticised for his Moral absolutism. However, his deontological approach relevant in present day
context in developing scientific temper, rationality with reason and duty ethics in work etc.
JOHN RAWLS: SOCIAL JUSTICE THEORY

• Justice was interpreted in many ways since ancient history. In ancient civilisations maintain Dharma was a
justice. For king, Justice to his people was punishing the wrong doers.
• Socrates and Plato interpreted justice as lies equally in both state and humans, ideal justice which questions
the authority. The idea that justice involves giving each person his due continuous to be an important part of
our present day understanding of justice.
• Today, our understanding of justice is according to Kant, All human beings’ possess human dignity. If all
persons are granted dignity, they have the opportunity to develop their talents and pursue their chosen goals.
Justice requires that we give due and equal consideration to all individuals.
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• Equal treatment for equals
• Proportionate justice
Principles of Justice: • Recognition of special needs

• Just distribution
• State intervention in doing justice

SOCIAL JUSTICE THEORY:
• In A Theory of Justice, John Rawls provides a Contract Theory of the principles of social justice in terms
of the ‘basic structure of society, or the way in which the major social institutions distribute fundamental
rights and duties to determine the division of advantages from social cooperation’.
• The distributive justice (Social and Economic justice) proposed by Rawls is underpinned by two
fundamental principles:
1. The first principle, is the idea that people’s liberties should be preserved in distribution.
2. The second principle, is the idea that any inequality that is permitted should only be permitted on the
basis that it benefits the least favoured in society.
• John Rawls argues that, the only way we can arrive at a fair and just rule is if we imagine ourselves to
be in situation in which we have to make decisions about how society should be organised although we
don’t know which position, we would ourselves occupy in that society.
• We don’t know what kind of family we would born in rich or poor and what caste we would belong to upper
caste or lower caste. We will be likely to support a decision about the rules and organisation of that future
society which would be fair for all the members.

VEIL OF IGNORANCE:
• Rawls tried to put such thing under this principle. A situation of complete ignorance about our possible
position and status in society, each person would decide in the way they generally do in terms of their own
interests.
• The advantage of veil of ignorance is that, it expects people to just be rational. But veil of ignorance is the
first step in arriving a system of fair laws and policies. A rational being looks society as a whole instead of
self-interest.
• Since we don’t know what will be future position in the society, each will seek rules that protect them in case
they happen to be in worst off situation. Things go hand in hand. At the same chosen policies does not make
better off sections gets weaker. Therefore, it would be interest of society as a whole should benefit from the
rules and regulations. Such fairness would be outcome of rational action, not benevolence or generosity.
• Therefore, Rawls argues that its rationality and not morality could lead us to fair and just society and decides
how to distribute the benefits and burdens.

OTHER PHILOPHER’S THOUGHTS RELEVANT TO ETHICS
1. THOMAS AQUINAS
THOUGHTS:
• Four levels of Laws: According to him source for laws comes from God/religion.
1. Eternal Law
2. Divine Law
3. Natural Laws which is moral law
4. Human Law
• If there is conflict between natural law and human law, it should be always natural law should be preferred
which is ethical and moral in nature.

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AREA OF APPLICATION:
Environmental Ethics, Human rights, Ethical dilemma regarding morality vs legality
2. THOMAS HOBBES

THOUGHTS:
• In Hobbes’ words human beings are driven by their passions and use their intellectual capacity simply as a
means to determine what will bring them the greatest pleasure or the least pain. human nature as utterly
self-interested and self-regarding. Hence innately anti-social.
• The state is the result of a contract between human beings in which the scope and extent of the powers of the
government are to be determined by an analysis of the terms of the contract. The state is created by mutual
agreement or the consent of its members. As a result, government is legitimate if it corresponds to what
people have consented to.
• According to Hobbes, Law can be:
Ø Moral: Fundamental rights, DPSP
Ø Immoral: Capital punishment
Ø Amoral: Neither moral nor immoral - AFSPA

“To do unto others before they do unto you”

• Human Nature and Conflict between Law Vs Ethics
3. JOHN LOCKE:
THOUGHTS:
• Reason as the factor which shapes a rational human being. He is also particular in reflecting the utilitarian
trait of humans. Humans seek to strike a balance of pleasure over pain. It is this notion of pleasure or utility
which forms the basis of his covenant.
• State of nature is a state of peace, goodwill, mutual assistance and preservation. Natural law is considered to
be the source of both rights and duties
• Locke identifies the three fundamental demerits which threatened the balance of state of nature.
1. The absence of a legal framework.
2. The lack of a “known and impartial judge
3. The requirement of an executive agency for the enforcement of decisions

• Human Nature
4. EPICURUS:
THOUGHTS:
Real happiness possible only through peace of mind when they overcome sense of fear.

Courage of conviction and Happiness
5. MACHIAVELLI:
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THOUGHTS:
• According to him, it is not a practical policy for the prince to follow the principles of religion and ethics in his
statecraft. Politics is governed by its own independent standards; hence it cannot be bound by the
conventional ethical standards. According to him the ruler should be honest, righteous and true to his word,
but in reality, nobody can have all these qualities and these qualities will not enable a ruler to rule over vicious
people. So, the Prince should focus on the preservation of the State without being bound by moral obligations.
• Machiavelli does not contend that ‘ends justify the means’ but he claims that a ruler’s success will be judged
by popular verdict, and that he will be excused for using dubious means if he is successful in the end

• Separation of Morals from Politics

6. JEAN JACQUES ROUSSEAU:

• Man is born free, and everywhere he is in chains. One man thinks himself the master of others, but remains
more of a slave than they are.

• Ethical nature of the state

Theme Question Year
Teachings of Socrates “An unexamined life is not worth living”. – Socrates 2019
Mahatma Gandhi – 7 sins Discuss Mahatma Gandhi’s concept of seven sins. 2016
Mahatma Gandhi – The good of an individual is contained in the good of all. What do you 2013
Sarvodaya understand by this statement? How can this principle be implemented
in public life?
Theory of Justice Analyse John Rawls’s concept of social justice in the Indian context. 2016
Kant’s categorical Human beings should always be treated as ‘ends’ in themselves and 2014
Imperative never as merely `means’. Explain the meaning and significance of this
statement, giving its implications in the modern techno-economic
society.
Moral absolutism Vs What does this quotations mean to you in the present context: 2018
Moral Relativism “Falsehood takes the place of truth when it results in unblemished
common good.”- Tirukkural.
Moral absolutism Vs What does this quotations mean to you in the present context: “The 2018
Moral Relativism true rule, in determining to embrace, or reject anything, is not whether
it has any evil in it; but whether it has more evil than good. There are
few things wholly evil or wholly good. Almost everything, especially of
governmental policy, is an inseparable compound of the two; so that
our best judgement of the preponderance between them is continually
demanded. ” Abraham Lincoln.
Means Vs end With regard to the morality of actions, one view is that means is of 2018
paramount importance and the other view is that the ends justify the
means. Which view do you think is more appropriate? Justify your
answer. (150 words)

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6. Public/Civil Service Values & Ethics In Public Administration

“It is not merely bigger government that ultimately matters: what is significant is that morality in
administration alone could ensure better government. One would not doubt that the morality in
administration is sustained by patience, honesty, loyalty, cheerfulness, courtesy and like traits.”
- Paul H. Appleby
PUBLIC ADMINISTRATION:
• The word “Administration” originated from Latin word “administrationem”, Ad+Ministrare. It literally
means to serve, to help, to cooperate etc. Public administration means, to serve the public. It basically
deals with functions performed by Bureaucracy.
• Bureaucracy was a French word which was originated from two words, Bureau means Desk or office and
Cratie as rules or government power which literally called as Rules by govt. A bureaucrat is an official
who implements such rules and performs functions of the Bureaucracy.
• Public administration as a discipline gained so much importance and relevant to the modern society. It plays
crucial role in policy formulation, implantation and monitoring. But in India public administration
suffering from colonial attitudes and traditional bureaucratic attitudes such as rigid hierarchy, too much
importance to rules & regulations, means but not end important etc.
• Therefore, traditional bureaucratic paradigm needs to be changed and reformed and suited to the
contemporary context of Indian bureaucracy.
MAX WEBER’s LEGAL-RATIONALITY MODEL OF BUREAUCRACY

• Weber’s Theory of Bureaucracy is one of the pioneer studies in organisational models. Max Weber’s concept
of bureaucracy is closely related to his ideas on “legitimacy of authority”.
• Since Weber believed that authority could be exercised as long as it is legitimate, he divided the authority in
to three types based on sources of legitimacy for each authority. They are:
(1) Traditional authority - Hereditary, monarchy
(2) Charismatic authority - Powerful leadership and his followers
(3) Legal-rational authority
LEGAL-RATIONAL AUTHORITY:
For Weber, this model of authority is best suited for any democratic form of government. The model of legal-
rational bureaucracy described by Weber has the following features:
• Official business is conducted on a continuous, regulated basis
• An administrative agency functions in accordance with stipulated rules and is characterised by three
interrelated attributes:
(1) the powers and functions of each official is defined in terms of impersonal criteria
(2) the official is given matching authority to carry out his responsibility
(3) the means of compulsion at his disposal are strictly limited and the conditions under which their
employment is legitimate are clearly defined
• Every official and every office is part of the hierarchy of authority. Higher officials or offices perform
supervision and the lower officers and officials have the right to appeal.
• Officials do not own the resources necessary for rendering the duties, but they are accountable for use of
official resources. Official business and private affairs, official revenue and private income are strictly
separated
• Offices cannot be appropriated by the incumbents as private property
• Administration is conducted on the basis of written documents
FEATURES OF OFFICIALS:
Weber also discussed in detail, as a part of his model of bureaucracy, the features of officials. They are:
• The staff members are personally free, observing only the impersonal duties of their offices
• They are appointed to an official position on the basis of the contract
1
• An official exercises authority delegated to him in accordance with impersonal rules, and his loyalty is
expressed through faithful execution of his official duties
• His appointment and job placements depend upon his professional qualifications
• His administrative work is full time occupation
• His work is rewarded by regular salary and by prospects of career advancement
• There is a clear-cut hierarchy of officials
• He is subjected to a unified control and disciplinary system
BUREAUCRATIC MORALITY:
• Max Weber felt that bureaucracy should be designed according to a rational principle. According to him,
bureaucrats should be guided by rules and regulations which should override moral and ethical norms of
personal conscience.
• If he given chance to skip rules and regulations he might resort to misuse of power while awarding contracts.
A bureaucrat acts as a facilitator only. Hence, the bureaucrats should not use his discretion in public
administration and their actions should be guided by standard operating procedures (SoP) set by political
executives.
• However, from Indian perspective, the Weberian model of bureaucracy won’t help in achieving rapid socio-
economic change. Weber’s theory is suitable for developed countries like France, Germany. However,
developing countries like India need to undertake various socio-economic challenges like Poverty,
Malnutrition, Caste inequality etc. and for this, what’s imperative is values/ethics in administration such
as empathy, equity, compassion, integrity, non-partisanship, impartiality, etc.
• For example, poor old man without a valid document may not get his pension under the Weberian model of
bureaucracy, on the other hand, there’ll be special provisions like positive discrimination to help the
vulnerable sections of society under the “Development Bureaucracy.”
• Personal conscience is indispensable in personal life as well as bureaucracy. However, as Weber said,
certain limitations must be laid on discretion of bureaucracy so that they do not misuse their power and could
avoid ethical erosion and conflict of interest.
• We cannot think of the implementation of all the welfare and developmental programmes without the help
of bureaucracy. The voluntary organisations and other forms of people’s organisations can only supplement
the bureaucracy, but they cannot substitute the bureaucracy.
• In the context of developing countries, people look to the bureaucracy for their day-to-day requirements.
Hence, the bureaucracy of Weberian type continues to find its relevance even today.
• Bureaucracy is the backbone of Indian administrative system. Its complexion is changing with the change
in the socio-cultural and economic scenario.
• It must reinvent itself in the light of changing norms of neutrality and commitment, accent on NPM, Good
Governance and New Public Service.
TRADITIONAL BUREAUCRACY CONTEMPORARY BUREAUCRACY

Based on Weberian Model of Bureaucracy Based on developmental model of Bureaucracy
Hierarchy, rules & regulations, Specialisation are the Cooperation, Public service values and moral values,
characteristic features Distributive justice are the characteristic features
Bureaucratic morality overrides personal conscience Personal conscience, ethical values like empathy,
and ethical values compassion towards weaker section of people,
integrity, honesty, accountability and transparency
plays equal role along with rules and regulations
Centralisation of power Decentralisation of power and delegated legislation
Some of the problems of this model are Red-tapism, Right to Information, Good governance as well as New
corruption, Opaqueness, Political interference, Public Management, Digitalisation and transparency
gradual erosion of public service values etc so gradual reduction of political interference,
Enhancing public service values
ADMINISTRATIVE ETHICS:
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“In the happiness of his subjects lies the happiness of the king” – Kautilya.
Public administration is a profession that offers and unusually array of opportunities to make moral or
immoral decisions, to make ethical or unethical choices, to do good or evil things to people. Ethics provide a
framework for accountability between the public and administration. Ethics and values have key role in
smooth functioning of public administration system.
SIGNIFICANCE/IMPORTANCE OF ETHICS IN PUBLIC ADMINISTRATION:

• Public resource utilization: ethical use of resources ensures the efficient and effective development of
society without corruption. It makes the one holding public office accountable for his/her actions.
• The ethical standards of Impartiality and objectivity bring merit into organization. thereby, increasing
predictability, which improves economic efficiency.
• Outcomes for society are better when the decisions of public office holders are made fairly and on merit
and not influenced by personal and private interests. Commitment and dedication to work improves the
administration.
• Public trust and assurance: every section of public irrespective of race, religion, caste must be treated
equitably and ethics ensures just and fair administration.
• Social capital: a just and ethical administration will have credibility and ensures citizen participation in
administration. The trust thus generated makes the administration easier and synergetic.
• Curb corruption: Improving efficiency and break the unholy nexus between the administration and the anti-
social elements.
• Adding the component of compassion to day to day works makes a lot of difference to the lives of
vulnerable sections.
• The administration becomes responsive to the needs and aspirations of the public. For instance, creation
of a separate public market for road side vendors before their evacuation in west Bengal.
• Ethical administration also helps in building rapport in international relations and economy.
• To provide guidelines and rules which can harmonize the relationship between civil servants and political
executive. Thus, promoting the non-partisanship and impartiality in civil servants.
• To inculcate high moral standards in public servants and their ensure translation into actions.
Absence of ethics results in authoritarianism, suppression of minority rights, high corruption and
impoverishment of the poor and the vulnerable. Historically it has only been disastrous whether it is the
colonial administration or the authoritarian governments like that of Hitler/Stalin.
VALUES IN ADMINISTRATIVE ETHICS:

The salient ‘values’ envisaged in the draft ‘Public Service Bill’ are:
• Allegiance to the various ideals enshrined in the Preamble of the Constitution
• Good governance for betterment of the people to be the primary goal of civil service
diversities of the nation
• Ensuring economy and avoidance of wastage in expenditure
NOLAN COMMITTEE (1994) on Standards in Public Life:

• Selflessness - Holders of public office should act solely in terms of the public interest.
• Objectivity - Holders of public office must act and take decisions impartially, fairly and on merit, using the
best evidence and without discrimination or bias.
• Accountability - Holders of public office are accountable to the public for their decisions and actions and
must submit themselves to the scrutiny necessary to ensure this.
• Openness - Holders of public office should act and take decisions in an open and transparent manner.
Information should not be withheld from the public unless there are clear and lawful reasons for so doing.
• Honesty - Holders of public office should be truthful.
• Leadership - Holders of public office should exhibit these principles in their own behaviour. They should
actively promote and robustly support the principles and be willing to challenge poor behaviour wherever it
occurs.
• Dedication - The quality of remaining committed to public cause and citizen welfare even in face of
hardships, threat and temptation.
• Empathy and compassion- Empathy is about being able to accurately hear out and understand the thoughts,
feelings and concerns of others, even when these are not made explicit. Compassion goes beyond empath and
arouse an active desire to alleviate the suffering of others.
• Tolerance- It is a permissible attitude towards others especially when they have an opinion or view point
opposite to one’s own opinion.
• Integrity- Holders of public office must avoid placing themselves under any obligation to people or
organisations that might try inappropriately to influence them in their work.
Ethics guide human conduct and it help people to lead good life by applying moral principles. The same when
applied to public administration will not only bring efficiency but also helps in developing an egalitarian, just and
fair society.
INDIAN CONTEXT: There is no Code of Ethics prescribed for civil servants in India although such codes exist
in other countries. What we have in India are several Conduct Rules, which prohibit a set of common activities.
These Conduct Rules do serve a purpose, but they do not constitute a Code of Ethics.
OECD’s EIGHT KEY COMPONENTS FOR CREATING STRONG ETHICAL ADMINISTRATIVE FRAMEWORK:
• Effective Legal Framework- India has legal framework with provisions to cover various unethical and
corrupt practices such as the breath of official trust and duties, abuse of power, misappropriation, and
extortion, corrupt practices, acceptance of undue advantage and abuse of officials influence.
• Political Commitment- Political leadership and commitment are one of the most significant elements of
ethical infrastructure of public life. Ethically committed leadership instil confidence in people who work with
honesty and lead the way by being role models.
• An Active and Dynamic Civil Society - The effectiveness of civil society is determined by the level of public
criticism of government tolerated in the particular society. The presence of free, unbiased and independent
media is an important factor of exposing corruption and other unethical actions.
• Central Ethics Coordinating Body- Bodies that coordinate the overall ethics framework range from
parliamentary committees, central agencies and departments or specially created independent agencies
mandated to oversee ethics in the public service.
• Conducive Public Service Conditions - Public service conditions like salary, promotion, posting, transfers
etc directly influence the conduct of civil servants. Public service conditions are also directly related to ability
to attract and retain quality human resource.
• Professional Socialization Mechanisms- Professional socialization includes soundness of training
programmes organized to inculcate public spirited values among administrators. It also includes
administrative culture prevalent in the office or department.
• Monitorable codes of conduct - Code of conduct should be clearly and unambiguously worded. The values
being promoted in code of conduct/ethics should secure genuine employee acceptance.
• Efficient Accountability Mechanisms- Accountability system is determined by the strengths and weakness
of the existing organizational arrangements and procedures to detect and punish corruption and other
unethical practices.
PUBLIC SERVICE VALUES:

• Public service values or civil service values are those values and ethics should be followed while carrying
out their duties.
• Values such as Integrity, Honesty, Objectivity, Non-partisanship, Impartiality, Empathy, Compassion, Conflict
of interest etc already studied in previous chapters.
➢ Patriotism and upholding national pride.
➢ Allegiance to the Constitution and the law of the nation.
➢ Objectivity, honesty, care and diligence, courtesy and transparency.
➢ Maintain absolute integrity.
➢ Discharge official duties with competence and accountability; without discrimination and in accordance
with the law.
➢ Ensure effective management, professional growth and leadership development.
➢ Avoid misuse of official position or information and using the public moneys with utmost care and
economy.
➢ Function with the objective serving public.
➢ Public Servants are to serve as instruments of good governance and to provide services for the
betterment of the public at large.
➢ Foster socio-economic development, with due regard to the diversity of the nation but without
discrimination on the ground of caste, community, religion, gender or class and duly protecting the
interest of poor, underprivileged and weaker sections.
CONSTITUTIONAL MORALITY:
• Constitutional morality means simply upheld the values enshrined in the constitution such as
fundamental rights, social justice, liberty, Equality, fraternity etc.
• According to Dr. Ambedkar, constitutional morality would mean effective coordination between conflict
groups to resolve them amicably without confrontation. By abiding to the constitutional values, a civil
servant does his/her duty with utmost integrity and honesty with efficiency. Use his/her discretion in lines
with constitution to create an equitable a society.
PERSEVERANCE:
• Perseverance is acting consistently in times of adversity and difficult situation.
• It is inner strength to act when things not favour of yours. Civil servants are agents of change to bring socio-
economic transformation in the society.
• In this process they face adverse and stressful conditions. Sometimes even life threatening. When you
persistent, he/she can show consistency in their actions and can have such capability to take tough decisions.
DISCIPLINE:
• Discipline is the practise of punctuality, respecting rules and regulations. A disciplined life important for
a smooth flow of life and as well an organisation’s success depends on discipline of employees.
• However too much strict in the organisation and showing discipline only before higher authority but lacking
in self-discipline results in failure of an organisation.
• It will happen because of too much hierarchy, strict rules and regulations, no recognition to hard work,
not satisfied with the job in terms of salary and objectives of the organisation etc. It will lead to following
consequences:
➢ Moral corruption
➢ Counterproductive discipline behaviour such as not obeying rules of the organisation in true spirit
➢ It will discourage creativity and innovation
➢ Blindly imposing orders on subordinates without considering subordinates opinions causes harm to
organisation and larger in society
➢ Gradual reduction in courage of conviction
• Therefore, to maintain discipline among superiors and subordinates, effective way is to maintain a positive
work culture and respecting subordinates’ opinions in decision making process.
ACCOUNTABILITY:
• In a democracy, government should not only be constituted by the people it should also be accountable to
the people.
• In other words, government servants or the bureaucracy should function in public interest, and they must
be held accountable for whatever they do or do not do. In reality, government is run by professional civil
servants with the help of laws, rules and regulations.
• Because of the size of government and the distance between the people and the serving government servants,
it is not always easy to know why some policies are adopted and how they are implemented.
• Accountability is the lifeblood of democracy. Openness of governmental operations and a system of holding
the civil servants accountable for their actions make democracy real and functional.
• Thus, Accountability implies both ‘answerability’ (or giving an `account' of actions taken) and
‘enforceability’ (or punitive measures for illegal, inadequate, and improper performance).
NATURE OF ACCOUNTABILITY:
• In discussing accountability, our major concern should be about how to ensure that those who wield
power, exercise it responsibly, so that they can be held accountable for their actions.
• In modern day administration, this policy-making and policy-implementation dichotomy does not hold
good. The administrators do participate in policy-making and their discretion in today's big government is
enormous. As the State has grown big and there have been abuses of power by the bureaucrats, so there must
be clearer and more transparent public administration, and that the moral behaviour of public officials must
be improved. In other words, the public demand in most democracies has been that there must be responsible
use of power and authority and clearer means of administrative accountability. The notion of accountability
carries two basic connotations:
1. Answerability, which stands for the obligation of public officials to inform about and explain what they
are doing
2. Enforcement, i.e., the capacity of accounting agencies to impose sanctions on power holders who have
violated their public duties.
Significance and • Controlling abuse of bureaucratic power and discretion

Purpose of • There must be an assurance that performance will be in accordance with
Accountability standards and quality
• There has to be a system promoting learning in pursuit of continuous
improvement in governance and public management.
• There is the human dimension of accountability, subsuming values and ethics and
creating trust in government
• Basic purpose of accountability is to make a close fit between administration and
democracy
• Make laws work as intended with a minimum of waste and delay
• Exercise lawful and sensible administration discretion
• Recommend new policies and propose changes in existing policies and
programmes as needed
• Enhance citizen confidence in the administrative institutions of government.
TYPES OF ACCOUNTABILITY:
• It is at the core of public administration. It is more than obedience to laws and

Moral accountability bureaucratic norms. A moral public official is the one who "strives for a moral
government”.
Administrative • It is the traditional hierarchical accountability within the organisation, as laid

accountability down in the classical Weberian bureaucratic form of administration.
• It is concerned with the legitimacy of any public program and even the survival
of the involved organisation. In other words, in a democracy, the
Political accountability administrators are "duty bound to recognise the power of political authority to
regulate, set priorities, redistribute resources and to ensure compliance with
orders.
• It relates actions in the public domain to the established legislative and judicial
Legal accountability process. This is achieved either by a court action or by a judicial review of the
administrative action. The public organisation or its officials are held
accountable for not following legislative norms or legal delegations.
TOOLS TO ACHIEVE ACCOUNTABILITY:
Ends Means (Tools)

