CALCULUS

CHAPTER 2
LIMITS AND CONTINUITY

Introduction

The concept of the limit is one of the most crucial things to understand
in order to prepare for calculus. A limit is a number that a function approaches
as the independent variable of the function approaches a given value. For
example, given the function f (x) = 3x, you could say, "The limit
of f (x) as x approaches 2 is 6." Symbolically, this is written f (x) = 6. In
the following sections, we will more carefully define a limit, as well as give
examples of limits of functions to help clarify the concept.
Continuity is another far-reaching concept in calculus. A function can
either be continuous or discontinuous. One easy way to test for the continuity
of a function is to see whether the graph of a function can be traced with a
pen without lifting the pen from the paper. For the math that we are doing in
precalculus and calculus, a conceptual definition of continuity like this one is
probably sufficient, but for higher math, a more technical definition is needed.
Using limits, we'll learn a better and far more precise way of defining
continuity as well. With an understanding of the concepts of limits and
continuity, you are ready for calculus.

Reference:
http://www.sparknotes.com/math/precalc/continuityandlimits/summary/

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PRETEST

Directions: Read each item carefully and then shade the letter of the
correct answer.

1. Which of the following graphs show the limf(x) 𝑥 2 − 1 as x

𝑥−1

approaches to 1?
A. C.

B. D.

2. What theorem of limits is illustrated in the function lim 2 = 2?

𝑥→3

A. limit of any positive integer n C. limit of a constant

B. limit of any function k D. limit of a sum
3. Using lim 𝑥 𝑛 = 𝑎𝑛 , what is lim1 4𝑥 3 ?
𝑥→𝑎 𝑥→2

1
A. 2 C. -2
1
B. − 2 D. 2

4. Evaluate: lim [