Legitimacy Constitutions and electoral systems for establishing government and decision-making
bodies; bureaucratic systems of representation; Royal prerogative; legislations; letters
of appointment; standing orders and formal delegations of authority
Moral Conduct Upholding social values, concepts of social justice and public interest; professional
values; training/induction programs
Responsiveness Public participation and consultation; debates; advisory bodies; public meetings;
freedom of speech
Openness Parliamentary questions time; public information services, freedom of information
laws: public hearings: green and white papers; annual reports
Optimal resource Budgets; financial procedures; rules of vehement; parliamentary public accounts
utilisation committees; auditing; public enquiries and participation; formal planning systems
Efficiency and Information communication systems; setting objectives and standards; programme
effectiveness guidelines; approval; feedback from public
2nd ARC ON ACCOUNTABILITY:

• The public perception today is that government servants are unresponsive to the needs and concerns of
citizens and the system does not address this problem because the mechanisms to ensure accountability,
integrity and efficiency of public servants do not appear to be adequate.
• The common perception is that initiation of disciplinary action against incompetent and erring government
servants is more an exception than the rule.
• This is supported by a plethora of anecdotal evidence. Data obtained from the UPSC and the CVC clearly bring
out that there are very few cases where disciplinary proceedings result in imposition of substantial penalties.
• The life-long job security provided to a government servant further leads to such a distorted incentive
structure, because it is a fact that under the present system, very rarely is a government servant punished
or removed for poor performance.
• In addition, the Commission feels that there is also need to find a systemic solution to the issue of
complacency that stems from the lifelong job security coupled with lack of penal consequences for non-
performance or inadequate performance.
• At present, Annual Confidential Records (ACR) of civil servants are the only mechanism to assess the
performance of a government servant and these records are used to evaluate the fitness of a civil servant
usually at the time of promotion. The Commission is of the view that there is need to have a comprehensive
in-depth assessment at important milestones in an officer’s career. These assessments, in view of the
Commission, should be carried out on completion of 14 and 20 years of service.
INSTITUTIONS AND MECHANISMS TO PROMOTE ACCOUNTABILITY:
OUTSIDE THE STATE (VERTICAL)

To the people through elections High Effectiveness
Through RTI Act to citizens
7
Citizen’s oversight committees

Civil societies/ watchdog bodies Low Effectiveness
Media
Service delivery survey Low to Medium Effectiveness
Citizen’s charter
WITHIN THE STATE (HORIZONTAL)
• Parliament
• Judiciary
External (Outside the executive) • Lokayukta
• CAG
• CVC
• Superior officers
1. Reward/punishments
2. Disciplinary procedures
Internal (within the executive) 3. Performance Management System
• CBI/Police/Vigilance
• Internal Audit
• Grievance Redressal Mechanisms
Accountability also means answerability i.e., questions asked of public officials have to be answered by them.
There are two types of questions that can be asked:
1. One type as under the RTI Act merely seeks information/data and involves one-way transmission of
information. It promotes transparency and to a much lesser degree accountability in Government.
2. The second type of question enquires not just as to what was done but why; and therefore, involves a
consultative two-way flow of information with the citizens usually providing a feedback in respect of the
working of government departments and service delivery of public agencies. Such mechanisms include
citizens’ charters, service delivery surveys, social audits, citizens’ report card and outcome surveys.
RECOMMENDATIONS:
• A system of two intensive reviews – one on completion of 14 years of service, and another on completion
of 20 years of service - should be established for all government servants
• The first review at 14 years would primarily serve the purpose of intimating to the public servant about
his/her strengths and shortcomings for his/ her future advancement. The second review at 20 years would
mainly serve to assess the fitness of the officer for his/her further continuation in government service.
• The services of public servants, who are found to be unfit after the second review at 20 years, should be
discontinued. A provision regarding this should be made in the proposed Civil Services Law.
• Besides, for new appointments it should be expressly provided that the period of employment shall be for
20 years. Further continuance in government service would depend upon the outcome of the intensive
performance reviews.
STATUS & PROBLEMS IN PUBLIC SERVICE VALUES:

Present day civil services facing value deficiency in following public services values. The relevance of such
values are universal and time tested. They can be followed in letter and spirit. The present status and
underlying problems in following such values in day-to-day administration are:
• Mechanised life – Man is running after the clock. His life became mechanical and materialistic in nature. In
this process he is not giving time to himself. Therefore, there is no self-growth and lack of enthusiasm to self-
development. At the end, he unable to recognise what is good and bad in his actions. Awareness camps, mid-
career training sessions, spiritual knowledge, staying most of the time with weaker sections of the society
helps to develop such values.
• Nature of Selection – UPSC conducts civil services exam every year to select eligible candidates into civil
services. In this selection process aspirants running after the books and there is no filed level experience to
understand what are the problems faced by various sections of the society. We can’t expect someone to be
ethical who is scoring high marks in ETHICS paper.
8
• Training – We are still following Colonial training attitude while training selected trainees. For example, its
unnecessary to waste resources to train how to ride a horse. Training module should be changed to meet the
present-day challenges like Human dignity, Human rights, to meet technological progress like IoT, AI, 5G,
Machine learning, Block chain technology, Human resource development, Gender equality, Climate change,
Nutrition deficiency etc.
• Fitness Bar – As career progressing there is no performance appraisal to measure civil servants’ integrity
and honesty. According to 2nd ARC report, Civil servants should be reviewed for every 14years whether
they are suitable to the present-day administration challenges.
ETHICAL DILEMMAS:
Ethical dilemmas are question of right or wrong. What decision should be taken in times of crisis. What ethical
decision should be taken at what time and in what context are deal by this topic. Civil servants are facing ethical
dilemmas in their official duties. The list of ethical dilemmas in public and private life are:
• Secrecy Vs Transparency
• Conflict of interest
• Duty Vs Personal relationships
• Superior orders/Rules/Law Vs Conscience
• Conservation Vs Tribal rights
• Non-Discrimination Vs Preferential treatment
• Business Vs Social responsibility
FRAMEWORK FOR ETHICAL DECISION MAKING:

1. First define what is the ethical dilemma present
2. Collect available data and information and find out affected stakeholders
3. Next step is to write down strengths and weaknesses of each Ethical approaches like Utilitarianism,
Consequential or Non consequential ethics, Situational or Universal, Means or Means and Ends both, Golden
rule etc. Then pickup best approach according to needs of the ethical problem
4. Use your conscience and aptitude to solve a problem
5. Take a final decision
Some of the ethical dilemmas already dealt in various part of this document so let’s discuss rest of the ethical
dilemmas.
Secrecy Vs Transparency:
Secrecy Transparency
Ethically correct if: When to be maintain Transparent?
• If that information deal with national security and • Fund allocation to various departments and
revealing such information may treat to Integrity various schemes
and sovereignty of India • Funds utilisation
• Defence related information should be maintained • List of beneficiaries of govt services and subsidies
secrecy but they should be unclassified after • Govt servants’ personal financial assets
certain number of years like UK un-classifies for • If any govt servant receives private gifts to be keep
every 40 years in record
• Budget preparation information to be keep it as • International funding to social activities
secret until it is officially presenting in the • Status of developmental works in a locality
parliament
• Tender or bidding or auction related information • Private individuals and private corporates
• It is unethical to maintain secrecy anything which funding to political parties. They should be open
related allocation of resources in the governance to RTI
process
Duty Vs Personal relationships
Duty Relationships
• Nation goals and priorities first and personal • Before entering into civil services officials took
relationships are only to be next in line. oath to abide by the constitutional values and duty
• There is no Nepotism in official duty and in first. Therefore, family should understand his
selection of officers in recruitment official responsibility and give him/her support to
• Officials use social media only to engage with perform his/her duty better
public than self-promotion. Too much active in • Family members can’t use govt assets for personal
social media diverts attention from his official interests (Use of govt vehicle for personal trips)
duty • There is a treat to family members from goons
• If there is any conflict of interest which involves while carrying his/her official duty in honest way
his/her family & relatives, he should declare his so its duty of the govt to protect his/her family
statement regarding that and to be fair she/he members
should stay away from it.
Superior Orders/Laws/Rules Vs Conscience
Superior orders/Laws/Rules Conscience

• If there is any pressure from superiors or • Any action which is not in line with our conscience
ministers on officials to be in favour of them, to be considered as unethical, so listen to your
request them to written communication instead of conscience before taking any decision
just oral communication • Actions should be rational and compassionate
• Rules & regulations and law are just means to towards weaker sections
achieve societal development but not ends • If there is any urgency to act according our
• If there should any relaxation in rules superior’s conscience in situations like communal clashes,
permission to be sought and convince them for send a detailed report of higher authorities in
approval. support of your decision.
Non-Discrimination Vs Preferential Treatment
Non-Discrimination Preferential Treatment

• Should not be discriminated based on solely • Preferential treatment given to those only for
religion, caste, gender etc. weaker sections of society to uplift them on the
• Rule of law – Everyone should be treated development ladder – Positive discrimination
equally and should be impartial and non- • Promotes compassion and empathy towards
partisan weaker sections and vulnerable sections of the
society
• To be given only till certain period till they
uplift
• Preferential treatment can’t be given strategic
sectors like R&D, Defense, secretary level posts.
They should be based on merit but not on
reservations
Business Vs Social responsibility
Business Social responsibility
10
• “Commerce without morality” is a sin • Cost reducing in office expenditure can save
therefore business should run on ethical and money which can be diverted to social
moral values which does not affect public responsibility
health, environment. • During COVID-19 pandemic most of the
• Business should be based on ethical capitalism corporates donated money to PM-CARES fund
but not on crony capitalism • Encouraged to adopt villages under social
• They can earn profits to run business but profit responsibility
is not the only motive for such businesses • If people lost land due to industry setup in their
• Survival of negative goods industries like locality it’s her moral responsibility to provide
tobacco, alcohol is itself an ethical question but livelihood to the people and creating social
they are creating an employment opportunities infrastructure
so higher taxes on such negative goods should
be a ethical but same time its unethical to
encourage them because they affect public
health
APPROACHES TO SOLVE THE ETHICAL DILEMMA:
• According to Virtue school of ethics, character of agent determines the

Virtue Approach morality of task. Thus the government official acts according to his virtues to
reach the ideals which have been set by him.
• According to Plato, these virtues can be courage, wisdom, temperance and
justice.
• In ethical dilemma, moral actor following virtue approach asks himself whether
the decision represents the kind of person he is or he want to be.
• Criticism: There is no objective list of virtues for the government functionaries.
Further virtues are culture as well as context dependent thus changes from
individual to individual leading to non- uniformity in resolving ethical dilemma.
• According to categorical imperative, a person has to always choose duty
Kantian Approach principle over other values.
(Categorical • Thus ethical dilemma can be solved by doing the right things so that people are
Imperative) treated as ends and thus their own rights can be fulfilled.
• Criticism: Only rights of people cannot be sole factor in resolving ethical
dilemmas as economical, social as well as environmental costs are also involved.
• Laws are rules and regulations made by the state which aims to regulate the
decision making and conduct of its citizens. Since law derives its authority from
the constitution, citizens themselves as their elected leaders frame it and are
based on best practices followed worldwide to uphold human rights; they are one
Law As Source of the legal and widely opted sources for resolving ethical dilemma.
Of Ethical Guidance • For civil servants constitution is final arbitrator in case of ethical dilemma as it
is the supreme law based on which other laws are framed.
• Criticism: Inconsistency in laws, loopholes, coercive and collusive nature of laws
render them ineffective and thus act as incompetent guide to resolve ethical
dilemmas.
• In modern day ethical dilemma the context and the situation in which a decision
Situational Ethics has to be made is also very important.
• So, considering and assessing the background of an action also becomes important
for resolution of any ethical dilemma.
Conscience As • Conscience is an internal dialogue of man with himself about right and wrong.
Guide To • These are the internalized values which make us reflect on life and ask “what is
Resolve Ethical it that I should do to make the ethical choice”, and that ethical choice is not
Concerns influenced in any way by any other person and event.
11
Gandhi’s • Mahatma Gandhi’s Talisman is a novel approach to solve the ethical dilemmas.
Talisman Consciously reminding it when needed helps to make moral decision in larger
public interest.
Justice • Justice approach focuses on treating the individuals equally in the ethical
Approach dilemma. Also if there is any difference in treatment then the difference should be
justified.
• Criticism: principle of justice can harm the social welfare in long run.
• In ethical dilemmas, the value can be chosen by finding out which option will
produce the most good for maximum number of people. This approach takes
Utilitarian into account the economic and social welfare of larger number of people.
Approach • Criticism: It is not always possible to measure goodness of outcomes. Also,
utilitarianism focuses on maximum happiness for maximum number which in turn
discriminated the minority.
• Common Good are certain general conditions that are usually to everyone’s
Common Good advantage. The common good describes specific goods that are shared and
Approach beneficial for all or most members of society.
• Being able to live together in community requires that attention should be paid
not just to individual good but also to common conditions that are important for
the welfare of all.
• Criticism: Individuals can become free riders while taking the benefits of the
Common Good while refusing to contribute and support the Common Good.
• Rights are justified claims on others. The justification of a claim is dependent
on some standard acknowledged and accepted not just by the claimants but also
by society in general.
• Human beings have conscience or ability to choose between right and wrong due
to which humans have dignity. Rights are given to protect this dignity.
Rights Approach • Right comes with duties as liberty and equality goes together.
• This approach starts from the belief that human have a dignity based on their
ability to choose freely what they do with their life.
• Criticism: Right should not be the soul consideration in Ethical Decision making.
In some instances, the social cost/injustice that would result from respecting a
right are too great and accordingly that right may need to be limited. Sometimes
the rights themselves may be in conflict with each other and one has to decide
which right has priority.
STEPS FOR RESOLVING ETHICAL DILEMMA (6R’s)

• Register – where details of the conflict of interest are declared and registered. (In low risk situations this
single strategy may be sufficient.)
• Restrict – where restrictions are placed on the officer’s involvement in the matter.
• Recruit – where a disinterested third party is used to oversee part or all of the process that deals with the
matter.
• Remove – where the officer chooses, or is requested, to be removed completely from the matter.
• Relinquish – where the officer relinquishes the private interest that is creating the conflict.
• Resign – where the officer resigns from their position with the agency. (This strategy should be considered
only if the conflict of interest cannot be resolved in any other workable way.)
SOURCES TO THE ETHICAL GUIDENCE IN PUBLIC ADMINISTRATION

Source to the ethical conduct in public administration to be brought in two ways one through statute and another
through inner conscience. Let’s look at them.
LAWS, RULES & REGULATIONS:
12
Laws/Rules/Regulations such any kind of statutes main objective was to bring expected code of conduct among
civil servants. They have double edged motives, one to be reward and other should be penalised for those who
broke the rules.
LAWS RULES REGULATION

• Laws are the enactment of the • Rules are set of instructions • Regulations can be understood
legislature. They are the rules made by the people to explain as subsidiary legislations.
that have sanctity and support how things are to be done. • They are made by the executive
of the state. • Rules can be made by in order to fill in the gaps that
• Laws are rigid in nature and government as well as private remains in the law.
their violation may attract organizations. • Regulations are standards and
punishment from the state. • Rules made by the government rules adopted by
Law by nature are incomplete can have force of law and administrative agencies that
and they are generally formed applicable for all example- govern how laws will be
in response to certain situation traffic rules; while the rules enforced.
or event. framed by the private • Regulations also need
• Laws are made to regulate the organizations are limited to acceptance/ approval of the
actions of the individual. Laws that particular organizations legislature to be enforceable.
are context specific and they and its employees. • As such they carry the same
guide the decisions and • Rules can be framed in force as the law. But
conduct of the individual in different contexts like rule for regulations have to adhere to
that particular context. house set by parents, rules of the broader limits set by the
• E.g. RTE Act 2009, National organization set by managers, parent or enabling law.
Food Security Act, 2013 etc. even rules of games and sports. • Regulation are rigid like laws
and their violation also attract
penalty from the state.
What is Ethical Law/Rules?

• They should not discriminate between any particular community and
any particular religion
• They should reflect what is ideal for the society
• They should uplift the values enshrined in the constitution
• They should not harm anyone
• They should not enforce by force
• Should be acceptable to majority and minority both
• There should not be any opaqueness and vague terms in the rules so
can be interpreted by officials for their personal benefit.
• There should be a monitory mechanism for the implementation of
such law/rules.
What is unethical Law/rules?

• Benefits one community and harms another community
• They should be passed or implemented without consensus
• Human rights violations
• No transparency in implementation
CONSCIENCE:
“There is a higher court than courts of justice and that is the court of conscience. It supersedes all other
courts.” - Mahatma Gandhi
Conscience refers to the Inner listening. It guides us what to do and what not do in any ethical dilemma
situations. If we listen to our conscience we can behave ethically and morally right.
13
“Silence is both a physical and a spiritual necessity for me…In the attitude of silence, the soul finds the path in
a clearer light…For me the voice of God, of conscience, of Truth or the “still small voice” means the one and
the same thing...The Inner Voice defies description. It has been increasingly audible as years have rolled by”
- Mahatma Gandhi
Modern man lacks silence. He is leading materialistic life and revolves his life around Work, Entertainment, Fun
etc. He didn’t have time to spend with himself. He doesn't lead his life; he is led by events. It is a race against the
clock. Even God Himself can't get anything else in.
As Swami Vivekananda said “If you talk to yourself daily you can bring a better person out of yours”.
Therefore, it is vital to make a space somewhere in his life.
• Fear, Fear is the first obstacle when we want to listen our inner conscience. Fear
Obstacles Between makes us deaf.
conscience and you: • Hasty decisions, before you take a decision listen to your conscience one minute.
Don’t act in haste.
• “Me” attitude, if there are no discussions with peers and subordinates then we
can’t expect to bring best results from ours.
• Negative feelings, like Jealous, angry, hatred, ego etc makes our conscience deaf
and blind.
Components of Inner Conscience:

• Connection: It is good to get into a peaceful, reflective and prayerful mood to seek inspiration. Reading
something inspiring, like a holy book from your or any tradition that you find appealing or a speech that has
inspired you or an article in a magazine or a newspaper that has lifted your spirits. This helps to establish a
connection with your inner Self or Higher Wisdom or the Divine (what you call it is not as important as
knowing it inspires).
• Correction: The first time you try the Quiet Time, review your life as you have lived so far. "A life not
examined is not worth living!". See where you have fallen short of your own values and convictions -write
them down. Reflect on how you can make amends for things you have done wrong. It often helps to share
these with a trusted friend. The four absolute moral standards of:
1. Honesty
2. Purity
3. Unselfishness and
4. Love serve as good measuring tools.
You start comparing your life against these standards, writing down where you have fallen short of each
standard and putting right what can be put right. This may need to be a daily process to review the previous
day to see what could have been different and take corrective steps. This leaves you free to seek inspiration
for the task ahead.
• Direction: Turn your attention outward and see what you feel you need to change and if you have a role in
it. It could be in your locality or community or you may get a thought to speak to someone who can bring far
reaching changes on a large scale to benefit a lot of people. Remember it needs to be done with inspiration
and humility.
Therefore, in our busy life, we can choose to live reactively or reflectively. It means ‘making space for grace
and reflection for direction’. Take time every day to sit in silence to listen to the voice of love and truth that
speaks in your heart. Early morning is best. To open your heart and mind without pretences or defences. It also
helps to write the thoughts down. These thoughts can be measured against the absolute principles that follow –
common to all religious traditions.
ETHICAL & MORAL VALUES IN GOVERNANCE
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THE NEED FOR GOOD GOVERNANCE:

• Although man possesses the resources and the technology to create a poverty-free world, about a quarter of
the human population on earth continue to live in extreme poverty. According to the UNDP, Human
Development Report, 20% of the richest people in the world receive 82.7% of the Global Income.
• Nobel laureate Amartya Sen has said: “Poverty is not simply the lack of income. It is also the lack of a voice,
of a responsive local administration that can redress local needs; the lack of a system of governance that is
transparent and accountable to people it supposedly exists to serve”.
• Among the many crises facing by the India, the one that is the crisis of Good Governance. It affects the life
and working environment of millions, who consider themselves free citizens of welfare states. In the last fifty
years, we have witnessed a growing restlessness with the systems and instruments of Governance. Available
evidence suggests a continuous decline in the quality of governance in most developing countries.
Some of the obvious elements of this crisis are:

• Inefficient delivery of services
• Dichotomy between the political and executive wings of governance.
• Breaking down of existing institutions Corruption in the polity and economy
• Lack of societal involvement in governance.
• Voice and accountability, which includes a number of indicators that measure

various aspects of the political process, civil liberties and political rights.
• Political stability and absence of violence, which consists of several indicators
that measure the chances that a government will be overthrown by unconstitutional
means.
Key indicators of • Government effectiveness is about the quality of public service provision, the
Governance bureaucracy and its competence and independence and, most critically, the
credibility of the government’s commitment to policies.
• Rule of law includes several indicators that “measure the extent to which agents
have confidence in and abide by the rules of society. These include perceptions of
the incidence of crime, the effectiveness and predictability of the judiciary, and the
enforceability of contracts”
• Control of corruption which is about all the things we know and could set up
world-class universities in. It includes the tendency of the elite to engage in “state
capture”.
THE ELEMENTS OF GOOD GOVERNANCE:

• Good Governance means eliminating poverty by empowering
the poor, unprivileged and the exploited and also a system and
a structure that are democratic, transparent, clean, efficient,
equitable, sensitive and accountable.
• Good Governance requires, “not so much additional resources
as better personnel policies and sound delivery mechanism.
Unless teachers attend schools and teach, unless doctors
attend health centres and provide health care, and subsidies
reach the poor, mere increase in the social sector expenditure
would only result in further leakage”
• To understand the roots of governance we need to first look at the elements of excellent service-oriented
governance. If we treat the recipients of the service (citizens) as customers, and also look at the state as
another stake holder, the dimension of Good Governance could be listed as under:
1. Empathetic orientation towards citizens / customers: The Administrators’ ability to understand the
customers’ need and requirements, from their perspective, and realistically appraise whether or not
something is doable.
2. Commitment to excellence: Individual commitment to help citizens in achieving their goals / objectives
within the given resources. Responsiveness: Administrators taking responsibility for creating a delightful
experience for citizens / customers and solving their problems.
15
3. Reliability and trustworthiness: The administrator’s ability to generate trust and win the confidence
of customers / citizens.
4. Creative problem-solving ability: The administrator’s ability to come up with innovative solutions to
customer problems within the given constraints.
5. Timeliness: An administrator’s ability to accomplish things within time constraints and deadlines.
6. Tolerance for pressure: An administrator’s ability to maintain control and poise in the face of adversity
and political pressures.
7. Service recovery mind-set: An administrator’s ability to undo the bad service experience of a citizen /
customer by taking the required corrective action there and then itself.
In a nutshell, good Governance is all about, an accurate and sensitive understanding of peoples’ needs, and
creative responses to these needs with a resourceful mind.
THE UNDERLYING PROBLEMS:
While the elements required for good Governance are clear, why is it so rare? What are the underlying
bottlenecks and problems which keep administrators from giving their very best to the public? The problems
are:
• Conflicts between one’s duties in the public domain and one’s personal life
• Inability to respond speedily because of the fear of rapid change and chaos all around
• Inter-personal conflicts between people (e.g., from IAS & IPS) because of egos
• An inner conflict between one’s values and professional ethics on the one hand, verses “the pressures” of
political bosses and public expectations on the other. These conflicts were cited as affecting issues like
postings / transfers / appointments and even normal professional functioning
• Problems arising from a lack of inter-departmental co-operation and teamwork
• Dealing with immature and arrogant bosses
• Feelings of helplessness and powerlessness in the face of the above issues,
• Problems of low morale of staff due to low wages and low opportunities for promotion,
THE ROOTS OF THESE PROBLEMS:

• “Everything that an administrator does originates from his /
her mind. The view that s/he holds, and the underlying
beliefs and paradigms from which s/he operates affects the
administrator’s thoughts, words and actions.
• His/ her effectiveness is a direct function of the kind of
consciousness, which underlies the person’s work and life.
Just as the wise gardener does not expect his garden to thrive
on the basis of fragmented attention to the different parts of
his plants - the leaves, roots, bark, or flowers, but rather All that we are is the result of what we
accomplishes the good of the whole by attending to the roots, have thought. The mind is everything.
we need to focus our attention on the underlying roots of What we think, we become”- Buddha
everything.
• Another way of looking at what is happening at the roots is to use the analogy of a bright light (our
unbounded awareness) getting slowly covered by soot. As long as the soot is covering the bulb, it will not be
able to radiate light. To regain the light, the soot has to be cleaned away. This is exactly what happens to the
human experience. The infinite creative and positive power that is naturally present in each and every one
of us by virtue of our own consciousness can be rendered ineffective if not tended to properly. The stress of
our lifestyle, the pollution of our environment, and the collective stress of our world keeps us from
functioning at our full potential.
• Building on the above, we can think of an administrator as having infinite potential, which is temporarily
covered up. When it is covered up, the administrator operates in a limited way. When it is open, and
functioning freely, the administrator is a creative force for positive change.
• Inner Transformation is simply the process of shedding our illusions, limiting beliefs, negative
thoughts and ideas of lack, which block the glory and abundance of the real Self. It is awakening to our
Essence, which is always there, but which we are not conscious of.
16
• ‘Whatever (there is the spirit) of Krishna, the master of yoga (The master of vision), (and) wherever (there
is the spirit of) Arjuna, the wielder of the bow (the hero of action), there, I am convinced, wealth, victory,
welfare, and unshakable justice (shall prevail)’.
• As Swami Vivekananda has said: “Arise, Awake! Awake from this hypnotism of weakness. None is really
weak; the soul is infinite, omnipotent, and omniscient. Stand up, assert yourself, proclaim the God within you.
Teach yourselves; teach everyone, his real nature. Call upon the sleeping soul and see how it awakes. Power
will come, glory will come, goodness will come, purity will come and everything that is excellent will come,
when this sleeping soul is roused to self-conscious activity”.
• The more administrators can expand their understanding and consciousness, through Inner Transformation,
and be more present to the here and now, the more they will become instruments of life’s positive forces.
They will become a blessing, not only to themselves, but to the millions of our country people who today cry
for clean, compassionate and competent governance.
INTERNATIONAL ETHICS & FUNDING:

• International ethics refers to the international interactions, exchanges, relations can bring good to our
planet earth and to all life forms and can bring harm by unfriendly, hostile, uncooperative behaviours.
• One country can do good as well as harm to another country and to the international space and relations.
Therefore, international ethics offers insights into how nations and other entities treat other nations and its
people. Knowledge of international ethics provides us with insights to assess the good and harms, the
rights and wrongs, which can occur in the international space.
• In international space, UN has been promoting various principles of friendly and cooperative and peace
related humanitarian international actions by all the member countries. This community of nations which
stands to respect other nations and their interests, is itself harmed by the dominant nations willing to impose
their interests and will on other poorer nations and poorer nations those who are unwilling to cooperate
without being treated as equals.
• Various agencies of the UN by their presence and action in various countries, promote certain universal
principles that transcend the boundaries of individual nations and the ethical principles pursued by
individual nations.
• International ethics are not simply an ethics of some dominant country, it is not simply an ethics of a powerful
country having obligations towards others because of the power they have over others. International ethics
may be fruitfully defined as that which enables one to participate more actively in shaping and
building good international community.
• The vision of international community that every country has and reality of an international community
provides us with food for thought on what ought to be the nature and purpose of investing in international
relations to build an international community.
TYPES OF INTERNATIONAL FUNDING/AID:
Bilateral Aid Assistance given by a country directly to another country is called bilateral aid.
Multilateral Aid Multilateral aid is provided by international organizations like World Bank,
United Nations, IMF etc.
Tied Aid Under tied aid the recipient country must spend the aid in the donor country or
in a group of selected countries.
Project Aid Under project aid the resources donated to the recipient country are ties to a
particular project like hospital or school.
Military Aid Military aid is never altruistic or charitable. Military aid generally comes with
terms that necessitates that the recipient buys arms or defence contracts with
the donor country directly.
Voluntary aid Voluntary aid is usually in the form of charity like Doctors Without Borders.
PHILOSPOHY OF INTERNATIONAL ETHICS:

REALISM VS INTERNATIONAL ETHICS:
17
• Realism is a theory of balance of power that maintains the power balance in the world. It simply means,
realism is that the most powerful nation on earth will have no one to challenge its power and so there
will be peace. This is just a conventional thinking.
• Realism focuses on an international power. It is the power that one nation has to influence another nation
directing and shaping its destiny in the direction it desires and protecting its interests at the cost of the other.
• In the international realm, realism holds that the only thing that really matters is power, nothing else
matters, morality, ethics, law, and political systems, legal systems, cultural systems, are all irrelevant.
• The argument appears to be that in international sphere human nature is such that no one can be trusted
each seeks to dominate the other. Either one country will dominate the other or the other will try to dominate
the first, so it is better to be the dominating or dominant country.
• The realist approach to international sphere or international relations is simply to deny any role for
common or shared ethics, and create an ethically neutral zone or an ethics free zone which can be filled
by the power of one who is dominant. The old saying may be invoked implicitly, that power corrupts and
that absolute power corrupts absolutely. When power is the sole basis of international relations and
international action, assessments will be coloured by such perceptions.
• Consequences of Realism:
➢ It will lead to anarchy
➢ Threat to human dignity and human rights violation may happen
➢ International conflicts arise which leads to war
➢ Prefer to go war than to negotiate with dialogues and peace
➢ Detrimental to our common good and common values
FACTORS THAT PROMOTE INTERNATIONAL ETHICS

IDEALISM:
• Idealism focuses on “common interests” between nations, and not necessarily at the power or power
distance or at power balance. It seeks to build the international sphere on the basis of idealist values
that are of common interests to nations participating in any international issues and problems.
• Idealism has the potential to create more lasting hopes of peace and of a growing international sphere
where mutual interests and common concerns are addressed more earnestly in the true spirit of pursuing
what can be regarded as human purposes of human flourishing.
• Thus, the rise of idealism holds out a promise, even though conflicts remain. In idealism, thus ethics,
morality, laws, legal systems, international institutions all have a central place. Thus, idealism
contrasts sharply with realism which emphasized only power. The world becomes less dramatic and less
dangerous, even though conflicts are far from removed.
Examples:
1. Trade as a common interest – Global supply chain
2. International treaties that promote common good like Paris pact
CONSTRUCTIVISM:
• Constructivism focuses on things like foreign policy, diplomatic initiatives, etc to shape international
relations and the international sphere where a country has credible influence.
• In these things the focus is on domestic politics and how it shapes foreign policy with what goals in mind.
Every nation and every state create a sense of national identity in various ways and nurture it through
historical and cultural celebrations and means.
• Basically, constructivism allows for influence of national identities and its constructions on the
international sphere. A flavour or dimension is added through identity politics into international sphere
and relations. International sphere can also be a place where various identities can melt into more humane
understanding between people in and through the ‘give and take’ of identity respects and exchanges.
• Constructivism gives more power to individual nations through its focus on national identity (rather than
national interest), which is politically a more powerful instrument to having less to do with other nations in
the international sphere than with what furthers and promotes its own identity. National identities based on
religion and culture to be respected.
18
• Cultural identities may not all be good, but they are to be respected even when critically assessed for their
role in shaping international spaces, international sphere and international freedoms.
Examples:
• Islamic nations appeal to other nations in the name of religion
• Indian cultural identity given prominent importance in countries like Bhutan, Nepal, Seychelles, East Asian
nations where connects with Hinduism and Buddhism
COSMOPOLITANISM:
Cosmopolitanism shares something in common with idealism, namely, do the right thing. It focuses on how we
interact in a global community. It holds that since we interact with other countries, we have a moral duty to treat
people of that country morally as moral people. Hence the prescription in cosmopolitanism is to “do the right
thing”. Cosmopolitanism thus empowers international ethics and the development of “global values and ethics”
fully.
Examples:
• India got huge support from across the world in elections for a judge at International court of Justice (ICJ)
• India sent HCQ drug to 55 corona hit nations with solidarity
CONSTRAINED CHOICES:
• International ethics guides our choices in the international sphere, but evidently our choices are constrained
rather than free. The choices may be constrained by the necessity of pleasing the domestic political
support and widening the support for the ruling party or coalition.
• The choices may be constrained by the identity politics. The choices may be constrained by power
equations and balances. Many practical constraints may also be present, surely economic constraints and
national interest constraint will not be missing when choices have to be made.
• Governments are expected to value the welfare of their citizens more than that of others. A country’s
goals must be defended as morally right thing to do, but a country’s goals and interests are several and may
be in conflict within themselves without any clarity and more confusion. In that case it is moral to defend a
country’s goals becomes meaningless.
• It has no normative force. In the end, ethics and morality considered as constraints or as practical
constraints really means that ethics and ethical goals and objectives are not pursued to start with. The
objective is something else. In such cases agreeing to such international ethics is to begin with a failure. Ethics
must reflect as a central concern to be pursued as a basis for all other international action.
Examples:
• India withdrawn from RCEP due to economic constraints – Here National interests are clear and joining the
group may harm our economy
• Passing of Citizenship amendment act may hamper relations with Islamic countries
• India’s support to Palestine cause due to domestic pressure
• A country declares an attack on enemy country to appease domestic voters
• Rohingyas – Country’s Security versus morality
EQUALITY OF LIFE:
• Every life may be considered as having equal moral weight. In this belief, valid if one holds such beliefs, it is
the global interest that count as much as domestic interests.
• No preference is given by governments or by anybody else to the welfare of citizens of that country.
Respect for life of the unborn in the international sphere implies that countries do not push their own agendas
under the guise of controlling rising populations in their own and other countries.
• Respect for life should guide international ethics, in thought, word and deed.
Examples:
• Arab conflict – Yemen population dying with starvation
• Israel and Palestine conflict and losing of so many innocent lives
19
ECONOMIC, SOCIAL AND ENVIRONMENTAL FRAMEWORK:

• Though context may differ, there are a number of frameworks available for making decisions concerning
international actions which have economic, social, and environmental consequences and impacts over future
generations.
• There is a gap between any system of global and international values and international ethics on the ground,
because of the widening gap in ground realities between nations and international organizations due to levels
of difficult conflict.
• The frameworks are evolved to provide a way out of the conflict and they are useful to deal with a number of
conflicting ideas on international ethics. The various international declarations and conventions do
provide the necessary framework for cooperative and collaborative international action necessary to
solve international problems.
• Essentially universal value-based frameworks are most helpful as they provide space for all participants
to make their representation and contribution. There are several global institutions concerned with the
global economic order, others with the global information order, still others with the global environmental
regimes or order, etc.
• Each of them offers frameworks within which its members are expected to make their choices and decisions
and those choices are respected and supported by virtue of the frameworks agreed upon.
Examples:
• Universal declaration of human rights
• UN conference on sustainable development
• Therefore, the study of international ethics makes clear the normative structures, the approaches, and the
frameworks available for making decisions and choices ethically in the international and global sphere. These
helps resolve some of the major international problems, issues, and provide insight into international
conflicts.
• There is much understanding of “international crises”, “shared problems” requiring international
cooperation and joint action. Our world is so much better if we have a growing international community of
persons. International ethics directs us in the direction of building an international community in
which every other community can actively and fruitfully participate and flourish. International regimes
may be assessed and evaluated in terms of the international ethics they employ in solving international
problems.
• In a way international ethics will continue to evolve and there will likely to be more narratives added to
the story of international ethics.
ROLE OF INDIA IN ENCOURAGING ETHICAL DISCOURSE IN INTERNATIONAL RELATION:
• Promotion of international peace and security.

• The State shall endeavour to:
Constitution of India - 1. Promote international peace and security;
Article 51 (DPSP) 2. Maintain just and honourable relations between nations;
3. Foster respect for international law and treaty obligations in the
dealings of organised peoples with one another; and
4. Encourage settlement of international disputes by arbitration.
The Five Principles of Peaceful Coexistence, known as the Panchsheel Treaty:
1. Mutual respect for each other's territorial integrity and sovereignty
PANCHSHEEL 2. Mutual non-aggression.
3. Mutual non-interference in each other's internal affairs.
4. Equality and cooperation for mutual benefit.
5. Peaceful co-existence.
NON-ALIGNED MOVEMENT Three reasons were given by Jawaharlal Nehru for Non-aligned
(NAM) Movement:
1. India is a newly independent country and hence India must focus of socio-
economic reconstruction rather than joining a military bock.
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2. India is a country which has never shown aggression against any other
country.
3. When the world is divided into two military groups which are ready two
fight against each other, it is wise to strengthen the peace area (third
block) so that conflict can be bridged.
Nehru’s aversion to narrow egoistic and expansionist nationalism had been
great.
The five key principles of Gujral Doctrine were as follows:
1. As the largest nation in South Asia, India must show a big heart. With
neighbours viz. Bangladesh, Bhutan, Maldives, Nepal and Sri Lanka, India
must not ask for reciprocity, but should give all that it can in good faith and
trust.
GUJRAL DOCTRINE 2. No South Asian country would allow its territory to be used against the
interest of another country
3. No country would interfere in the internal affairs of another.
4. South Asian Countries should respect each other’s territorial integrity and
sovereignty
5. Countries of South Asia must settle all their disputes through peaceful
bilateral negotiations.
NUCLEAR DOCTRINE OF India has a declared nuclear no-first-use policy and is in the process of
INDIA developing a nuclear doctrine based on "credible minimum deterrence."
REFUGES POLICY India harbours one of the largest populations of refugee despite not signing
UN convention on Refugee.
CORPORATE GOVERNANCE :
Corporate governance is the system of rules, laws, mechanisms, procedures by which businesses are
operated, regulated or controlled. The term Corporate governance includes internal as well as external
stakeholders like employees, directors and shareholders of the company and customers, government. It ensures:
• Adequate disclosure and effective decision making to achieve corporate objectives
• Transparency in business transaction
• Statutory and legal compliances
• Protection shareholder interest
• Commitment to values and ethical conduct of business
• Credible and confident investors which leads to more stable and long term capital at low cost.
According to Uday Kotak committee on corporate governance “Corporate governance deals with the ways
in which suppliers of capital to corporations, especially faceless, powerless small investors, can assure
themselves of getting fair treatment as stakeholders.”
HISTORY OF THE CORPORATE GOVERNANCE:

• First recorded history of conflict in corporate governance took place in 17th century in Dutch East India
company, world’s first public listed company between shareholders. After that corporate governance
became more relevant during Great Economic depression in 1930s. Business tycoons invested their
savings in stock markets and reckless speculation caused New York stock exchange crashed, that is called
“Black Thursday”. After that corporate management gone changes but still 2008 recession once again
highlighted lack of values and ethics in Business ethics.
• Coming to Indian scenario, SEBI is the watchdog of Corporate governance. SEBI established after 1990s
• Harshad Mehta’s scam in share markets to regulate corporates. It established a committee in 2000 to
regulate corporate governance in the country.
21
Second ARC report on Ethics in Governance also recommended various recommendations to enhance
values and ethics in Corporates.
Examples:
• Harshad Mehta and Ketan Parekh scam in share markets
• Satyam computers scam
• Serious economic offenders like Vijay Mallya and Nirav Modi
NEED OF CORPORATE GOVERNANCE:

• To prevent from Monopolistic practices in the business
• To stop Predatory pricing for example e commerce sites like amazon and flipkart intentionally reducing
prices to eliminate competitors
• No Inside trading
• To monitor companies if there is any evasion of taxes and money laundering activities
• To maintain an accountability and transparency in the accounts of corporates
• To audit the accounts of the business corporates from time to time by a third party
• To protect interests of the shareholders of that company
• To protect autonomy of the independent director in the Board of Directors
• Good corporate governance helps to build an environment of trust, transparency and accountability
necessary for fostering long-term investment, financial stability and business integrity, thereby supporting
stronger growth and more inclusive societies.
• For Corporate Social Responsibility (CSR)
SOME IMPORTANT PROVISION OF COMPANIES ACT:

• 1/3rd of the board of directors of every listed
company should be independent directors.
• The board shall meet at least four times a year with
maximum time gap of four months in between two
meetings.
• A qualified and independent audit committee with
independent directors following the majority.
• Performance valuation of independent directors to
be done by entire board excluding the director being
evaluated.
• Setting up of nomination and remuneration
committee with not less than one-half of its members
as independent directors.
• Setting up of stakeholders relationship committee
for participation, consultation etc
• Setting up of national company law tribunal and
national company law appellate tribunal to fast track
company law cases.
• Establishing a vision mechanism for directors and employees to report genuine concern and rewarding
employee for integrity (Whistle blowing mechanism).
Companies Act 2013: Mandatory Provisions Companies Act 2013: Non-Mandatory Provisions
• Board of director • Remuneration Committee
• Audit Committee • Shareholder Rights
• Disclosures • Training of Board Members
• Report on Corporate Governance • Mechanism for Evaluating Non-Executive Board
• Corporate Social Responsibilities (CSR) Members
• Whistle Blower Policy
VARIOUS COMMITTEES ON CORPORATE GOVERNANCE:

22
3. Naresh Chandra committee on corporate governance
STAKEHOLDERS INVOLVED IN CORPORATE GOVERNANCE:
Customers Customers provide cash flow by purchasing goods and services. Ethical corporations
treat its customers with respect and dignity. Corporations have a responsibility to
provide customers with the highest quality products and services at reasonable cost.
Employees Employees produce the goods and services sold. They are the real resource of the
company. A responsible business treats every employee with dignity and respects
their interests.
Shareholders Shareholders are the real owners of the company as they provide funds for the
business. A responsible business acts with care and loyalty towards its shareholders
and in good faith for the best interests of the corporation.
Suppliers Suppliers provide vital resources. A responsible business treats its suppliers and
subcontractors with fairness, truthfulness and mutual respect including pricing,
licensing, and payment in accordance with agreed terms of trade.
Competitors Competitors provide efficient market. An ethical business engages in fair
competition which is a basic requirement for increasing the wealth of nations and
ultimately for making possible the just distribution of goods and services.
Societies Communities/Societies provide social capital and operational security for the
business. As a global corporate citizen, a responsible business actively contributes
to good public policy and to human rights in the communities in which it operates.
PRINCIPLES FOR STRENGTHENING OF CORPORATE GOVERNANCE:

OECD recommended following principles to be followed in corporate governance:
• The corporate governance framework should promote transparent and fair markets, and the efficient
allocation of resources. It should be consistent with the rule of law and support effective supervision and
enforcement.
• The corporate governance framework should protect and facilitate the exercise of shareholders’ rights
and ensure the equitable treatment of all shareholders, including minority and foreign shareholders. All
shareholders should have the opportunity to obtain effective redress for violation of their rights.
• The corporate governance framework should provide sound incentives throughout the investment chain and
provide for stock markets to function in a way that contributes to good corporate governance.
• The corporate governance framework should recognise the rights of stakeholders established by law or
through mutual agreements and encourage active co-operation between corporations and stakeholders in
creating wealth, jobs, and the sustainability of financially sound enterprises.
• The corporate governance framework should ensure that timely and accurate disclosure is made on all
material matters regarding the corporation, including the financial situation, performance, ownership, and
governance of the company.
• The corporate governance framework should ensure the strategic guidance of the company, the effective
monitoring of management by the board, and the board’s accountability to the company and the
shareholders.
• Integrity should be a fundamental requirement in choosing corporate officers and board members.
Organizations should develop a code of conduct for their directors and executives that promotes ethical
and responsible decision making.
• Protection to Corporate whistle-blowers
2nd ARC ON CORPORATE GOVERNANCE:

• Corporate governance is becoming more relevant to the present-day business organisations.
• In India, the Companies Act, 1956 provides the statutory framework which governs the internal
processes of a Company. The Company is a juridical person whose internal processes are determined by the
Companies Act and its Articles of Association.
• The Companies Act, 1956 contains penal provisions against criminal offences by companies and their
directors and officers. Though the offence of corruption or bribery is not specified under the Companies
23
Act, 1956, instances of wrong doing by Companies and their officers are addressed through various rules
and regulations.
• Besides, Companies are required to have audit committees of the Board of Management to look into
various aspects related to financial propriety.
• ARC felt that corruption in the private sector should be addressed by effective enforcement of ‘Regulations
on Corporate Governance’.
• ARC was further of the view that corruption within the private sector should be tackled through the
effective enforcement of existing laws and regulations. Bringing the activities of the entire private sector
within the fold of the Prevention of Corruption Act is neither desirable nor practical.
• The Prevention of Corruption Act should be suitably amended to include in its

purview private sector providers of public utility services.
• Non-Governmental agencies, which receive substantial funding, should be
2nd ARC covered under the Prevention of Corruption Act. Norms should be laid down
Recommendations: that any institution or body that has received more than 50% of its annual
operating costs, or a sum equal to or greater than Rs 1 crore during any of the
preceding 3 years should be deemed to have obtained ‘substantial funding’ for that
period and purpose of such funding.
CORRUPTION IN THE PRIVATE SECTOR:

Article 12 of UN Convention against Corruption, to which India is a signatory, however, deals with corruption
in the private sector: “Each State Party shall take measures, in accordance with the fundamental principles of its
domestic law, to prevent corruption involving the private sector, enhance accounting and auditing standards in
the private sector and, where appropriate, provide effective, proportionate and dissuasive civil, administrative
or criminal penalties for failure to comply with such measures”
Measures to achieve these ends may include:

• Promoting cooperation between law enforcement agencies and relevant private entities
• Promoting the development of standards and procedures designed to safeguard the integrity of relevant
private entities, including codes of conduct for the correct, honourable and proper performance of the
activities of business and all relevant professions and the prevention of conflicts of interest, and for the
promotion of the use of good commercial practices among businesses and in the contractual relations of
businesses with the State
• Promoting transparency among private entities, including, where appropriate, measures regarding the
identity of legal and natural persons involved in the establishment and management of corporate entities
• Preventing the misuse of procedures regulating private entities, including procedures regarding subsidies
and licenses granted by public authorities for commercial activities
• Preventing conflicts of interest by imposing restrictions, as appropriate and for a reasonable period of
time, on the professional activities of former public officials or on the employment of public officials by the
private sector after their resignation or retirement, where such activities or employment relate directly to
the functions held or supervised by those public officials during their tenure
• Ensuring that private enterprises, taking into account their structure and size, have sufficient internal
auditing controls to assist in preventing and detecting acts of corruption and that the accounts and required
financial statements of such private enterprises are subject to appropriate auditing and certification
procedures.
ETHICAL PERSPECTIVE OF CSR:

Corporate social responsibility (CSR) is a self-regulating business model that helps a company be socially
accountable to itself, its stakeholders, and the public that is Profit motive versus Societal welfare. The basic
principle behind Corporate social responsibility is based on Adam smith’s Ethical capitalism and Gandhiji’s
“Commerce without morality”.
Examples:
• Bill gates & Melinda foundation
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• TATA trusts
• The importance of inclusive growth is widely recognized as an essential part of India's quest for
development. It reiterates our firm commitment to include those sections of the society in the growth
process, which had hitherto remained excluded from the mainstream of development.
• In line with this national endeavor, Corporate Social Responsibility (CSR) was conceived as an instrument for
integrating social, environmental and human development concerns in the entire value chain of corporate
business.
• Ministry of Corporate Affairs had issued 'Voluntary Guidelines on Corporate Social Responsibility, 2009'
as a first step towards mainstreaming the concept of Business Responsibilities. This was further refined
subsequently, as 'National Voluntary Guidelines on Social, Environmental and Economic
Responsibilities of Business, 2011', is essentially a set of nine principles that offer Indian businesses an
understanding and approach to inculcate responsible business conduct.
1. Conduct and govern themselves with ethics, transparency and accountability.

2. Provide goods and services that are safe and that contribute to sustainability
throughout their life cycle.
3. Promote the well-being of all employees.
Nine principles: 4. Respect the interests of, and be responsive towards all stakeholders, especially
those who are disadvantaged, vulnerable and marginalized.
5. Respect and promote human rights.
6. Protect and make efforts to restore the environment.
7. When engaged in influencing public and regulatory policy, they should do so in a
responsible manner
8. Support inclusive growth
9. Engage with and provide value to their customers and consumers in a responsible
manner.
Based on the above nine principles CSR become legalised under companies act 2013. These values focus on
encouraging business action on national development priorities, including community development initiatives
and strategic CSR based on the shared value concept.
ETHICAL DILEMMA IN CORPORATE GOVERNANCE IN THE TIMES OF COVID-19 PANDEMIC:

• Revenues Vs Safety – Starting the operation is important for revenue generation and cutting the loss. But
balancing this with workers safety is challenging.
• Layoff Vs Social responsibility – Due to reduced operations companies are laying off many employees.
However, entire society is in stress. Corporates must share the burden with their employees in the difficult
times. This will give expression to distributive justice concept – corporates draw benefit from the society,
hence must also share burden of the society.
• Investment and risk taking operations Vs cutting down on capital allocation – corporates must help
revive the economy by investing more during the present economic slowdown.
• Responsibility towards environment cannot be compromised to increase profitability. All environmental
guidelines must be abided by.
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Theme Question Year
Strengthening of ethical There is a heavy ethical responsibility on the public servants because 2014
and moral values in they occupy positions of power, handle huge amounts of public funds,
governance. and their decisions have wide-ranging impact on society and
environment. What steps have you taken to improve your ethical
competence to handle such responsibility?
Ethical concerns and Some recent developments such as introduction of RTI Act, media and 2015
dilemmas in government judicial activism, etc., are proving helpful in bringing about greater
and private institutions transparency and accountability in the functioning of the government.
However, it is also being observed that at times the mechanisms are
misused. Another negative effect is that the officers are now afraid to
take prompt decisions. Analyze this situation in detail and suggest how
this dichotomy can be resolved. Suggest how these negative impacts
can be minimized.
Accountability and ethical What do you understand by the terms ‘governance’, ‘good governance’ 2016
governance and ‘ethical governance’?
Ethical concerns and Max Weber said that it is not wise to apply to public administration the 2016
dilemmas in government sort of moral and ethical norms we apply to matters of personal
and private institutions conscience. It is important to realise that the State bureaucracy might
possess its own independent bureaucratic morality. Critically analyse
this.
Ethical concerns and Increased national wealth did not result in equitable distribution of its 2017
dilemmas in government benefits. It has created only some “enclaves of modernity and
and prosperity for a small minority at the cost of the majority.” Justify.
private institutions
Corporate governance Corporate social responsibility makes companies more profitable and 2017
sustainable. Analyse.
Ethical issues in Strength, peace and security are considered to be the pillars of 2017
international relations international relations. Elucidate.
and funding
Ethical issues in At the international level, the bilateral relations between most nations 2017
international relations are governed on the policy of promoting one’s own national interest
and funding without any regard for the interest of other nations. This leads to
conflicts and tensions between the nations. How can ethical
considerations help resolve such tensions? Discuss with specific
examples.
Ethical concerns and Suppose the Government of India is thinking of constructing a dam in a 2018
dilemmas in government mountain valley bond by forests and inhabited by ethnic communities.
and private institutions What rational policy should it resort to in dealing with unforeseen
contingencies.
Laws, rules, regulations Explain the process of resolving ethical dilemmas in Public 2018
and conscience as sources Administration
of ethical guidance
Strengthening of ethical “In doing a good thing, everything is permitted which is not prohibited 2018
and moral values in expressly or by clear implication”. Examine the statement with suitable
governance. examples in the context of a public servant discharging his/her duties.
Strengthening of ethical What does this quotations mean to you in the present context: “The 2018
and moral values in true rule, in determining to embrace, or reject anything, is not whether
governance. it has any evil in it; but whether it has more evil than good. There are
few things wholly evil or wholly good. Almost everything, especially of
governmental policy, is an inseparable compound of the two; so that
our best judgement of the preponderance between them is continually
demanded. ” Abraham Lincoln. (150 words).
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7. Probity In Governance
Syllabus:
1. Concept of public service;
2. Philosophical basis of governance and probity;
3. Information sharing and transparency in government,
4. Right to Information,
5. Code of Ethics,
6. Code of Conduct,
7. Citizen Centric Administration,
8. Citizen’s Charter,
9. Work culture,
10. Quality of service delivery,
11. Utilisation of Public funds,
12. Social Audit,
13. Challenges of corruption
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CONCEPT OF PUBLIC SERVICE:

• Public service refers to the broad framework under which government employees extend services with
the aim of advancing greater public good. The term is linked with a social agreement. It includes the
services provided, the contiguous interactions and the grievance redressal linked with those services. All the
aspects of day to day life ranging from health, education, infrastructure and law and order among others
that the government provides are under the purview of public service.
In 1996, United Nations adopted an international code of conduct for public officials. As per the
document, a public service is defined as the class and the tasks of officials who act as delegates of
elected officials. The elected representatives embody the legitimacy to define public interest, while public
service ensures that public interest is served and public trust is maintained.
• Public services offer the most common interface between people and the state, and their functioning
shapes people's sense of trust in and expectations of government. They may be related with fundamental
human rights.
• Public services need to be delivered with honesty, citizen centricity, responsiveness, particularly to the
needs of the most vulnerable. Promoting greater transparency and allowing ordinary citizens to assess the
quality, adequacy and effectiveness of elementary services, to voice their needs and preferences and to
become involved in innovation offers.
• In broader perspective, public service is to be seen as an amalgam of legal and moral obligations that must
be provided in a transparent, efficient and time bound manner. Delivering effective public services needs
multi- level transformation such as changing the way public sector organisations think and act, how they
view their roles.
SERVICES
PRIVATE SERVICE
CUSTOMER
PROVIDER
USER CHARGES
PHILOSOPHICAL BASIS OF PUBLIC SERVICE:

• Social Contract: Thinkers like Thomas Hobbes, John Locke etc. propounded that public service is the
contractual obligation of government as the people have surrendered some of their rights and resources to
them in return for certain basic services. Hence, public servants are bound to serve the people.
• Spirituality: Thinkers like Mahatma Gandhi viewed public service as a way to salvation. He believed that
public service elevates individual consciousness and produces the highest sense of fulfilment. He said, “The
best way to find yourself is to lose yourself in the service of others”.
• Giving Back: It is also believed that public service is the duty of those who have enriched themselves using
public resources, so that a stable and happy society is achieved. It is the duty of those who are capable to
serve those who are in need. This is the view held by rich philanthropists such as Bill Gates, Narayan Murthy
etc.
• Spirit of Service: Public service is also viewed as a manifestation of individual morality which motivates
public servants towards working for others. Such public service is based on individual conscience and
social goodwill. Swami Vivekananda said, “service of man is the service of God”.
PUBLIC SERVICE PROFESSIONALISM MEANS:

• Political neutrality.
• Transparency and accountability.
• Economy, Efficiency and Equity in utilization/implementation of government scheme.
• Citizen Centricity.
FEATURES OF PUBLIC SERVICE:
• Public services are usually provided by local or national monopoly especially in sector which are natural
monopoly (e.g. law & order, judiciary)
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• Certain public services are vital for existence of community itself. Eg – water, transport, food etc
• These services involve outputs that are hard to attribute to specific individual effort. If anything wrong
happens people blame the government rather that an individual.
• They are provided by large scale administration which effect entire social-economic structure of society.
• Public accountability is the essence of public services in democracy.
• Social-good oriented rather than profit oriented.
• Public service is provided by administration which works under political direction and scrutiny.
• Provided by legal framework.
• Needs to maintain fairness of treatment and equity.
PUBLIC SERVICE VALUES:

The Public Service and the Public Servants shall be guided and informed by the following values in the
discharge of their functions:
• Patriotism and upholding national pride.
• Allegiance to the Constitution and the law of the nation.
• Objectivity, honesty, care and diligence, courtesy and transparency.
• Maintain absolute integrity.
• Discharge official duties with competence and accountability; without discrimination and in accordance with
the law.
• Ensure effective management, professional growth and leadership development.
• Avoid misuse of official position or information and using the public moneys with utmost care and economy.
• Function with the objective serving public.
• Public Servants are to serve as instruments of good governance and to provide services for the betterment of
the public at large.
• Foster socio-economic development, with due regard to the diversity of the nation but
• without discrimination on the ground of caste, community, religion, gender or class and duly protecting the
interest of poor, underprivileged and weaker sections.
ETHICAL CONCERNS IN PUBLIC SERVICE:

• Administrative discretion
• Corruption
• Nepotism
• Crony-Capitalism
• Administrative secrecy and Opacity
• Information leaks
• Policy dilemmas
• Inefficiency and Ineffectiveness
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• Self-aggrandizing
• Lack of Accountability
• Authoritarianism
PROBITY IN GOVERNANCE:
• Probity in governance is defined as the having strong ethical and
moral values in the process of governance. Probity is a word
which is derived from Latin which means “good”. Therefore, good
values in governance are honesty, accountable, integrity, compassion
etc.
• Probity is the quality of having strong knowledge of moral
principle and integrity (in personal or public relations). It includes
they honesty and decency of a person or organisation in applying
their moral principles in personal and public life.
• Probity represents the maximalist approach to life in which a person adheres to the best principles and
ideals rather than simply avoiding corrupt or dishonest practices in personal and public relations.
• Governance, defined as the process of decision making and the process by which it get implemented which
involves govt, civil society, NGOs, Interest groups etc.
PHILOSOPHICAL BASIS OF PROBITY IN GOVERNANCE:

• Epics, the philosophical basis of good governance that is probity in governance started with epics like
Ramayana, a model of ideal good governance.
• Kautilya in his Arthashastra quoted traits of king and ways to stop corruption. He also written about
disciplinary proceedings against corrupt officials
• Aristotle, for him good governance and political stability are vital components of a state and morality is the
basic foundation of political attitudes. Possession of virtues like justice, charity, generosity for benefit of
society.
• Thomas Hobbes, Linked concepts of ethics with rationality and objectivity in state and common wealth
• Immanuel Kant, Makes the concept of duty central to morality.
• Utilitarian principle, the greatest good to greatest number of people
• Max Weber, Present bureaucratic system working on weber’s Legal-Rationality model.
MODERN VIEW POINT OF PROBITY IN GOVERNANCE – SOCIAL CONTRACT:

• Social contract is an agreement, between the ruled and their rulers, defining the rights and duties of each.
• The central assertion that social contract theory approaches is that law and political order are not natural,
but human creations.
• The social contract and the political order it creates are simply the means towards an end - the benefit of
the individuals involved - and legitimate only to the extent that they fulfill their part of the agreement.
• When the government fails to secure their natural rights (Locke) or satisfy the best interests of society (called
the "general will" by Rousseau), citizens can withdraw their obligation to obey, or change the leadership
through elections or other means including.
• Locke believed that natural rights were inalienable, and therefore the rule of God superseded
government authority.
• Rousseau believed that democracy (self-rule) was the best way to ensure welfare while maintaining
individual freedom under the rule of law.
IMPORTANCE OF PROBITY IN GOVERNANCE:

• Probity in governance is an essential and vital requirement for an efficient and effective system of
governance and for socio-economic development.
• Ensuring probity in governance results in absence of corruption.
• Distributive and Procedural justice
• Smooth and better implementation of laws
• Transparency and accountability can be ensured
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• Lack of Technological knowledge to implement e-governance tools

• To ensure integrity, ethical behaviour and accountability in the governance
• Builds up trust on state i.e., Legitimises the system
• Enhances social capital and trust among the people
• Impartiality, non-partisanship and non-discrimination to ensure fairness
• Optimum utilisation of resources
PROBITY IN PUBLIC LIFE:

Probity in public life is standards that society expects from those elected or appointed to public office to
observe and maintain in their conduct. Probity in governance is an essential and vital requirement for an
efficient and effective system of governance and for sustainable development. It incorporates:
1. Rule of law
2. Equity and inclusiveness
3. Consensus orientation (persuasion)
4. Participation
5. Transparency
6. Accountability
7. Responsibility
8. Selflessness
9. Justice
ISSUES IN THE PRESENT SYSTEM:

• Absence of corruption and fair implementation of laws is a pre-requisite for probity in governance.
Indeed, pre-requisite condition for a proper, fair and effective enforcement of law is discipline.
• Unfortunately for India, discipline is disappearing fast from public life and without discipline, no real
progress is possible. Discipline implies public and private morality and a sense of honesty.
• While in the West, a man who rises to positions of higher authority develops greater respect for laws, the
opposite is true in our country. Here, a person holding high position with which he can ignore the laws and
regulations.
• We are being swamped by a culture of indiscipline, untruth, no morality, both public and private life.
It is true that instilling a sense of discipline among the citizens is more the function of the society, its leaders,
political parties and public figures and least a legislative instrument. Even so, things have come to such a pass
that measures need to be contemplated.
• The values such as selflessness, Integrity, Honesty, Accountability, etc. which measures Probity in governance
were already discussed in various parts of the subject in this document.
NCRWC ON PROBITY IN GOVERNANCE:

• National Commission to Review the working of Constitution’s (NCRWC) made a detailed report on
‘Probity in governance’.
• According to the commission, an important requisite for ensuring probity in governance is absence of
corruption. In this regard the commission also quoted the Scandinavian economist-sociologist Gunnyar
Myrdal’s Indian state as a ‘soft society’. He clarified what the expression ‘soft society’ means. According
to him, a soft society is:
➢ One which does not have the political will to enact the laws necessary for its progress and
development and/or does not possess the political will to implement the laws, even when made.
➢ Where there is no discipline.
• In fact, he has stressed the second aspect more than the first. According to him, if
there is no discipline in the society, no real or meaningful development or
progress is possible. It is the lack of discipline in the society - which expression
includes the administration and structures of governance at all levels - that is
contributing to corruption.
• Corruption and indiscipline feed upon each other. One way of instilling the
discipline among the society may be to reduce the chances of corruption and to deal with it sternly and
mercilessly wherever it is found. For this purpose, the inadequacies in the criminal judicial system have to
be redressed. Corruption is also anti-poor.
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Example:
The Public Distribution System (PDS) and the welfare schemes for the poor including Scheduled Castes (SCs)
and Scheduled Tribes (STs). It is well-known that a substantial portion of grain, sugar and kerosene oil meant
for PDS goes into black-market and that hardly 16% of the funds meant for STs and SCs reach them – all the
rest is misappropriated by some of the members of the political and official class and unscrupulous dealers
and businessmen.
FEATURES OF BUREAUCRACY
• Hierarchy
• Superior subordinate relations are there in order to maintain accountability and unity of command.
• Rules and regulations
• Merit based system
• Impersonal relationship
• Unified control
• Discipline – following rules and regulations, conformity, obedience.
• Maintenance of proper official records.
• Whole time employees
• Mean orientation and
• Complete de-humanisation.
HOW TO ENSURE PROBITY IN GOVERNANCE:

• Code of conduct and Code of Ethics
• Transparency and Accountability – RTI, Lokpal and Lokayuktas
• Citizen Centric Administration – Citizen charter, Service delivery
• Effective utilisation of public funds
• Tackling corruption- Institutional mechanism like Lokpal and lokayukta to deal with corruption
• Ethics in government act on lines of USA - It created mandatory, public disclosure of financial and
employment history of public officials and their immediate families. It also created restrictions
on lobbying efforts by public officials for a set period after leaving public office. Also, it created
the independent office tasked with investigating government officials.
CHALLENGES IN ENSURING PROBITY:

• High level of inequalities among communities
• No incentive
• No fear of accountability
• Lack of leadership
• Poor work culture
• Hedonism
• Discretion in absence of transparency
• Poor and ambiguous value system
WAYS TO IMPROVE PROBITY IN GOVERNANCE:

• Value education
• Transformational leadership
• High Emotional Intelligence - optimistic attitude
• Developing altruism and ethical literacy
• Good and ethical governance system
• Independent Media
• Vibrant civil society
• Accountability
• People with right aptitude must be chosen
• Healthy Work culture
• Representative democracy to participative democracy
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INFORMATION SHARING & TRANSPARENCY:

• Information sharing and Transparency are used interchangbly. One implies another. The information
sharing transparency and transparency ensure availability of
information.
• Transparency is core element of democratic society. It is the foundation
on which trust and faith can be formed. It is only when the people know
about the functioning of the government that they can trust the authorities.
Thus there has been an emphasis on transparent governance.
• Information sharing is a disclosure of information related to govt
policies, schemes, list of beneficiaries, status ongoing projects, fund
utilisation etc. Whereas transparency refers to actions of the govt which
are not kept hidden from public scrutiny and can’t be opaque.
“Truth never damages a cause that is just." - Mahatma Gandhi.
IMPORTANCE OF INFORMATION SHARING AND TRANSPARENCY:

• To make public officials accountable for their actions
• To fight corruption
• To claim our rights – Public have right to know what the govt doing
• To build confidence and trust among public-on-public offices
• To ensure probity in governance
• To make governments more efficient and effective
• To encourage Public and private investments to boost economy
• To reduce information asymmetry between what is available and what is existing in official records
• To create a level playing field between various sections of the society
CHALLENGES IN TRANSPARENCY & INFORMATION SHARING:

• Structural constraints – The lack of staff, offline records and files – Lack of digitisation of files, Huge files to
compile to check for required information.
• Privacy & Secrecy – Constitution provides right to privacy and also official secrets act blocking sharing of
information. Such roadblocks creating obstacles in sharing information and transparency
• Grievances- Lack of grievance mechanism also hindering information sharing
• Immunities- Immunities enjoyed by civil servants and departmental approvals prior to unclassified any
classified documents
• Threat to activists- Those who fighting for transparency in govt are having life threat and previously many
such activists died
• Delays- There are delays in disposing of information sharing applications.
• Digital outreach – Though usage of e-governance tools increasing but urban-rural digital divide still wider
so rural public offices unable to utilise the growing e-governance models due to internet connectivity, no
awareness on computer usage etc.
• Culture that is resistant to information sharing
• Too much Centralisation and misinterpretation of rules calling for secrecy.
• Malpractices and corruption
• Lack of effective, capable and competent leadership within agencies
• The absence of a clear value proposition
MECHANISMS TO ENSURE INFORMATION SHARING & TRANSPARENCY IN PUBLIC OFFICES:

• RTI - Govt enacted RTI act to ensure information sharing and transparency. Therefore, it will be implemented
in letter& spirit.
• Oath of Transparency- Introduce oath of transparency among bureaucrats and politicians.
• Official secrecy act- It should be replead so there is no conflict between two acts.
• E-Governance- Develop e-governance tools for smooth flow of information with periodical updates.
• Digital divide- Bridge the gap between rural and urban so rural people can make use of the services.
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• Social audit- In rural employment programmes it should be implemented.

• Media- Use of media to bring awareness and create confidence among the public.
• Citizen Charter – Should be published on services available.
“A lack of transparency results in distrust and a deep sense of insecurity” – Dalai Lama
EVOLUTION OF RIGHT TO INFORMATION:

• In a democracy, people are the real sovereigns and the elected government and its functionaries are
servants of the public.
• As stated by the Universal Declaration on Human Rights, everyone should enjoy freedom of opinion and
expression, including the right to seek, receive and impart information and ideas. Therefore, by the very
nature, transparency should be the norm in all matters of governance.
• Right to information has been seen as a step towards ensuring this transparency to strengthen
participatory democracy and ushering in people-centred governance.
• RTI opens government’s doings to public scrutiny, thereby arming them with the information that can
empower the poor and the weaker sections of society to demand and get information about public policies
and actions.
• This transparency in government organisations makes them function more objectively thereby enhancing
predictability.
• The credit of pioneering the movement for RTI goes mainly to Mazdoor Kisan Shakti Sangathan under the
leadership of Aruna Roy which pressurised the government authorities to provide information such as
master rolls and bills relating to purchase and transportation of materials.
• This information was then cross-checked at Jan Sunwais against actual testimonies of workers. Such an
arrangement was successful in drawing attention to corruption and leakages in the system.
• Eventually, the National Advisory Council headed by Sonia Gandhi, considered the paper submitted by
Aruna Roy (also a member of NAC) and the RTI Bill 2004 was adopted by the Parliament in 2005.
RTI ACT, 2005:
“Information is the currency of democracy” - Thomas Jefferson

The Right to Information is embedded in Article 19.1 of the constitution and is a fundamental right. It is all
about asking questions and getting answers as a Right. As per the original sections of the RTI act, 2005
• The Act applies to all states and union territories of India including the UT of J&K and Ladakh. (since
2019, post revocation of Art. 370)
• Under this Act, any citizen may request information from a ‘public authority’ which is required to respond
to the request within 30 days.
• The Act also prescribes that every public authority has to computerise their records for wide dissemination
and to proactively publish certain categories of information (Section 4 - Public Interest Disclosure)
• Building of institutions like Central Information Commission and State Information Commissions and
related Information officers and Appellate authorities like Central Public Information Officer (CPIO), Chief
Information Commissioner, State Chief Information Commissioner etc.
• Before taking any decision, the Central Public Info. Officer shall take into consideration the representation
made by a third party (a person other than the citizen making a request for information and includes a public
authority)
OBJECTIVES OF RTI ACT:

• To empower the citizens with information
• To promote transparency and accountability
• To contain corruption
• To enhance people’s participation in democratic process.
IMPORTANT SECTIONS OF RTI ACT 2005:
Section Features
34
Section It extends to the whole of India

1(2)
Section "Information" means any material in any form, and information relating to any private body
2(f) which can be accessed by a Public Authority under any other law for the time being in force.
Section States that "Public authority" means any authority or body or institution of self-
2(h) government established or constituted -
• by or under the Constitution;
• by any other law made by Parliament/State Legislature.
• By notification issued or order made by the appropriate Government, and includes
anybody:
➢ Owned, controlled or substantially financed;
➢ NGO substantially financed, directly or indirectly by funds provided by the
appropriate Government.
Section "Right to Information" means the right to information accessible under this Act which
2(j) is held by or under the control of any public authority and includes the right to:
• Inspection of work, documents, records;
• Taking notes, extracts or certified copies of documents or records;
• Taking certified samples of material;
• Obtaining information in the form of diskettes, floppies, tapes, video cassettes or in any
other electronic mode or through printouts where such information is stored in a
computer or in any other device.
Section 4 Suo-motu disclosure of information by each public authority.
Section 8 Exemption to certain Information –
• National security or sovereignty
• National economic interests
• Relations with foreign states
• Law enforcement and the judicial process
• Cabinet and other decision-making documents
• Trade secrets & commercial confidentiality
• Individual safety
• Personal privacy
Section 8 (2) Provides for disclosure of information exempted under Official Secrets Act, 1923 if larger
public interest is served.
RTI vs Right to Privacy

▪ Conceptually, RTI and the right to privacy are both complementary as well as in conflict to each other.
▪ While RTI increases access to information, the right to privacy protects it instead.
▪ At the same time they both function, as citizen rights safeguarding liberty, against state’s overreach.
▪ When the question of harmonising the contradicting rights arises, it should give justice to the larger public
interest and advancement of the public morality.
OFFICIAL SECRETS ACT AND ITS DRAWBACKS TO THE RTI:

• Given that, we retained the colonial Official Secrets Act (OSA) of the British era, even after independence
we continued to operate in a secret manner at an administrative level.
• The Central Civil Service Conduct Rules of 1964 also strengthen the OSA by prohibiting the government
servants from communicating the official document to anyone without authorisation.
Issues with OSA

• As stated by the Second ARC report, most contentious issue in the implementation of the Right to
Information Act relates to official secrets.
• Section 5 of OSA stated that, any person having information about a prohibited place, or an information
which may help enemy state, or which has been entrusted to him in confidence, or which he has obtained
owing to his official position, commits an ‘offence’ if s/he communicates it to an unauthorised person.
• Any kind of information is covered by this Section if it is classified as ‘secret’.
35
• The word ‘official secrets’ has not been defined in the Act, therefore, making it easier for public servant to
classify anything as “secret”.
• Shourie Committee on OSA stated that ‘it is the OSA that has been regarded in many quarters as being
primarily responsible for the excessive secrecy in the government. Its “catch-all” nature has invited
sustained criticism and demand for its amendment.’
RTI vs OFFICIAL SECRET ACT (OSA)

▪ Whenever there is a conflict between the two laws, the provisions of the RTI Act override those of the
OSA.
▪ Section 22 of the RTI Act states that its provisions will have effect notwithstanding anything that is
inconsistent with them in the OSA.
▪ Under Section 8(2) of the RTI Act, a public authority may allow access to information covered under
the OSA, “if the public interest in disclosure outweighs the harm to the protected interest”.
ISSUES IN IMPLEMENTATION OF RTI:

• Complicated system of accepting requests.
• Poor record-keeping practices
• Lack of adequate infrastructure and staff for running information commissions
• Dilution of supplementary laws like the whistle-blower protection Act.
• Insistence on demand drafts.
• Varying and often higher rates of application fee.
• Large number of PIOs obstructing the process.
• Information commissioners do not have adequate authorities to enforce the RTI Act.
• Though RTI’s aim is not to create a grievance redressal mechanism, the notices from Information
Commissions often spur the public authorities to redress grievances.
• Low public awareness regarding types of organisations covered under the RTI act etc.
• 75% percent of the citizens dissatisfied with the quality of information being provided.
RECOMMENDATIONS TO IMPROVE RTI:

• Creation of RTI Implementation Cells by appropriate Governments.
• Improving convenience in filing requests by creating multiple access channels, Common Service Centres
set up under National e-Governance Plan to facilitate citizens in filing RTI applications.
• CIC and SICs should be entrusted with the task of monitoring effective implementation of RTI in all public
authorities.
• A National Coordination Committee (NCC) may be set up under the chairmanship of the Chief Information
Commissioner with the nodal union ministry, the SICs and representatives of States as members.
• All organisation listed under Schedule 2 have to appoint PIOs.
• Inventory of Public Authorities should be made at the central and state levels and using web-based
applications for public authorities.
• Single window agency should be set up in each district.
• Provisions should be made to include annual confidential reports, examination question papers and
related matters in the exemptions under the RTI Act.
• Institutionalising third party audit.
In 2006, the Second Administrative Reforms Commission (ARC) recommended that OSA be repealed, and
replaced with a chapter in the National Security Act containing provisions relating to official secrets,
calling OSA incongruous with the regime of transparency in a democratic society.
RTI (AMENDMENT) ACT, 2019:
Provision RTI Act, 2005 RTI (Amendment) Act, 2019
36
Term of Office and The Chief Information Commissioner The act removes this provision and states
Conditions of (CIC) and Information Commissioners that the central government will notify
service (ICs) (at the central and state level) will the term of office for the CIC and the ICs.
hold office for a term of five years.
Salary and The salary of the CIC and ICs (at the The act removes these provisions and
allowances central level) will be equivalent to the states that the salaries, allowances, and
salary paid to the Chief Election other terms and conditions of service of the
Commissioner and Election central and state CIC and ICs will be
Commissioners, respectively. Similarly, determined by the central government.
the salary of the CIC and ICs (at the state
level) will be equivalent to the salary paid
to the Election Commissioners and the
Chief Secretary to the state government,
respectively.
Deductions in The Act states that at the time of the The act removes these provisions.
Salary appointment of the CIC and ICs (at the
central and state level), if they are
receiving pension or any other retirement
benefits for previous government service,
their salaries will be reduced by an
amount equal to the pension. Previous
government service includes service
under: (i) the central government, (ii)
state government, (iii) corporation
established under a central or state law,
and (iv) company owned or controlled by
the central or state government.
CRITICISM OF THE AMENDMENT ACT:

• Information commissions are, as important as election commission. Considering it, lowering the authority
of IC will affect the working of IC. Even SC has directed that CIC and ICs shall be appointed on the same terms
and conditions as applicable to the Chief Election Commissioner or Election Commissioners.
• The recent amendment will dilute the autonomy of the Information Commissions against government
interference.
• The new provisions that empowers the Central Govt to unilaterally decide the salary and allowances as
well as tenure and other service conditions will change the existing framework on which RTI functions.
• Amendments are pushed through without the consultation of the citizens, by passing examination by the
standing committees.
JAN SOOCHNA PORTAL

▪ Recently, Jan Soochana Portal was launched by the Rajasthan State Government.
▪ The portal has been developed by the Department of Information Technology and Communication
(DoIT&C) in collaboration with civil society and other stakeholders.
▪ It is the first of its kind system in the country and has 48 information about 23 government schemes and
services from 13 departments on a single platform.
▪ The initiative is inspired by the spirit of Section 4 (2) of Right to Information Act, 2005, i.e. Proactive
Disclosure of Information.
CENTRAL INFORMATION COMMISSIONER (CIC):

• The Central Information Commission has been constituted under the Right to Information Act, 2005. The
jurisdiction of the Commission extends over all Central Public Authorities. The Commission has certain
powers and functions mentioned in sections 18, 19, 20 and 25 of the RTI Act, 2005.These broadly relate
to:
o Adjudication in second appeal for giving information
37
o Direction for record keeping, suo motu disclosures receiving and enquiring into a complaint on inability
to file RTI etc
o Imposition of penalties and Monitoring and Reporting including preparation of an Annual Report.
• The decisions of the Commission are final and binding.
Issues with the CIC office:

• With the recent amendment, office of CIC became purely govt discretion in terms of his salary and tenure
• Erosion of information regime with degradation of information autonomy in the public offices
• Powers only on paper but in reality, scenario is different. CIC ordered to disclose funding of political parties
under RTI but no political party willing follow his orders
• Frequent judicial interferences
• Delay in appointments
Right to Information has provided for the citizens in a democratic country, a valuable opportunity to actively
participate in the process of governance. But in India, because of a stereotypical legacy of colonialism,
centralization and feudalism, people’s willingness and awareness to participate is still relatively dormant.
Nevertheless, RTI has introduced in the politico administrative system the traits of caution, care, vigilance,
efficiency, transparency and other ethical aspects. Hopefully, the RTI act will help effect a shift from the
parochial culture of secrecy to a liberal culture of openness from personalised centralisation to accountable
decentralisation and from a unilateral policy and decisional system to a pattern of participative governance.
CODE OF CONDUCT & CODE OF ETHICS:

Code of conduct and code of ethics both are aimed at regulating organisation’s employee’s behaviour.
Similarities and differences between them very thin. The following table describes similarities and differences
between them.
CODE OF CONDUCT:
• Code of conduct evolved with Cornwallis code during East India Company rule. Till Independence, these
conduct rules updated periodically.
• After the independence, Santhanam Committee recommended considerable enlargement of such rules
resulting in the 1964 version. These rules have subsequently been updated to include additional norms of
behaviour.
• Present ‘Conduct Rules’, that is Central Civil Services (Conduct) Rules - 1964 and analogous rules
applicable to members of the All-India Services or employees of various State Governments.
• The norms prescribed in such rules are much older than the Rules themselves. Thus, specific acts were
proscribed from time to time through notifications under the Fundamental Rules and the Civil Service
Regulations.
• This is understandably a continuing process, and reflects the changing, often increasing expectations of
society, from the civil services. The breach of such prohibitions entailed punitive actions like removal from
service.
• There were, of course, provisions like ‘illegal gratification’ or bribery - Sections 161 to 165 of the IPC - or
‘criminal breach of trust by a public servant’ - Section 409 IPC - which provide for terms of imprisonment.
• In 1947, with the enactment of the Prevention of Corruption Act, a new set of offences was also created.
• Hence, overall, the summery of conduct rules are:
➢ Disapproval of habitual lending and indiscriminate borrowing
➢ Banning of various actions like accepting gifts
➢ Buying and selling property
➢ Making commercial investments
➢ Promoting companies
➢ Accepting commercial employment after retirement
➢ The requirement of observing courtesy
➢ Prohibiting demanding and accepting dowry
➢ Prohibiting sexual harassment of women employees
38
➢ Prohibition to employ children below 14 years of age as domestic help

➢ Maintaining integrity and absolute devotion to duty
➢ Not indulging in ‘conduct unbecoming of a government servant’, is generally directed towards
cataloguing specific activities deemed undesirable for government servants
➢ They should adhere to “Oath to secrecy”
But having this code of conduct with value neutrality not sufficient for development administration. Code
of conduct failed to promote positive values among the bureaucrats. Therefore, various committees
recommended need to have a code of ethics for civil servants to promote positive emotions like compassion,
empathy, decentralisation etc. Second Administrative Reforms Commission in its report on Ethics dealt what
ethical conduct should civil servants maintain in public life.
CODE OF ETHICS FOR CIVIL SERVANTS:

• From so many years India having just code of conduct for civil servants but there is no code of ethics
although such codes exist in other countries.
• In India we are having several conduct rules, which prohibit a set of common activities. These conduct rules
achieved what they intended to designed, but they do not constitute a code of ethics.
• Also, after the 73rd and 74th amendments of the constitution, the local bodies now have an important role
to play in nation’s development and have major executive powers. It is essential that the need for relevant
codes for these bodies and their employees, and for any public authority, is recognised.
PUBLIC SERVICES BILL, 2006

A draft “Public services Bill” 2006 was brought by Ministry
of personnel to promote code of ethical values among the
Civil servants. The salient feature of the bill are:
• Allegiance to the various ideals enshrined in the preamble
to the Constitution
• Good governance for betterment of the people to be the
primary goal of civil service
diversities of the nation Ensuring economy and avoidance of wastage in expenditure
• Communication, consultation and cooperation in performance of functions i.e., participation of all levels of
personnel in management
Bill also having a provision regarding Public Services Commissioner, is authorised to evaluate the public
servant’s ethical conduct.
Public Services Bill Recognizing and Affirming:

1. that good governance is an inalienable right of the citizens in a democracy,
2. that good governance should be participatory, transparent, accountable, governed by the rule of law
and be informed by equity and inclusiveness in governance, and effectiveness and efficiency in service,
and,
3. that a politically neutral, professional, accountable and efficient public service is an essential
instrument for promotion of good governance,
CHALLENGES IN IMPLEMENTING CODE OF ETHICS:

• Wide in nature made subject to multiple interpretations
• There is no legal mechanism to implement it
• There is no barometer to measure persons ethical values
• There is no punishment for violation of this code
39
• No grievance mechanism for immoral actions

• There should be some other requisite elements necessary to support a code such as viable legal system, in
synchronisation with laws that deal with corruption, ways of adjudicating administrative violations,
investigators, supported by prosecutors and a judiciary.
CODE OF ETHICS Vs CODE OF CONDUCT:
CODE OF ETHICS CODE OF CONDUCT

Set of values which influences our decision making Set of rules and regulations which governs our actions
Guides our behaviour Seeks the expected behaviour
Promotes positive behaviour Prevents negative behaviour
Scope is wider Scope is very narrower
Wide ranging and non-specific Limited range and Specific in nature
Addressed to anyone Addressed to only organisations members
Universal Varies from organisation to organisation
Morally binding and Voluntary in Nature. There is no Legally enforceable by civil services conduct rules
formal mechanism to implement to it.
Examples: Integrity, Honesty, Empathy, Compassion Examples: Guidelines for accepting private gifts,
social media usage, habitual lending and
indiscriminate borrowing, accepting commercial
employment after retirement etc
RECOMMENDATIONS OF SECOND ARC TO STRENGTHEN CODE OF ETHICS:

• ‘Public Service Values’ towards which all public servants should aspire, should be defined and made
applicable to all tiers of Government and organizations. Any transgression of these values should be treated
as misconduct, inviting punishment
• Conflict of interest should be comprehensively covered in the Code of Ethics and in the Code of Conduct for
officers. Also, serving officials should not be nominated on the Boards of Public undertakings. This will,
however, not apply to non-profit public institutions and advisory bodies.
• Statutory recognition to code of ethics
• Code of conduct should be integrated into code of ethics
• Code of ethics should also deal ethical dilemmas
• There should be penal provisions and grievance redressal mechanism to deal issues with such code.
CERTAIN STEPS TO INCULCATE PROBITY AMONG POLITICIANS:

• Mandatory declaration of assets, liabilities and business interests by politicians before elections should
be accompanied by a proper audit of these declarations by empowering Election Commission. The Chief
Minister of Tripura is one of the poorest in terms of assets and can be considered as a living example of
the probity practiced by him in his professional life. This is seen from the state faring well in HDI, when other
North eastern states are marred with insurgency and violence.
• A dedicated unit to oversee violation of Code of ethics and Code of conduct by politicians be set up both at
state and centre level. CoE & CoC for politicians should be laid down in public domain indicating violations
for public awareness.
• Parliamentary conduct ethics must be taught to MPs. For example, an year back an MP used a pepper spray
to disrupt proceedings. Similarly, frequent disruptions happen because of MPs coming into well. These
must be stringently acted upon.
• Illegal expenditure during elections is root cause of corruption among politicians, partial state funding of
elections could be the way forward in controlling it.
• Schemes like MPLAD and MLALAD should be abolished to do away with the conflict of interests among
legislators.
• Short duration training like civil servants on ethical aspects can be provided to first time MPs and MLAs.
CITIZEN CENTRIC ADMINISTRATION
40
The concepts of good governance and citizen centric administration are connected each other. Citizen
centricity with the aim of ensuring citizens’ welfare and citizens’ satisfaction, is critical for any government, local,
state or national which aims to provide good governance.
PRE-REQUISITES FOR CITIZEN CENTRIC GOVERNANCE:

• Sound legal framework
• Accountability framework
• Robust institutional mechanism for proper implementation of laws and their effective functioning
• Competent personnel staffing these institutions; and sound personnel management policies
• Right policies for decentralization, delegation and accountability.
• Rule of Law - Zero tolerance strategy
• Making institutions vibrant, responsive and accountable
• Democratic decentralization and delegation
• Transparency and openness
• Civil Services Reforms
• Ethics in Governance
• Procedural Reforms
WAYS TO ACHIEVE CITIZEN CENTRIC GOVERNANCE:

• Re-engineering processes to make governance ‘citizen centric’ – New Public Management (NPM) and New
Public Administration (NPA)
• Adoption of Appropriate Modern Technology
• Right to Information
• Citizens’ Charters
• Social Audits
• Independent evaluation of services
• Effective and efficient Grievance Redressal Mechanisms
• Active citizens’ participation – Public-private partnerships.
As governance is primarily a series of service operations with the ultimate objective of maximizing citizens’
welfare, use of management principles such as the Six Sigma concepts (data, focus on clients/citizens,
quality) combined with Lean thinking (process flow, minimizing the costs of unnecessary complexity)
can help to transform government service organizations into more efficient and citizen friendly agencies.
It is ultimately hope that, governance in India can be simplified so as to bring to its citizen a “multi-channel
single window delivery structure” for channelizing all types of government services at the local level in the
most efficient manner possible using modern IT technology so that the citizen can access these services easily
and conveniently at his doorstep and even on the run through the use of mobile telephony.
CITIZEN’S CHARTER
A Citizens’ Charter is basically a set of commitments made by an organization regarding the standards of
service which it delivers. The Citizens’ Charter is an instrument which seeks to make an organization
transparent, accountable and citizen friendly.
“A Citizens' Charter represents the commitment of the Organisation towards standard, quality and time frame of
service delivery, grievance redress mechanism, transparency and accountability.” - Department of
Administrative Reforms and Public Grievances.
Citizen’s Charters are public agreements between citizens and service delivery providers that clearly codify
expectations and standards in the realm of service delivery.
41
“A customer is the most important visitor on our premises. He is not dependent on us; we are dependent on
him. He is not an interruption on our work; he is the purpose of it. He is not an outsider on our business; he is
part of it. We are not doing him a favour by serving him; he is doing a favour by giving us an opportunity to do
so”. - Mahatma Gandhi
EVOLUTION OF CITIZEN’S CHARTER

• To make bureaucrats accountable to the public citizens’ charter first time evolved in UK in 1990’s.
Introduced by the then PM of UK John Mayor.
• The Citizens’ Charter, when introduced in the early 1990’s, represented a landmark shift in the delivery of
public services. The emphasis of the Citizens’ Charter is on citizens as customers of public services.
• The aim of the scheme was to ensure that public services are made responsive to the citizens they serve. The
original Citizens’ charter has six principles and three more principles added in later years. They are:
1. Quality - improving the quality of services
2. Choice - for the users wherever possible
3. Standards - specifying what to expect within a time frame
4. Value - for the taxpayers’ money
5. Accountability - of the service provider (individual as well as Organization)
6. Transparency - in rules, procedures, schemes and grievance redressal
7. Innovate and Improve
8. Work with other providers
9. Consult and involve and treat all fairly
COMPONENTS OF CITIZENS’ CHARTER:

According to 2nd ARC Twelfth Report-Citizen Centric Administration, every citizens’ charter has several
essential components to make it meaningful:
1. Vision and Mission Statement of the organization:
• This gives the outcomes desired and the broad strategy to achieve these goals and outcomes.
• This also makes the users aware of the intent of their service provider
• Helps in holding the organization accountable.
2. Subjects & Services provided - In its Citizens’ Charter, the organization must state clearly what subjects it
deals with and the service areas it broadly covers. This helps the users to understand the type of services
they can expect from a particular service provider. These commitments/promises constitute the heart of a
citizens’ charter. Even though these promises are not enforceable in a court of law, each organization should
ensure that the promises made are kept and, in case of default, a suitable compensatory/remedial mechanism
should be provided.
3. Citizen Responsibilities- The Citizens’ Charter should also stipulate the responsibilities of the citizens in the
context of the charter.
The programme was re-launched in 1998 by the Labour Government of Tony Blair which rechristened it as
“Services First”. The initial six principles were further expanded by the Labour Government as following nine
principles of Service Delivery (1998) :-
1. Set standards of service
2. Be open and provide full information
3. Consult and involve
4. Encourage access and the promotion of choice
5. Treat all fairly
6. Put things right when they go wrong
7. Use resources effectively
8. Innovate and improve
9. Work with other providers.
DARPG’S GUIDELINES:
• To be useful, the Charter must be simple, easy to understand and available in vernacular as well.
42
• The Charter must be framed not only by senior experts, but by interaction with the cutting edge staff who
will finally implement it and with the users (individual organizations)
• Merely announcing the Charter will not change the way we function. It is important to create conditions
through interaction and training for generating a responsive climate.
• Begin with a statement of the service(s) being offered
• A mention is made against each service about the entitlement of the user, service standards and
remedies available to the user in case of non-adherence to standards
• Procedures/costs/charges should be made available online/display boards/ booklets/inquiry counters
etc at places specified in the Charter
• Indicate clearly, that while these are not justiciable, the commitments enshrined in the Charter are in the
nature of a promise to be fulfilled with oneself and with the user
• Frame a structure for obtaining feedback and performance audit and fix a schedule for reviewing the
Charter at least every six months
• Separate Charters can be framed for distinct services and for organizations/ agencies/attached or
subordinate to a Ministry/Department.
CRITICISM AGAINST CITIZENS’ CHARTERS:

• Poor design and Content: Promises contained in the charters were vaguely worded and meaningless
• Resistance to change: The new practices demand significant changes in the behaviour and attitude of the
agency and its staff towards citizens. At times, vested interests work for stalling the Citizens’ Charter
altogether or in making it toothless.
• Very low level of public awareness
• Citizens’ Charter has lost public respect because it was seen as being too confused in its objectives
• In a majority of cases, the Charters were not formulated through a consultative process
• Service providers were not familiar with the philosophy, goals and main features of the Charter
• Adequate publicity to the Charters had not been given in any of the Departments evaluated. In most
Departments, the Charters are only in the initial or middle stage of implementation
• No funds have been specifically earmarked for awareness generation of Citizens’ Charter or for orientation
of the staff on various components of the Charter
• Charters are rarely updated
• The needs of senior citizens and the disabled are not considered when drafting Charters
• There was general lack of accountability and review mechanisms
• Lack of charter availability in vernacular or local languages.
Indian Experience
In India it was discussed first time in 1997 during CMs Conference to fight against corruption. One of the key
decisions of the Conference was to formulate and operationalise Citizens’ Charters at the Union and State
Government levels in sectors which have large public interface such as Railways, Telecom, Post & Public
Distribution Systems, Hospitals, and the Revenue & Electricity Departments.
MAKING CITIZENS’ CHARTERS EFFECTIVE – AN AGENDA FOR REFORM:

• Need for citizens and staff to be consulted at every stage of formulation of the Charter
• Orientation of staff about the salient features and goals/ objectives of the Charter
• Vision and mission statement of the department and skills such as team building, problem solving, handling
of grievances and communication skills
• Need for creation of database on consumer grievances and redress
• Need for wider publicity of the Charter through print media, posters, banners, leaflets, handbills, brochures,
local newspapers etc. and also through electronic media
• Earmarking of specific budgets for awareness generation and orientation of staff
• Emulation of best practices in this field
SECOND ARC RECOMMENDATIONS:

The Commission observed, in order to make these Charters effective tools for holding public servants
accountable, the Charters should clearly spell out the remedy/penalty/compensation in case there is a
43

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default in meeting the standards spelt out in the Charter. It emphasized that, it is better to have a few promises
which can be kept than a long list of lofty but impractical aspirations.
1. Internal restructuring should precede Charter formulation:
• As a meaningful Charter seeks to improve the quality of service, mere stipulation to that effect in the
Charter will not suffice.
• There has to be a complete analysis of the existing systems and processes within the organization and,
if need be, these should to be recast and new initiatives adopted.
• Citizens’ Charters that are put in place after these internal reforms will be more credible and useful than
those designed as mere desk exercises without any system re-engineering.
2. One size does not fit all:
• This huge challenge becomes even more complex as the capabilities and resources that governments
and departments need to implement Citizens’ Charters vary significantly across the country. Added to
these are differing local conditions.
• The highly uneven distribution of Citizens’ Charters across States is clear evidence of this ground
reality. Therefore, the Commission is of the view that formulation of Citizens’ Charters should be a
decentralized activity with the head office providing broad guidelines.
3. Wide consultation process:
• Citizens’ Charters should be formulated after extensive consultations within the organization followed
by a meaningful dialogue with civil society. Inputs from experts should also be considered at this stage.
4. Firm commitments to be made:
• Citizens’ Charters must be precise and make firm commitments of service delivery standards to the
citizens/consumers in quantifiable terms wherever possible.
• With the passage of time, an effort should be made for more stringent standards of service delivery.
5. Redressal mechanism in case of default:
• Citizens’ Charter should clearly lay down the relief which the organization is bound to provide if it has
defaulted on the promised standards of delivery.
• In addition, wherever there is a default in the service delivery by the organization, citizens must also have
recourse to a Grievance’s Redressal Mechanism.
6. Periodic evaluation of Citizens’ Charters:
• Every organization must conduct periodic evaluation of its Citizens’ Charter preferably through an
independent external agency. This agency while evaluating the Charter of the organisation should also
make an objective analysis of whether the promises made therein are being delivered within the defined
parameters.
• The result of such evaluations must be used to improve upon the Charter. This is necessary because a
Citizens’ Charter is a dynamic document which must keep pace with the changing needs of the
citizens as well as the changes in underlying processes and technology. A periodic review of Citizens’
Charter thus becomes an imperative.
7. Benchmark using end-user feedback:
• Systematic monitoring and review of Citizens’ Charters is necessary even after they are approved and
placed in the public domain.
• Performance and accountability tend to suffer when officials are not held responsible for the quality of a
Charter’s design and implementation.
• In this context, end-user feedback can be a timely aid to assess the progress and outcomes of an
agency that has implemented a Citizens’ Charter. This is a standard practice for Charters implemented in
the UK.
8. Hold officers accountable for results:
• All of the above point to the need to make the heads of agencies or other designated senior officials
accountable for their respective Citizens’ Charters.
• The monitoring mechanism should fix specific responsibility in all cases where there is a default in
adhering to the Citizens’ Charter
9. Include Civil Society in the process:
• Organizations need to recognize and support the efforts of civil society groups in preparation of the
Charters, their dissemination and also facilitating information disclosures.
44
• There have been a number of States where involvement of civil society in this entire process has resulted
in vast improvement in the contents of the Charter, as well as educating the citizens about the importance
of this vital mechanism.
The Right of Citizens for Time Bound Delivery of Goods and Services and Redressal of their Grievances
Bill, 2011 (Citizens Charter)
• The Bill seeks to create a mechanism to ensure timely delivery of goods and services to citizens.
• Every public authority is required to publish a citizen’s charter within six months of the commencement of
the Act. The Charter will detail the goods and services to be provided and their timelines for delivery.
• A citizen may file a complaint regarding any grievance related to:
➢ Citizen’s charter
➢ Functioning of a public authority
➢ Violation of a law, policy or scheme.
• The Bill requires all public authorities to appoint officers to redress grievances. Grievances are to be
redressed within 30 working days. The Bill also provides for the appointment of Central and State Public
Grievance Redressal Commissions.
• A penalty of up to Rs 50,000 may be levied upon the responsible officer or the Grievance Redressal Officer
for failure to render services.
• But the bill not yet passed due to its limitations like central govt does not have authority over state officials,
and many of its provisions already there in various laws and over lapping with existing rules. But most of its
provisions are aimed at time bound delivery of services.
WORK CULTURE:
• Work culture is a concept which deals with beliefs, thought processes and attitudes of the employees. It
is the work culture which decides the way employees interact with each other and how an organisation
functions. An organisation is said to have a strong work culture when the employees follow the organisation’s
rules and adhere to the existing guidelines.
• It is essential for the employees to enjoy at the work place for them to develop a sense of professional
loyalty. The organisation must offer positive ambience to the employees for them to concentrate on the
work rather than interfering in each other’s work. Such a work culture plays an important role in extracting
the best out of employees and making them stick to organisation for longer time.
COMPONENTS OF WORK CULTURE:

• Legacy of its earlier leadership – Founder fathers’ vision should be carry forward and it will be part and
parcel of organisational culture
• Organisation’s Mission, goals, objectives should reflect in its work culture
• Work Ethics – Discipline, confidentiality, loyalty, integrity, commitment to the duty, delivery of services on
time, Transparency etc.
• Treatment of customers – Customers or consumers should be treated as gods to any organisation. They
should be respected and their grievances should be addressed on earliest time
• Recognition to work – Rewards, promotions, increments, bonus.
WORK CULTURE: PUBLIC SECTOR Vs PRIVATE WORK CULTURE
PUBLIC SECTOR PRIVATE SECTOR

Public welfare is the main goal of the public sector Profit and business is the main goal
Strict code of conduct and rules and regulations, Deadlines, speedy work, competition with another
formal dress code organisation
Justice, due process of law to be followed while Efficiency, customer satisfaction
delivering services
There is no much scope to creativity Beyond limits to one’s own creativity
Red-tapism, low level delivery, low skills, hierarchy Workers exploitation, workers’ rights at stake
are common traits in public work culture
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FEATURES OF A HEALTHY WORK CULTURE:

• Employees must be cheerful, polite and punctual. One must respect his fellow worker. Backbiting is
considered strictly unprofessional.
• Appreciating the top performers is important. Let them feel indispensable for their organization.
• Organisation must have employee friendly policies and practical guidelines. Expecting an employee to
work till late night on his birthday is simply impractical.
• Encourage discussions at the workplace to reach to better conclusions. Transparency is essential at all
levels for better relationships among employees and a healthy work culture.
• Promote team building activities to bind the employees together. Conduct training programs, workshops,
seminars and presentations to upgrade the existing skills of the employees.
• Partiality leads to demotivated employees and eventually an unhealthy work culture. Employees should be
judged only by their work.
FEATURES OF A POOR WORK CULTURE:

• Office politics – Politics plays vital role in organisational productivity. Therefore, rules and system should
be transparent and there should be limits on discretionary powers on superiors.
• Inefficiency: A poor work culture shows high resource use, slow pace of work due to the ‘chalta hai’ attitude
and complacency among workers. This is itself a result of lack of accountability and weak supervision.
• Work pressure and stress – Due to heavy load of work employees went under tremendous pressure and
stress.
• Lack of accountability: Poor performance is not penalized and workers are not made to account for their
poor quality of work. This pattern of behaviour slowly spreads to other workers as it is not penalized.
• Poor grievance redressal: Sufficient care is not given to needs and complaints of the clients who are
unsatisfied with the services. It results from a lack of commitment to service and weak institutional
mechanisms to redress grievances.
• Personal life-work balance – There should be enough time to spend with family members. It will not only
relieve their work stress and also boosts to employee morale and helps in organisational productivity.
• Nepotism and favouritism: Human resource management is based on favouring loyalists and favourites
instead of being based on performance. This goes on to encourage sycophancy among employees and feudal
attitude among supervisors and at the same time, fails to reward good performance.
• Low morale and motivation: Workforce suffers from lack of motivation due to low compensation, poor
human relations, poor working conditions, lack of recognition and so on. This results in fall of productivity
and casual attitude among employees.
• Red-tapism: Organization works with a process-orientation rather than result- orientation. It is caused by
rigid rules and procedures and lack of incentive for risk taking and swift decision making.
• Lack of Inclusivity – Organisation should be equally represented with from different sections of the society.
• Conflicts: Disputes between managers and subordinates and among fellow employees are rampant and
remain unresolved. They lead to logjams, stagnation and loss of productivity.
PROBLEMS IN BUREAUCRATIC WORK CULTURE:

• Structural issues – Issues like centralised decision making, hierarchy and superiority and subordinates. It
will cause structural and procedural delays to get things done. Results in inefficiency in the organisation.
• Coordination & Cooperation – With so many govt departments and many public offices, coordination with
them difficult task. If an office filled with corrupt subordinates and cooperation to honest superior is a myth
in that office.
• Means but not an end – Work culture mainly focussed on timely completion of projects without thinking of
its consequences.
• Lack of Trained personnel- Most of the lower employees at retiring age. They are not able to adopt changing
work conditions
• Erosion of work ethics – Govt offices known for “1’0 clock offices” i.e., employees come to office at lunch
time and leaves before sunset. There is no discipline, arrogance towards customers, no punctuality.
• Technology – Lack of digitisation at public offices, so they not able to meet private competition
• Corruption, Redtapism, endless paper work other such problems in work culture of administration.
• Interreference from political leadership
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STEPS FOR CREATING HEALTHY WORK CULTURE:

Every organization has its own distinct culture, shaped by its values, priorities, the people who work there.
These factors mix together to naturally form the makeup of a company’s everyday environment - its work culture.
Healthy work culture refers to the one where employees feel valued, safe, comfortable, and flush with
opportunity for growth. A happier workforce makes for more productive employees, and successful
managers are constantly assessing employee satisfaction.
• Increase Employee engagement - Employee engagement and having employees who are “emotionally and
psychologically attached to their work and workplace”, is crucial to creating positive employee
relationships and a successful bottom line. In order to increase employee engagement:
• Increase Employee retention – Pay hikes, Secure work place for women, upward mobility. Such conditions
retains most of its employees.
• Work flexibility – Work at home, five-day work became norm of the day in today’s work culture. Therefore,
employees should be given flexibility to work anywhere and anytime.
• Improve communication with employees - Measures like availability, fixed to slot to hear employees’
grievances helps in communicate with employees
• Build a strong employer brand – A strong public trust improves organisational brand.
RECOMMENDATIONS TO IMPROVE WORK CULTURE IN BUREAUCRATIC:

• Second ARC recommended 360-degree performance evaluation to measure its personnel work
performance. This also ensures feedback from employees.
• Performance management system- This is the new new Performance Appraisal Report introduced for All-
India-Services provides for regular, participative, detailed, quantitative performance evaluation.
• Mid-career training for employees for motivation and reskilling
• Regular Feedback from the employees regarding their grievances
• Transparency and accountability in public services for ensuring quality service delivery
• Guarantee of quality-of-service delivery before the time limit and at the door step
• Rewards and recognition to hard working and disciplined employees for example, employees of the month.
• Our administrative system must become more goal-oriented.
• A new work-ethic, a new work culture must be evolved in which Government is result-bound and not
procedure bound.
• Ethical sensitisation and team spirit are required to develop a work culture that is empathetic to citizens
needs and is resilient to undue external pressures.
• Reward and punishment must be related to performance
• Delegation changes the work culture, improves job satisfaction, motivation and morale of employees.
• Interaction and presentations to higher authorities. Example: PRAGATHI platform where all district
collectors connected.
• Grievance redressal mechanism. Examples: CPGRAMS
• Accountability in bureaucracy need to be improved. The recent initiatives taken by the government such as
biometric attendance, punctuality are long due towards improvement of work culture. Encourage use of IT
to reduce discretion and bring in transparency and accountability.
WHY PRIVATE SECTOR HAS BETTER WORK CULTURE?

• Better communication: All the top corporates believe in wide spread communication of its policies and
decisions to all its employees, while in government sector there is strict hierarchy of flow of communication,
and it generally get filtered in the way downwards.
• Rewards: Corporates work on the principle of rewards for the individual efforts and results. While on the
other hand, government departments, so not give enough recognition to the efforts on individual. They
generally have seniority based promotions rather than merit based.
• Enabling infrastructure: Most of the top corporates, provide shuttle services, after office relaxation clubs,
creche facilities etc. Infrastructure in government organizations lacks in comparison.
• Code of Ethics and code of conduct: Professional code in corporate and code of civil services followed in
government sector.
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QUALITY OF PUBLIC SERVICE DELIVERY

Public service delivery refers to the relationship between policy makers, service providers and consumers of
those services. Service delivery is a mechanism used by an organization to meet the needs and aspirations of
the people it is meant to serve.
AIMS & OBJECTIVES:

• Aim of any public Services delivery is to ensure ease of living to citizens.
• Public Service Delivery is very important as citizens are now focussed on getting their work done.
• To make the system should be made simple and not complicated.
• While emphasising on ‘ease of living’ to citizens, Government need not control the delivery of services, but
facilitate efficient, transparent and time-bound delivery.
• For optimum use of Information technology to benefit the citizens.
• Three aspects of Public Service Delivery are:
1. Citizen-centric administration
2. Transparency
3. Time-bound.
The ability of a government to meet national service delivery needs is a source of credibility on their part
thereof. Conversely, governments face a critical test when they fail to meet peoples’ expectations. At the centre
of service delivery is accountability, value for money, efficient and effective use of resources, improved
communication and decision-making processes. If the accountability process is weak, value for money will
not be realized. Effective service delivery is about providing the services that meet the needs of the users in the
most efficient and effective ways. Sharing best practices leads to effective and efficient service designs and
implementation.
QUALITY OF SERVICE DELIVERY:

Quality means excellence or inferiority at something. It something difference between standard quality and
reality. Quality of service delivery refers to the public service which is delivering by public offices which are as
per meeting public aspirations or fail to meet public expectations. The parameters or guiding principles to
measure to quality-of-service delivery depends on:
• Availability: A service should be available at the time and scale that the user needs it.
• Deliverability: A service should be delivered regularly and on time.
• Usability: A service should be presented in user specific formats so that the client can fully understand.
• Usefulness: A service should be designed to respond appropriately to user needs.
• Credibility: A service be designed in such a way that the user can confidently and conveniently apply it in
solving his/her problem or need.
• Authenticity: A service should be delivered in such a way that entitles it to be accepted by stakeholders in
given decision-making contexts.
• Responsive and flexible: A service should directly respond to the evolving user needs.
• Sustainability: A service should be affordable and consistent over time.
• Expandability: A service should be applicable to different kinds of approaches.
REASONS FOR POOR QUALITY OF SERVICE DELIVERY AT PUBLIC OFFICES:

• Lacking in morale towards public duty and indiscipline among public officials
• Lack of proper infrastructure at public offices
• Not catching up with growing technology
• Failed to meet last mile delivery
• Arrogancy towards public and sense of lazy attitude among public servants
• Some of the Public servants acting as a public master.
• Lack of resources i.e., insufficient funds though who committed to work for public cause
• Lengthy procedural formalities for example, PMMVY scheme requires 29 pages application form to get
benefits under scheme
• Low educational levels among rural people to know their rights
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MEASURES TO IMPROVE SERVICE DELIVERY:

• Conscious Strengthening of Service Standards in terms of quantity, quality, time and cost of service
delivered.
• Uncompromisable Quality of Service to meet consumers’ expectations and satisfaction with the quality of
service delivered.
• Professionalism and technical adequacy of contracting firms to degree to which firms providing services
adhere to their ethical and technical competencies.
• Effective and rigorous supervision of contracts to the extent to which technical and political leadership
holds service providers to account.
• Citizens’ Satisfaction with Service Delivery to ensure that the ordinary citizen is the focus of service delivery
and realizes the value for money.
• Transparent and open outsourcing of services to fair play in business and public procurement of service
providers.
• Accountable and equitable civil society services. This refers to civil society taking lead in delivering
services in exemplary manner to all stakeholders.
• Good governance-focused institutional framework for good service delivery processes and practices.
• Adequate mobilization of resources for service delivery to meet intergovernmental fiscal relations and
local revenue raising mechanisms in local governments.
• Efficient utilization of resources to prudent use of available resources by local governments.
• Inclusive and participatory planning to make participation of the ordinary people in deciding their choices
of service delivery.
• Socio-economic empowerment of ordinary citizens through national and regional programmes. This refers
to effectiveness in implementation of poverty reduction projects that benefit citizens at the local level.
SEVOTTAM MODEL OF PUBLIC SERVICE DELIVERY

• Sevottam is a Service Delivery Excellence Model which provides an
assessment improvement framework to bring about excellence in
public service delivery.
• The need for a tool like Sevottam arose from the fact that Citizens’
Charters by themselves could not achieve the desired results in
improving quality of public services.
• Besides, the absence of a credible grievances redressal mechanism
within organizations was also becoming a major impediment in
improving service delivery standards.
• Thus, it was felt that unless there is a mechanism to assess the
outcomes of various measures, the reform initiatives would not yield the desired results.
• The Sevottam model works as an evaluation mechanism to assess the quality of internal processes and their
impact on the quality-of-service delivery.
The Sevottam model has three modules:

1. The first component of the model requires effective Charter implementation thereby opening up a
channel for receiving citizens’ inputs into the way in which
organizations determine service delivery requirements. Citizens’
Charters publicly declare the information on citizens’ entitlements
thereby making citizens better informed and hence empowering
them to demand better services.
2. The second component of the model, ‘Public Grievance Redress’
requires a good grievance redressal system operating in a manner
that leaves the citizen more satisfied with how the organization
responds to complaints/grievances, irrespective of the final decision.
3. The third component ‘Excellence in Service Delivery’, postulates
that an organization can have an excellent performance in service
delivery only if it is efficiently managing well the key ingredients for good service delivery and building its
own capacity to continuously improve service delivery.
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2nd ARC has studied the Sevottam model and is of the view that it is a step in the right direction. However,
it would require further strengthening and refinement. As of now, it is a voluntary initiative. Also, the
focus is largely on process standards rather than service standards. The Commission is of the view that while
good internal processes are necessary for better services, these by themselves may not be sufficient.
Therefore, there is need to focus on better quality of service. This could be achieved within the existing
Sevottam framework by shifting the emphasis from processes to quality of service.
PUBLIC SERVICES MANAGEMENT CODE:

Public Service Management Codes are codes notified by the Central Government from time to time for the
Public Services and Public Servants. The Government shall prepare Public Services Management Code based
on the following principles:
• Public Services is established as a professional, merit-based institution for promoting government policies
and good governance.
• Mechanisms and incentives to achieve and maintain high levels of productivity, efficiency and
excellence.
• Policies and structures to promote the viability and sustainability of the public services keeping in view
the finances of the government.
• The interface between the political executive and the public services based on the principles of neutrality,
professional excellence and integrity.
• Public Servants shall be accountable for their decisions or the decision-making process in implementation
of the management of code.
UTILISATION OF PUBLIC FUNDS:

FINANCIAL MANAGEMENT:
• Finance is the lifeblood of socio-economic development. Financial management relates to the system,
which generates, regulates, and distributes monetary resources needed for the sustenance and growth of
organisations.
• Financial management is an important component of public systems management. Financial
management assumes great significance for every government, as most of its activities have a financial
bearing.
• It is primarily related to the question as to how the limited resources can be utilised to the utmost and
to achieve the maximum of national objectives.
• In many developed countries, accountability is enhanced by independent work on public spending conducted
by civil society groups like NGOs, think tanks etc. In contrast, in developing countries there is no review
mechanism for public spending.
• They are missing local capacity to review govt expenditure. If credible domestic groups can be aided to
develop this capability, they can promote greater transparency and foster informed public pressure for more
effective and equitable public programs.
SOURCES OF PUBLIC FUNDING:

• Budgetary allocations
• Raising money through public through disinvestment, listing on stocks, Issuing bonds etc.
• Loans from Multilateral institutions like world bank, IMF, ADB
• Aid from foreign countries
NEED &IMPORTANCE OF EFFECTIVE UTILISATION OF PUBLIC FUNDS:

• Effective utilisation of public funds is very much important in functioning of sustainable society.
• To meet development goals like hunger, poverty, Education, Environmental conservation, health aspects
etc.
• Capacity building among unemployed youth
• To achieve political, social and economic equality
• To meet any unforeseen contingencies like floods, drought, pandemics etc
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ETHICAL ISSUES INVOLVED IN UTILISATION PUBLIC FUNDING:

• Using public money for loss making PSUs or corporate bailouts
• Corruption in utilising public funds
• Where most of people suffering with hunger, poverty and malnutrition but govt coming up with new
unnecessary expenses and luxury hotels meetings
• Public money for ruling party campaigns
CAUSES OF INEFFECTIVE UTILISATION OF PUBLIC FUNDS:

• Irrational freebies
• Political rivalry in an act of vendetta
• Policy paralysis
• Redtapism
• Lack of public participation
• No citizen centric administration
• Social apathy towards corruption
• Lack of awareness and low education levels to understand govt financing
• Lack of social accounting and social audit
CONSEQUENCES OF INEFFECTIVE UTILISATION OF PUBLIC FUNDS

• Misutilisation – Without govt approval, using public assets for private gains, unnecessary expenditure,
capturing public assets by private people and failed to protect such captured assets.
Examples:
1. Purchasing furniture for office whenever there is a transfer to you and occupy a new office.
2. Using govt money for personal trips with family.
• Underutilisation – Procedural and institutional blockades in sanctioning funds, Poor cost-benefit ratio while
sanctioning projects, lack of funding to local bodies, delay in releasing funds, allocating funds to particular
scheme though it’s not necessary i.e. general allocation but there is no specific region-based funding.
Examples:
1. Central grants to local bodies transferred through state finance ministry. There is delay in releasing funds
to local bodies though centre releasing funds
2. Certain diseases are prone to only north Indian states but central govt allocates funds to every state to
prevent such diseases
3. March rush – Ministries and departments try to spend allocated funds before the financial year without
looking pros and cons.
• Misappropriation – Diverting funds to binamis, trusts, societies and blocking projects to get implement
intentionally to get more funds
Examples: MPLADS funds diverts to trusts and societies named on binamis of MP
WAYS TO STRENGTHEN PUBLIC FINANCE MANAGEMENT:

• Transparency – Ensure transparency in public expenditure through voluntary declaration of information.
And implementation of RTI act in letter & spirit.
Examples: Jan Soochana Portal of Rajasthan state - the government Information about all the schemes
implemented in the ward / panchayat should be provided in one place.
• Accountability – Accountability of officials enhances answerability and enforceability.
• Value for money – Every rupee spent by govt should ain at maximum social welfare.
• Use of ICT – Usage of ICT in governance i.e., e-governance eases the governance process while awarding
contracts, delivery of services and optimum utilisation of resources.
Examples: Govt e-Marketplace (GeM)- It is a dedicated e market for different goods & services procured
by Government Organisations / Departments / PSUs. This meant transforming to a digital ecommerce portal
for procurement and selling of goods and services.
• Evaluation Mechanism – Without monitoring of usage of public finance led to diversion and corrupt
practises. To ensure effective usage of public fund there should be an auditory mechanism.
Examples:
1. Budgetary control by Parliamentary committees
2. CAG audit
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3. Social audit
ROLE OF CAG – FINANCIAL ACCOUNTABILITY:

• Exercise of financial control is one of the principal responsibilities of the legislature.
Parliamentary financial control on government spending is implemented in two
stages:
1. Primarily at the time of policy making
2. Subsequently by controlling the implementation of the policy.
• The initial parliamentary financial control is exercised through the Annual Budget
Estimates of the Government for the ensuing financial year, which is presented to
the House for approval.
• The second stage, controlling the implementation of policies' is exercised by
examining that the funds voted by the Parliament Legislature have been
utilised for the purpose and in the manner in which the Parliament Legislature had desired. The control is
exercised through the Financial Committees in Parliament and States Legislatures. During the second stage,
the Comptroller and Auditor General of India (CAG) comes to the aid of Parliament and State Legislatures.
• Audit is the principal instrument to ensure the financial accountability of the Executive to the Legislature
of the Union and State. The Comptroller and Auditor General in India, has been, made responsible by the
Constitution under article 148 to conduct the audit of the transactions of the Union and the States and Union
Territories with Legislature.
DUTIES & POWERS OF CAG:

• Audits accounts of related to all expenditure from the Consolidated funds of India and states and contingency
funds of India and states.
• Audits all trading, manufacturing, profit and loss accounts and balance sheets
• Receipts and expenditure of centre and states
• Audits all transactions related to debt, deposits, advances etc
• Advises president in financial administration
• Submits audit reports to president/governor who shall in return places such documents before the
parliament/legislature
• Aid & Advice to Parliamentary committees.
Though it has powers to audit accounts of centre and states but it has no power to control public finance
allocations. It is purely Advisory and auditory role.
SOCIAL AUDIT:
Social audit generally refers to engagement of the stakeholders in measuring the achievement of
objectives under any or all of the activities of a government organization, especially those pertaining to
developmental goals.
Aim: The basic aim here is to have an understanding of an activity from the perspective of the vast majority
of people in society for whom the institutional/administrative system is designed and to improve upon it.
Various participation techniques are used to involve all stakeholders in measuring, understanding, reporting
and improving the social performance of an organization or activity. The whole process is intended as a means
for social engagement, transparency and communication of information, leading to greater accountability
of decisionmakers, representatives, managers and officials. It can be a continuous process covering all the stages
of the target activity/programme.
Social audit through client or beneficiary groups or civil society groups is yet another way of eliciting
information on and prevention of wrong doing in procurement of products and services for government, in the
distribution of welfare payments, in the checking of attendance of teachers and students in schools and hostels,
staff in the hospitals and a host of other similar citizen service-oriented activities of government. This will be a
useful supplement to surprise inspections on the part of the departmental supervisors.
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OBJECTIVES OF SOCIAL AUDIT:

• Assessing the physical and financial gaps between needs and resources available for local development.
• Creating awareness among beneficiaries and providers of local social and productive services.
• Increasing efficacy and effectiveness of local development programmes.
• Scrutiny of various policy decisions, keeping in view stakeholder interests and priorities, particularly of rural
poor.
• Estimation of the opportunity cost for stakeholders of not getting timely access to public services.
ADVANTAGES OF SOCIAL AUDIT:

• Trains the community on participatory local planning.
• Encourages local democracy.
• Encourages community participation.
• Benefits disadvantaged groups.
• Promotes collective decision making and sharing responsibilities.
• Develops human resources and social capital
Second ARC report recommended that Operational guidelines of all developmental schemes and citizen
centric programmes should provide for a social audit mechanism.
CORRUPTION AND ITS CHALLENGES:

• Corruption is an important manifestation of the failure of ethics. The word ‘corrupt’ is derived from the
Latin word ‘corruptus’, meaning ‘to break or destroy’.
• Corruption is operationally defined as the misuse of entrusted power for private gain or the use of public
office for private gain. The corrupt behaviour would include bribery, fraud, stealing the public resources
favouritism, seizure of public assets for private use, etc.
• Second ARC report on Ethics in Governance came up with formula to define what is corruption in public life.
Corruption (C) = Monopoly (M) + Discretion (D) + Secrecy (S) – Accountability (A)
It is unfortunate that corruption has, for many, become a matter of habit, ranging from grand corruption
involving persons in high places to retail corruption touching the everyday life of common people.
FACTORS THAT PROMOTES CORRUPTION:

The factors or causes that promote the corruption affects both demand side that is public for corrupt acts as
well as supply side public officials of their corrupt acts.
THE FACTORS FROM DEMAND SIDE i.e. PUBLIC: FACTORS FROM SUPPLY SIDE i.e. GOVT.
• Regulations and Authorisations • Bureaucratic traditions
• Rigid Tax system • Level of public sector wages
• Certain spending systems • Penalty provisions
• Availability of goods and services • Institutional controls
• Transparency in laws, rules
• Examples set by Leadership
It is not possible to measure corruption but it is possible to measure perceptions of corruption.
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KAUTILYA’S VIEW ON CORRUPTION

• Corruption is in the nature of human.
• Just like it is impossible not to taste honey which is at the tip of the tongue, it is impossible for civil servants
not to take part of king’s revenue.
• It is very difficult to catch public officials in act of corruption. Just like we can’t say whether a fish
swimming in water is drinking or not, similarly we can’t say whether a public official is taking part of
king’s revenue or not.
TYPES AND FORMS OF CORRUPTION:

Any asymmetry between desired conduct and actual conduct led to corrupt practices. Some of the types and
their forms of corruption are:
1. Political Corruption: Bribery, extortion, cronyism, nepotism, parochialism, patronage, influence peddling,
graft, and embezzlement etc
2. Bureaucratic Corruption: Discrimination, Partiality, Political affiliation, Bribery, nepotism, accepting
private gifts, misuse of public funds, violation of rules & regulations etc
3. Economic Corruption: Crony Capitalism, conflict of interest etc.
4. Behavioural corruption: Non-performance of duty, lack of discipline, no respect towards downtrodden
sections of society, no moral and ethical values etc.
CORRUPTION IN SOUTH ASIA – TI’s CORRUPTION INDEX:
• Corruption in South Asia occurs up-stream, not down-stream. Corruption at the top distorts fundamental
decisions about development priorities, policies and projects. In industrial countries, these core decisions
are taken through transparent competition and on merit, even though petty corruption may occur down-
stream.
• Most of the corrupt gains made in the South Asia region are immediately smuggled out to safe havens
abroad. In other words, it is more likely that corruption money in the North Asia is used to finance business
than to fill foreign accounts.
• Third, corruption in South Asia often leads to promotion, not prison. In contrast, industrialised countries
often have a process of accountability where even top leaders are investigated and prosecuted. For
instance, former Italian Prime Minister Bettino Craxi was forced to live in exile in Tunisia to escape
extradition on corruption charges in Rome.
• Fourth, corruption in South Asia occurs with 500 million people in poverty. While corruption in rich
rapidly growing countries may be tolerable but in developing countries. Combating corruption in the region
is not just about punishing corrupt politicians and bureaucrats but about saving human lives. There are
two dimensions of corruption.
India’s ranking in the Corruption Perceptions Index (CPI-2019) has slipped from 78 to 80 compared to the
previous year, said Transparency International (TI). According to TI, corruption is more pervasive in
countries where big money can flow freely into electoral campaigns and where governments listen only to the
voices of wealthy or well-connected individuals.
REASONS FOR HIGH CORRUPTION IN INDIA:

• Unfair and opaque political financing
• Lack of effective management and organisation.
• Lack of economic stability.
• Lack of effective leadership.
• Usually, corrupt practice creeps in when officials enjoy power and
• authority but have lost their self-respect. The causes for loss of self-respect could be various, ranging from
insufficiency of legal remuneration to make both ends meet to constant harassment at workplace by the
senior administrative or political bosses.
• An young officer cannot retain his idealism for long if, over a period, he suffers adverse consequences in his
official career because of his honesty and integrity. The honest get demoralised by frequent transfers.
• Undue influence and interference in decision-making
• Lobbying by powerful corporate interest groups
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CONSEQUENCES OF CORRUPTION IN SOUTH ASIAN COUNTRIES:

• Poverty: Nepotism, bribery and fraud can cause economic stagnation and deepen poverty. These corrupt
practices siphon off money intended for public services, which often hits the poorest the hardest as they are
most in need of social safety nets.
• Investments: Corrupt practices scare off investors who contribute to economic development and
concentrate wealth in the hands of a few.
• Economic Growth: Corruption is on the rise in South Asia and failure to tackle it will threaten the region’s
economic progress, as well as efforts to share that progress equitably. Despite 6 per cent average
economic growth in the past 20 years, more than 40% of the world’s poor live in South Asia.
• Erosion of Public trust on Public offices: South Asia’s corruption epidemic is caused by opaque public
institutions, lack of protection for anti-corruption actors and widespread government interference in the
work of anti-corruption watchdogs.
• Corruption is one of the main obstacles to peace, stability, sustainable development, democracy, and human
rights.
These are the findings of a Transparency International report analysing 70 key institutions’ vulnerability
to corruption in six south Asian countries – Bangladesh, India, Maldives, Nepal, Pakistan and Sri Lanka. As
long as nobody brings the corrupt to justice, South Asia’s leaders run the risk that future growth only benefits
the powerful, doing nothing to help the half billion South Asians who still live-in poverty.
MEASURES TO REDUCE CORRUPTION:

• Economic development: The most honest countries of the world are those which are richest. The least
honest countries are also the poorest.
• Simplification of rules and procedure: Complicated rules promotes corruption.
• Severe punishment: Expedite the disciplinary proceedings in a time bound manner.
• Transparency: One of the main instruments to check corruption in public life is to ensure greater openness
in the decision making process. Transparency in decision making will also eliminate delay. Delay is one of the
reasons for payment of speed money.
• Accountability: All services must be delivered within a time frame. Action against officers who fail to deliver
services in time.
• Incentives: Financial rewards, out of turn promotions, performance linked pay for honest officers.
• Public campaign: Awareness campaign to change attitude of people towards corruption. Rewards to the
informers/public for giving information against corrupt officers.
• Citizens feedback: Independent agency to take feedback from the citizens. Feedback through phone, email,
SMS, etc.
• Proactive action: Laying traps, identification of illegal assets etc. needs to be done
• Minimum tenure for officers: Reduces political-bureaucratic nexus.
• Finally, sanction for prosecution under the Prevention of corruption Act, 1988 should not be with the
Government of the day as the political executive may be subject to political and other pressures.
ANTI-CORRUPTION INTERVENTIONS IN INDIA:

• Anti-corruption interventions so far made are seen to be ineffectual and there is widespread public
cynicism about them. The interventions are seen as mere posturing without any real intention to bring
the corrupt to book.
• They are also seen as handy weapons for partisan, political use to harass opponents. Corruption is so
deeply entrenched in the system that most people regard corruption as inevitable and any effort to fight it
as futile.
• There are two, somewhat contrary, approaches in dealing with corruption and abuse of office.
1. Restoring ETHICS: The first approach is to overemphasis on values and character. Many people
lament the decline in values and the consequent rise in corruption. The implicit assumption is that until
values are restored, nothing much can be done to improve the conduct of human beings.
2. Punishing culprits: The second approach is based on the belief that most human beings are
fundamentally decent and socially conscious, but there is always a small proportion of people, which
cannot reconcile individual goals with the good of society. Such deviant people tend to pursue personal
gain at the cost of public good and the purpose of organized government is to punish such deviant
55
behaviour. If good behaviour is consistently rewarded and bad behaviour consistently punished,
the bulk of the people follow the straight and narrow path.
BEHAVIORAL FRAMEWORK FOR FIGHTING CORRUPTION:

• Second ARC very much stressed about restoring ethical values and behavioural reforms should be
undertaken to improve public service quality and to fight corruption.
• One of the most comprehensive statements of what constitutes ethical standards for holders of public office
came from the Committee on Standards in Public Life in the United Kingdom, popularly known as the
Nolan Committee, which outlined the following seven principles of public life. These principles of public life
are of general applicability in every democracy.
• Arising out of such ethical principles a set of guidelines of public behaviour in the nature of a code of
conduct becomes essential for public functionaries. Indeed, any person who is privileged to guide the destiny
of the people must not only be ethical but must be seen to practice these ethical values.
1. Selflessness: Holders of public office should take decisions solely in terms of public interest. Simply put,
they subserve public interest as against interest of the self.
2. Integrity: Holders of public office must insulate themselves from external influence in matters
concerning official duties.
3. Objectivity: In carrying out public business, including making public appointments, awarding contracts
or recommending individuals for rewards and benefits, holders of public office should make choices on
merit. The choices cannot be allowed to be made on any criteria other than merit. The requirement of
recording reasons is by itself a great safeguard that inhibits the decision maker from being subjective.
4. Accountability: Any public office is an office of trust. Therefore, public figure exercising any state
function is accountable for all actions taken in performance of the functions of that office. It naturally
flows from this that every act of commission or omission has to yield to scrutiny, whether by way of
internal or external audit mechanism. Here audit means not just audit of accounts but cause and
consequences of every state action.
5. Openness: There is no better disinfectant than sunlight. Transparency has to be the mantra of all official
acts. Holders of public office should be as open as possible about all the decisions and actions they take.
They should give reasons for their decisions and restrict information only when the wider public interest
clearly demands
6. Honesty: Those who are working in public service to be honest in dealing with private interests. It is
essential that holders of public office must be obliged to declare their private interests so that they can
always be held accountable in case there has been any conflict involving their public duties. This also
means the assets and liabilities of public functionaries must be a matter in public domain. The mandatory
declaration at the time of entry in public office and periodically, thereafter, would only ensure the kind
of probity we would like to be in place.
7. Leadership: A true leader will always lead by own example. If a leader is honest, sincere and committed
to the task assigned to him, the vibes created percolate down the hierarchy cleansing the system that he
controls.
GIFT Vs BRIBE:
• Gift is given to someone without any expectation in return and is given as a token of gratitude or
appreciation. Value of a gift is often based on closeness in relation, time of gifting, economic condition of
giver and receiver.
• Bribe is given with expectation of favour toward giver, its economic value is incoherent to closeness in
relation, timing and costly. Timing of such gifts makes them bribe. Suppose a gift from someone just
before you are going to roll out a tender is a bribe and not gift.
• Reporting to department about any gifts that is received from whom, value and date details. This part is
already applicable to judges in India.
• There should be monetary limits placed on the gifts one can receive. Any gifts above certain monetary
values should be avoided.
• No gifts received with brand name should be put on desk as it will tarnish the image of official/public
servant for lenient toward certain brand.
• Provision of filing gift tax by receiver. IT department should tally the gift received as mentioned in
department books and filed by receiver. Failure to file tax for gift should be taken seriously.
56
• Scrutiny of gifts received by officials regularly and checking of property declaration regularly. Repeated
gift from same person should be brought under directorate enforcement radar.
• Bribes are complex thing for receiver because it puts him into moral dilemma for how to return the favour
and makes them corrupt once they receive.
CONFLICT OF INTEREST
A conflict of interest is a situation when there is a clash between person’s public duty and private interests.
Conflict of interest comes under the principle of natural justice and is not codified.
This Can Arise In The Following Situations:

• Person’s conscience does not allow him to act in a manner his organisation wants him to act. Ex: Shooting
a person in encounter might be against personal ethics of the officer.
• Religious notions and customs might come against his professional course of action. Ex: A religious
judge, who opposes gay marriage, encounters a gay marriage case in a country where it is legalised.
• Person’s selfish motives might supersede organisational goals. Ex: Son of public servant working in an
organisation where govt. has majority stakes.
• The malpractices of organisation might not be acceptable to the employee. Ex: He might resort to
whistleblowing.
Arguments Against Conflict Of Interest Law:

• While the intention is correct, framing a law is fraught with dangers. For criminal conduct, criminal
intent must be proved. This is however very difficult if not virtually impossible in such cases.
• The legal provisions of conflict of interest are already codified in conduct rules of the many services. So,
no need to create another law.
• What should be done instead is to codify the principles which need to be followed by officials in cases of
conflict of interest.
• For example, Canada has laid down a conflict of interest and post-employment code while in the UK, MPs
need to declare pecuniary interests in a register of financial interest.
Ways to deal with Conflict of Interest:

• Public interest above private interest: A public servant should always work in public interest. In
situations involving conflict of interest he should take a principled stand.
• Voluntary disclosure: A public servant should voluntarily declare in situations involving conflict of
interest. It will help in taking suitable steps for avoiding the conflict. It is often done by judges to resolve
conflict of interest.
• File noting: Public servants should always mention the reason for taking particular decision, in the files.
This ensures greater degree of transparency and accountability.
• Identifying risk-areas: It will help in providing clear cut guidelines to the public servants, in order to
tackle conflict of interest in those situations.
• Developing organisational culture: It will help in addressing such situations in a better manner. It will also
help in motivating public servants to disclose the potential conflict of interest.
• Asset and interest disclosure: Civil servants must report assets and liabilities when first appointed and
provide updates on transactions above a certain amount. These are not made public and so far have not
been accessible under the RTI Act. However, some states are working to make some information public.
Disclosures are not audited, but are open to scrutiny from the CBI and CVC.
• Regulation of gifts: Officials shall be penalised for accepting gifts while discharging duty with
imprisonment and fines. The Rules prevent lavish or frequent hospitality from any individual or firm an
officer has official dealings with.
• Incompatibility provisions: Officers should not speculate in any stock, share or other investments,
participate directly or indirectly in business or trade, among other measures. Civil servants are barred from
taking up commercial employment for a year after retirement.
• Political neutrality: No Government servant shall be a member of, or be otherwise associated with, any
political party or any organisation which takes part in politics nor shall he take part in, subscribe in aid of,
or assist in any other manner, any political movement or activity.
57
POLITICAL AND ELECTORAL REFORMS:

• Participative democracy
• Decriminalisation of politics
• Reducing money power in elections – State funding of elections should be studied
• Political parties should be brought under RTI
• Institutional autonomy – Recently Election commission of India highly criticised for being partial to ruling
govt. We should maintain autonomy for this institution
• Elections are a huge economic burden on state exchequer. Therefore, simultaneous elections to both
parliament and state legislative assemblies should be studied.
• Strengthening of Anti-defection law where power to decide on matter related to disqualification lies with
election commission.
Election and Other Related Laws (Amendment) Act, 2003:

• Parliament in 2003 unanimously enacted the Election and Other Related Laws (Amendment) Act in a
spirit of bipartisanship.
• It took into consideration the recommendations of the Committee on Electoral Reforms (Dinesh Goswami
Committee, 1990), the Committee on State Funding of Elections (Indrajit Gupta Committee, 1999) and
the Law Commission of India (170th report on Reform of Electoral Laws, 1999).
• The Act contains the following key provisions:
➢ Full tax exemption to individuals and corporates on all contributions to political parties.
➢ Effective repeal of Explanation I under Section 77 of the Representation of the People Act. Expenditure
by third parties and political parties now comes under ceiling limits, and only travel expenditure of
leaders of parties is exempt.
➢ Disclosure of party finances and contributions over Rs.20,000.
➢ Indirect public funding to candidates of recognized parties – including free supply of electoral rolls
(already in vogue), and such items as the Election Commission decides in consultation with the union
government.
➢ Equitable sharing of time by the recognized political parties on the cable television network and other
electronic media (public and private).
In order to eradicate the major source of political corruption, there is a compelling case for state funding of
elections. As recommended by the Indrajit Gupta Committee on State Funding of Elections, the funding
should be partial state funding mainly in kind for certain essential items.
Second ARC recommendations to fight Political Corruption:

• A system for partial state funding should be introduced in order to reduce the scope of illegitimate and
unnecessary funding of expenditure for elections.
• The issue of disqualification of members on grounds of defection should be decided by the
President/Governor on the advice of the Election Commission.
• Section 8 of the Representation of the People Act, 1951 needs to be amended to disqualify all persons
facing charges related to grave and heinous offences and corruption, with the modification suggested by the
Election Commission.
• The Constitution should be amended to ensure that if one or more parties in a coalition with a common
programme mandated by the electorate either explicitly before the elections or implicitly while forming the
government, realign midstream with one or more parties outside the coalition, then Members of that party
or parties shall have to seek a fresh mandate from the electorate.
• A collegium headed by the Prime Minister with the Speaker of the Lok Sabha, the Leader of Opposition in
the Lok Sabha, the Law Minister and the Deputy Chairman of the Rajya Sabha as members should make
recommendations for the consideration of the President for appointment of the Chief Election
Commissioner and the Election Commissioners.
• Special Election Tribunals should be constituted at the regional level under Article 323B of the
Constitution to ensure speedy disposal of election petitions and disputes within a stipulated period of six
months. Each Tribunal should comprise a High Court Judge and a senior civil servant with at least 5 years of
experience in the conduct of elections (not below the rank of an Additional Secretary to Government of
58
India/Principal Secretary of a State Government). Its mandate should be to ensure that all election petitions
are decided within a period of six months as provided by law. The Tribunals should normally be set up for a
term of one year only, extendable for a period of 6 months in exceptional circumstances.
• Appropriate legislation may be enacted under Article 102(e) of the Constitution spelling out the
conditions for disqualification of membership of Parliament in an exhaustive manner. Similarly, the States
may also legislate under Article 198 (e).
POLITICAL PARTIES UNDER RTI ACT, 2005:

• The PIL was filed in the Supreme court arguing that political parties registered with Election
Commission to be brought under section 29A of Representation of People Act, 1951 to be declared as
‘public authority’ under the RTI Act, 2005.
• Six national parties - the BJP, the Congress, the BSP, the NCP, the CPI and the CPI(M) were brought under
the ambit of the RTI Act by a full bench of the Central Information Commission in 2013. (Trinamool Congress
was also recognised as the seventh national party in 2016). However, the political parties have refused to
entertain the RTI applications directed at them.
• Several activists have approached the Supreme Court on the grounds of non-compliance of the CIC order and
the matter is pending.
ARGUMENT IN FAVOUR ARGUMENT AGAINST

• Need to ensure Transparency in Funding • Obstruct party functioning - Political parties
• Sprouting and deepening of crony capitalism in cannot disclose their internal functioning and
political discourse. financial information under the Act as it will
• Black money - According to ADR, 34% of the hamper their smooth functioning.
donations have been received with no address or • RTI can be a tool of misuse - RTI can become a
any other detail of the donor. weak spot and rivals with malicious intentions
• Illicit foreign contributions - National parties may take advantage of RTI.
have been accepting foreign contributions despite • Not 'public authorities' - Political parties are not
The Foreign Contribution (Regulation) Act established or constituted by or under the
(FCRA), 1976. Constitution or by any other law made by
• Political parties are vital organs of the State - Parliament. Even the registration of a political
According to CIC, critical role played by these party under the 1951 Act was not the same as
political parties point towards their public establishment of a government body.
character. • Transparency provisions for parties already
• Political parties are public authorities - The CIC exist in the Income Tax Act, 1961, and
held that political parties enjoy various benefits Representation of the People Act, 1951, which
directly or indirectly like land for offices of demand “necessary transparency regarding
political parties on concessional rates, allotment financial aspects of political parties.
of free time on Doordarshan/All India Radio and • Information in public domain - Government
supplying electoral roll copies free of cost during holds the view that required information about a
elections. political body is already in the public domain on
• Larger Public Interest - The disclosure of the the website of the Election Commission.
information is in larger public interest. • Not envisaged in the RTI Act - According to the
• 170th report of the Law Commission of India Department of Personnel and Training (DoPT)
on reform of the electoral laws recommended to when the RTI Act was enacted, it was never
introduce internal democracy, financial visualised that political parties would be brought
transparency and accountability in the working of within the ambit of the transparency law.
the political parties.
CONCLUSION - Considering the role played by the political parties in our democracy, it is important that their
working be transparent in such a manner that induces trust in the whole election process. Given the fact that
existing laws have not performed upto the mark in regulating the working of political parties, bringing them
under the RTI with certain safeguards seems to be a logical step.
JUDICIAL REFORMS - RESTORING JUDICIAL INTEGRITY:
59
Independence of the judiciary is very much essential and vital in ethical governance. An independent judiciary
enjoying public confidence is a basic necessity of the rule of law. Any conduct on the part of a judge, which
demonstrates a lack of integrity and dignity, will undermine the trust reposed in the judiciary by the citizens.
RESTATEMENT OF VALUES OF JUDICIAL LIFE:

The Supreme Court of India in 1997 unanimously adopted a charter called the ‘Restatement of Values of
Judicial Life’, generally known as the Code of Conduct for judges. It contains following provisions
• The behaviour and conduct of members of the higher judiciary must reaffirm the people’s faith in the
impartiality of the judiciary.
• A Judge should not contest the election to any office of a club, society or other association. Further he shall
not hold such elective office except in a society or association connected with the law.
• Close association with individual members of the Bar, particularly those who practise in the same court, shall
be eschewed.
• A Judge should not permit any member of his immediate family, such as a spouse, son, daughter, son-in-
law or daughter-in-law or any other close relative, if a member of the Bar, to appear before him or even be
associated in any manner with a cause to be dealt with by him.
• No member of his family, who is a member of the Bar, shall be permitted to use the residence in which the
Judge actually resides or other facilities for professional work.
• A Judge shall not hear and decide a matter in which a member of his family, a close relation or a friend is
concerned.
• A Judge shall not enter into public debate or express his views in public on political matters or on matters
that are pending or are likely to arise for judicial determination.
• A Judge is expected to let his judgments speak for themselves. He shall not give interviews to the media.
• A Judge shall not accept gifts or hospitality except from his family, close relations and friends.
• A Judge shall not hear and decide a matter in which a company in which he holds shares is concerned
unless he has disclosed his interest and no objection to his hearing and deciding the matter is raised.
• A Judge shall not speculate in shares, stocks or the like.
• A Judge should not engage directly or indirectly in trade or business, either by himself or in association
with any other person.
• A Judge should not ask for, accept contributions or otherwise actively associate himself with the raising
of any fund for any purpose
• A Judge should not seek any financial benefit in the form of a perquisite or privilege attached to his office
unless it is clearly available. Any doubt in this behalf must be got resolved and clarified through the Chief
Justice.
SECOND ARC ON JUDICIAL REFORMS:

A National Judicial Council (NJC) should be constituted, in line with universally accepted principles where
the appointment of members of the judiciary should be by a collegium having representation of the executive,
legislature and judiciary.
• The Council should have the following composition: The Vice-President as Chairperson, PM, Speaker of the
Lok Sabha, Chief Justice of India, Law Minister, The Leader of the Opposition in the Lok Sabha & Rajya Sabha.
• In matters relating to the appointment and oversight of High Court Judges, the Council will also include the
following members: The Chief Minister of the concerned State and the Chief Justice of the concerned High
Court
• The National Judicial Council should be authorized to lay down the Code of Conduct for judges, including
the subordinate judiciary.
• The National Judicial Council should be entrusted with the task of recommending appointments of Supreme
Court and High Court Judges. It should also be entrusted the task of oversight of the judges, and should be
empowered to enquire into alleged misconduct and impose minor penalties. It can also recommend removal
of a judge if so warranted
• Based on the recommendations of the NJC, the President should have the powers to remove a Supreme Court
or High Court Judge
• Article 124 of the Constitution may be amended to provide for the National Judicial Council. A similar change
will have to be made in Article 217. Also, since the Council is to have the authority to oversee and discipline
judges, further changes will need to be made to Article 217 (Clause 4)
60
• A Judge of the Supreme Court should be designated as the Judicial Values Commissioner. He/she should be
assigned the task of enforcing the code of conduct. Similar arrangement should also be made in the High
Court.
THE JUDICIAL STANDARDS AND ACCOUNTABILITY BILL 2010:

This bill introduced in parliament to bring judicial integrity among the judges.
• The Bill seeks to:
1. Lay down judicial standards
2. Provide for the accountability of judges
3. Establish mechanisms for investigating individual complaints for misbehaviour or incapacity of a
judge of the Supreme Court or High Courts.
• It also provides a mechanism for the removal of judges.
• The Bill requires judges to practise universally accepted values of judicial life.
• Judges will also be required to declare their assets and liabilities, and also that of their spouse and children.
• The Bill establishes two authorities to investigate complaints against judges. The Two authorities are:
1. National Judicial Oversight Committee - Initial complaints will be made to the Oversight Committee,
and they will be referred to the Scrutiny Panel
2. Scrutiny Panel - A Scrutiny Panel will be constituted in the Supreme Court and every High Court. If
the Scrutiny Panel feels there are sufficient grounds for proceeding against the judge, it shall report on
its findings to the Oversight Committee. If proved, motion for removal of judge introduced in Parliament
after investigation.
RECENT JUDGEMENTS OF SC RELATED TO RTI:

In the Central public information officer, Supreme Court of India vs Subhash Chandra Agarwal case a five-
judge Constitution Bench of Supreme Court (SC) declared that the Office of the Chief Justice of India (CJI) is a
‘public authority’ under Section 2(h) of RTI Act, 2005.
INFORMATION CAN BE DISCLOSED INFORMATION CANNOT BE DISCLOSED

• Information about personal assets of judges and • Reasons cited by collegium for recommendation of
CJI is not a violation of their right to privacy. judges
• Names of judges recommended by the • Information protected under Section 8 of RTI Act
Collegium.
LEGAL FRAMEWORK FOR FIGHTING CORRUPTION:
The Prevention of Corruption Act, 1988:

• Definition of Corruption: The act does not provide a definition of corruption so act should be amended
to define what is corruption and what acts does come under corrupt acts. Indirect definition of corrupt
practices is paradoxically restrictive and detrimental to public interest.
Second ARC – Following offenses to be brought under the act:

1. Gross perversion of the constitution and democratic institutions amounting to willful violation of oath of office.
2. Abuse of authority unduly favouring or harming someone
3. Obstruction of justice by influencing law enforcing agencies
4. Squandering public money
• Collusive Bribery: Need to dealt with by effective legal measures so that both the bribe giver and bribe taker
do not escape punishment.
61
Second ARC
• Prevention of Corruption Act needs to be amended to provide for a special offence of ‘collusive
bribery’. An offence could be classified as ‘collusive bribery’ if the outcome or intended outcome of the
transaction leads to a loss to the state, public or public interest.
• In all such cases if it is established that the interest of the state or public has suffered because of an act of
a public servant, then the court shall presume that the public servant and the beneficiary of the decision
committed an offence of ‘collusive bribery’.
• The punishment for all such cases of collusive bribery should be double that of other cases of bribery. The
law may be suitably amended in this regard.
• In case of collusive corruption burden of proof should be shifted to accused.
• Sanction for prosecution – Act provides that previous sanction of the competent authority is necessary
before a court take cognizance of the offences defined under various sections of the act. The objective of this
provision is to prevent harassment to honest servants through malicious complaints.
Second ARC
• Prior sanction should not be necessary for prosecuting a public servant who has been trapped red-handed
or in cases of possessing assets disproportionate to the known sources of income
• The Prevention of Corruption Act should be amended to ensure that sanctioning authorities are not
summoned and instead the documents can be obtained and produced before the courts by the appropriate
authority
• The Presiding Officer of a House of Legislature should be designated as the sanctioning authority for MPs
and MLAs respectively
• The requirement of prior sanction for prosecution now applicable to serving public servants should also
apply to retired public servants for acts performed while in service.
• In all cases where the Government of India is empowered to grant sanction for prosecution, this power
should be delegated to an Empowered Committee comprising the Central Vigilance Commissioner and the
Departmental Secretary to Government.
• Public servants should be made liable to pay damage for causing loss to the state or citizens by their
corrupt acts. But Adequate safeguards should be provided so that bonafide mistakes should not end in award
of such damages, otherwise public servants would be discouraged from taking decisions.
• Speeding up trails under the act and fix a time limit for various stages of trail.
• Private sector corruption should be addressed by effective enforcement of regulations on corporate
governance. Brining private sector corruption within fold of PCA,1988 is neither desirable nor practical.
The Benami Transactions (Prohibition) Act, 1988 & Amendment act 2016:
A benami who acquired the property in the name of another person from claiming it as his own. Assets of
any kind — movable, immovable, tangible, intangible, any right or interest, or legal documents are considered it
as benami transactions. As such, even gold or financial securities could qualify to be benami.
• The new law amends the Benami Transactions Act, 1988

Provisions of the new • The law provides for up to seven years’ imprisonment and fine for those
act: indulging in such transactions.
• The amendments aim to strengthen the Act in terms of legal and
administrative procedure.
• As per the Act, properties held benami are liable for confiscation by the
government, without payment of compensation.
• An appellate mechanism has been provided under the act, in the form of an
adjudicating authority and appellate tribunal.
Protection to Whistle-blowers:
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The Whistle-blower Protection Act, which was passed in 2014 after an inordinate delay, lays down the rules that
protect whistle blowers in non-corporate cases. Under this Act, the Central Vigilance Commissioner has to
receive complaints, review public disclosure requests and ensure that the complainants are protected. The Act
stipulates imprisonment of up to two years and fine of up to ₹30,000 if the complaint is false. The government
has proposed a few amendments to these rules still under parliament scrutiny. Whistle- blower may himself seek
transfer in case he apprehends any victimisation in the current position. Govt yet to set a mechanism to
implement the act.
Serious Economic Offenses:

Economic offenses became high gain low risk activity. Second ARC felt that provisions in the Banking
regulations act, 1949, SEBI act 1992 and companies act 1956 are not strong enough to prevent large scale
fraudulent practices so there is need to define “Serious economic offence” Under a statue and prescribe
punishment for it.
Second ARC Recommendations:

• A new law on ‘Serious Economic Offences’ should be enacted
• A Serious Economic Offence may be defined as:
➢ One which involves a sum exceeding Rs 10 crores; or
➢ Is likely to give rise to widespread public concern; or
➢ Its investigation and prosecution are likely to require highly specialized knowledge of the financial
market or of the behaviour of banks or other financial institutions; or
➢ Involves significant international dimensions; or
➢ In the investigation of which there is requirement of legal, financial, investment and investigative skills
to be brought together; or
➢ Which appear to be complex to the Union Government, regulators, banks, or any financial institution.
• A Serious Frauds Office (SFO) should be set up (under the new law), to investigate and prosecute such
offences. It should be attached to the Cabinet Secretariat. This office shall have powers to investigate and
prosecute all such cases in Special Courts constituted for this purpose. The SFO should be staffed by experts
from diverse disciplines such as the financial sector, capital and futures market, commodity markets,
accountancy, direct and indirect taxation, forensic audit, investigation, criminal and company law and
information technology. The SFO should have all powers of investigation as stated in the recommendation
of the Mitra Committee. The existing SFIO should be subsumed in this.
• A Serious Frauds Monitoring Committee (SFMC) should be constituted to oversee the investigation and
prosecution of such offences. This Committee, to be headed by the Cabinet Secretary, should have the Chief
Vigilance Commissioner, Home Secretary, Finance Secretary, Secretary Banking/ Financial Sector, a Deputy
Governor RBI, Secretary, Department of Company Affairs, Law Secretary, Chairman SEBI etc as members.
• In case of involvement of any public functionary in a serious fraud, the SFO shall send a report to the Rashtriya
Lokayukta and shall follow the directions given by the Rashtriya Lokayukta
• In all cases of serious frauds, the Court shall presume the existence of mens rea of the accused, and the burden
of proof regarding its non-existence, shall lie on the accused.
Parliamentary Privileges
NCRWC recommended Article 105(2) may be amended to clarify that the immunity enjoyed by the MPs
under parliamentary privileges should not cover corrupt acts committed by them in connection with duties in
the House or otherwise.
INSTITUTIONAL FRAMEWORK
Lokpal & Lokayukta:

• First ARC recommended the establishment of Lokpal. After several attempts in introducing the bill, it
became an act only in 2013.
• The Lokpal is the first institution of its kind in independent India, established under the Lokpal and
Lokayuktas Act 2013 to inquire and investigate into allegations of corruption against public functionaries
who fall within the scope and ambit of the above Act.
63
• The Lokpal of India is committed to address concerns and aspirations of the citizens of India for clean
governance. It shall make all efforts within its jurisdiction to serve the public interest and shall endeavor to
use the powers vested in it to eradicate corruption in public life.
• India is a signatory to the United Nations Convention against Corruption. The commitment of the
Government to provide clean and responsive governance is reflected in passing of the legislation and creation
of the body of Lokpal, to contain and punish acts of corruption.
Provisions of the Act:

• The Act allows setting up of anti-corruption ombudsman called Lokpal at the Centre and Lokayukta
at the State-level.
• Composition: The Lokpal will consist of a chairperson and a maximum of eight members.
• Applicability: The Lokpal will cover all categories of public servants, including the Prime Minister. But
the armed forces do not come under the ambit of Lokpal.
• The Act also incorporates provisions for attachment and confiscation of property acquired by corrupt
means, even while the prosecution is pending.
• The States will have to institute Lokayukta within one year of the commencement of the Act.
• There is specific provisions for protection of whistle-blowers.
Central Vigilance Commission (CVC):

Central Vigilance Commission the principle agency for preventing corruption in the central govt. It was setup
by the recommendations of Santhanam committee. It is the only designated agency to take action against
complaints making motivated or vexatious complaints.
Role and functions of CVC: Even though detection and punishment of corruption and other malpractices are
certainly important, what is more important is taking preventive measures instead of hunting for the guilty in
the post corruption stage. Therefore, the role and functions of CVOs has been broadly divided in to two parts,
which are (I) Preventive and (II) Punitive.
1. On The Preventive Side:

• To examine in detail the existing Rules and procedures of the Organisation with a view to eliminate or
minimise the scope for corruption or malpractices
• To identify the sensitive/corruption prone spots in the Organisation and keep an eye on personnel posted in
such areas
• To plan and enforce surprise inspections and regular inspections to detect the system failures and existence
of corruption or malpractices
• To maintain proper surveillance on officers of doubtful integrity
• To ensure prompt observance of Conduct Rules relating to integrity of the Officers, like the Annual Property
Returns, Gifts accepted by the officials, Benami transactions, regarding relatives employed in private business
etc.
2. On the punitive side:
• To ensure speedy processing of vigilance cases at all stages.
• To ensure that charge-sheet, statement of imputations, lists of witness and documents etc.
• To ensure that there is no delay in the appointment of the Inquiring Officer, and that no dilatory tactics are
adopted by the accused officer or the Presenting Officer
• To ensure that the processing of the Inquiry Officer's Reports for final orders of the Disciplinary Authority is
done properly and quickly
• To scrutinise final orders passed by the Disciplinary Authorities subordinate to the Ministry/Department,
with a view to see whether a case for review is made out or not;
• To see that proper assistance is given to the C.B.I. in the investigation of cases entrusted to them or started
by them on their own source of information;
• To take proper and adequate action with regard to writ petitions filed by accused officers;
• To ensure that the Central Vigilance Commission is consulted at all stages where it is to be consulted and that
as far as possible, the time limits prescribed in the Vigilance Manual for various stages are adhered to
• To ensure prompt submission of returns to the Commission
64
• To review from time to time the existing arrangements for vigilance work in the Ministry/Department for
vigilance work subordinate officers to see if they are adequate to ensure expeditious and effective disposal
of vigilance work
• To ensure that the competent disciplinary authorities do not adopt a dilatory or law attitude in processing
vigilance cases, thus knowingly otherwise helping the subject public servants, particularly in cases of officers
due to retire
• To ensure that cases against the public servants on the verge of retirement do not lapse due to time-limit for
reasons such as misplacement of files etc. and that the orders passed in the cases of retiring officers are
implemented in time
• To ensure that the period from the date of serving a charge-sheet in a disciplinary case to the submission of
the report of the Inquiry Officer, should, ordinarily, not exceed six months.
OMBUDSMAN AT THE LOCAL LEVEL

Ombudsman should be appointed under the respective local bodies or group of districts. It should be
empowered to investigate cases of corruption or maladministration by functionaries of local self govt
institutions.
Strengthening Investigation And Prosecution:

Prosecution is a weak link in the chain of anti-corruption law enforcement and there are instances where
prosecutors have facilitated the discharge of a delinquent officer. It would be desirable that the lokayuktas/ State
Vigilance commissions are empowered to supervise the prosecution of corruption related cases.
SOCIAL INFRASTRUCTURE:
• Citizens’ Initiatives – Citizen charter, school awareness programmes, assessment and maintenance of ethics
in public offices very effective in bringing about attitudinal changes in society.
• False claims act – Existing provisions in the IPC not adequate to enable interested citizens and civil society
groups to approach courts for recovery of proceeds of corruption and provide share of proceeds. There is
need for legislation on the lines of US false claims act, which will make it possible to seek legal relief for the
recover of the proceeds of the corruption cases. Such law would help in curbing corruption where the fraud
has been committed in collusion with a public servant. But more important, such a law would help in building
a culture of fair play in private and public organisations.
• Role of Media – Free media crucial role in the prevention, monitoring and control of corruption
• Social audit – Should be made operational guidelines of all schemes.
SYSTEMIC REFORMS:
• Promoting competition - Element of competition in the provision of public services is thus a very useful to
curb corruption. However, deregulating one area may increase corruption elsewhere. Therefore, regulating
mechanism to ensure performance as per prescribed standards so that public interest is protected.
• Simplifying transactions – Most of the procedures dealing with permissions, licenses and registrations. A
single window clearance of all requirements or one-stop service centres is a step which can cut down
corruption as it simplifies procedures and reduces layers.
• Use of ICT – There are successful stories of e-governance like railway ticket booking. Therefore, lack of good
infrastructure and inadequate capability of the personnel have proved to be major bottlenecks in the spreads
of e-governance. They should be reskilled and familiarize the relevant processes.
• Integrity Pacts (By Transparency International) – It is an agreement between the public agency involved
in procuring goods and services and the bidder for a public contract to the effect that bidders have not paid
and shall not pay any illegal gratifications to secure the contract in question. This pact involve oversights and
scrutiny by independent, outside observers. It will help in promoting transparency and creating confidence
in public.
• Reducing discretion – There are large number of activities where discretion can be totally eliminated. All
such activities could be automated and supported by IT.
65
• Ensuring Accessibility and Responsiveness – Concentration of tasks within few hands should be avoided
as they are prone to corrupt activities. As far as possible, they are broken down into different officers and
Public interaction should be limited to head of office or some designated officers. This can be supported by
single window front office for providing information.
• Monitoring complaints – We are having complaint monitoring system but that system rarely do its job.
Setting up deadlines to solve such complaints and end results should be achieved within time frame.
• Intelligence gathering – A supervisory officer should gather the intelligence and asses the integrity of
his/her subordinates based on his/her handling of cases, complaints and feedback from different sources.
• Vigilance network – There are large number of disciplinary and criminal cases relating to corruption
pending with various authorities. It would be desirable to create a national database of such cases, which
should be in public domain. CVC may take the lead in establishing such a networked database.
• Audit – Along with CAG and AG audits, forensic audits should be conducted to monitor irregularities.
PREVIOUS YEAR QUESTIONS:

Theme Question Year
Concept of public What do you understand by the term ‘public servant’? Reflect on the 2019
service expected role of public servant.
Philosophical basis of What do you understand by probity in governance? Based on your 2019
governance and probity understanding of the term, suggest measures for ensuring probity in
government.
Challenges of corruption “Non-performance of duty by a public servant is a form of corruption”. 2019
Do you agree with this view? Justify your answer.
Information Sharing and There is a view that the Official Secrets Act is an obstacle to the 2019
transparency in implementation of Right to Information Act. Do you agree with the
government, Right to view? Discuss.
Information.
Citizen's Charters Explain the basic principles of citizens charter movement and bring out 2019
its importance.
Codes of Ethics, Codes of Distinguish between “Code of ethics” and “Code of conduct” with 2018
Conduct suitable examples.
Challenges of corruption What is meant by conflict of interest? Illustrate with examples, the 2018
difference between the actual and potential conflicts of interest.
Information Sharing and “The Right to Information Act is not all about citizens’ empowerment 2018
transparency in alone, it essentially redefines the concept of accountability. Discuss.
government, Right to
Information
Challenges of corruption Conflict of interest in the public sector arises when (a) official duties, 2017
(b) public interest, and (c) personal interest are taking priority one
above the other. How can this conflict in administration be resolved?
Describe with an example.
Work culture Discipline generally implies following the order and subordination. 2017
However, it may be counter-productive for the organisation. Discuss.
Citizen's Charters Corporate social responsibility makes companies more profitable and 2017
sustainable. Analyse.
Codes of Ethics, Codes of Discuss the Public Services Code as recommended by the 2nd 2016
Conduct Administrative Reforms Commission.
Information Sharing and Some recent developments such as introduction of RTI Act, media and 2015
transparency in judicial activism, etc., are proving helpful in bringing about greater
government, Right to transparency and accountability in the functioning of the government.
Information However, it is also being observed that at times the mechanisms are
misused. Another negative effect is that the officers are now afraid to
take prompt decisions. Analyze this situation in detail and suggest how
this dichotomy can be resolved. Suggest how these negative impacts
can be minimized.
66
Information Sharing and Today we find that in spite of various measures like prescribing codes 2015
transparency in of conduct, setting up vigilance cells/commissions, RTI, active media
government, Right to and strengthening of legal mechanisms, corrupt practices are not
Information coming under control. A) Evaluate the effectiveness of these measures
with justifications. B) Suggest more effective strategies to tackle this
menace.
Challenges of corruption Public servants are likely to confront with the issues of ‘Conflict of 2015
Interest’. What do you understand by the term ‘Conflict of Interest’ and
how does it manifest in the decision making by public servants? If faced
with the conflict of interest situation, how would you resolve it?
Explain with the help of examples.
Philosophical basis of What do you understand by ‘probity’ in public life? What are the 2014
governance and probity difficulties in practicing it in the present times? How can these
difficulties be overcome?
Challenges of corruption It is often said that poverty leads to corruption. However, there is no 2014
dearth of instances where affluent and powerful people indulge in
corruption in a big way. What are the basic causes of corruption among
people? Support your answer with examples.
67
190
Key Word Definition Your own Recent News Personal Example Personality/
Understanding Example Thinker
Ethics
Values
Morality
Beliefs
Selflessness
68
Definition Your own Recent News Personal Example Personality/
69
191
192
Your own Recent News Personal Example Personality/ Key Word
Truthfulness
Attitude
Thought
Behaviour &
Social
Behaviour
Social
Attitude
70
Recent News Personal Example Personality/ Key Word Definition
Example Thinker
Moral
Attitude
Political
Attitude
Democratic
Attitude
Social
influence
Persuasion
71
193
194
Personal Example Personality/ Key Word Definition Your own
Thinker Understanding
Aptitude
Integrity
Honesty
Impartiality
Non-
Partisanship
72
Personality/ Key Word Definition Your own Recent News
Thinker Understanding Example
Objectivity
Public
Service
Sympathy
Empathy
Compassion
73
195
196
Key Word Definition Your own Recent News Personal Example
Understanding Example
Tolerance
Emotional
Intelligence
Public
Administration
Laws/ Rules/
Regulations
Conscience
74
Government
Governance
Good
Governance
Corporate
Governance
Accountability
75
197
198
Probity
Transparency
Citizen Charter
Corruption
Connotational
Morality
76
77
199
78
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ETHICS INTEGRITY & APTITUDE

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ETHICS, INTEGRITY & APTITUDE

CHAPTER NO CHAPTER NAME PAGE NO

1. Ethics and Human Interface

To satisfy basic Improve decision

But what is acceptable to society and what is not acceptable to society?

What Ethics is not about?

COMPONENTS OF ESSENCE OF ETHICS:

Consequences for individual Consequences for society

ETHICS IN INDIA AND SOURCES OF ETHICS:

Historic Ethics in Islamic

Ethical Management and Management of Ethics:

ETHICS, VALUES AND MORALS:

Ethics Values Morals

Essence of Ethics in Human Actions:

CONSEQUENCES OF ETHICS IN HUMAN ACTIONS

At Individual level it will builds self-confidence, courage of conviction, trust and

CONSEQUENCES OF LOSS OF ETHICS:

Core Values • Universal across the time and space

“All Ethics Are Values. All Values Are Not Ethics”

Bad Values Good Values

Personal Values vs. Social Values

Personal Values Social Values

Different Types of Values:

Source to the Universal Values:

Values can also be classified as:

Terminal Values Instrumental Values

ETHICS (What Is Right?) Vs VALUES (What Is Important?)

Attitudes vs. Values

Private Morality Public Morality Political Morality

• It is a situation in which it is very difficult to decide what

Relationship Values Examples

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3. The Fairness or Justice Approach

4. The Common-Good Approach

5. The Virtue Approach

Ethical Problem solving using above approaches:

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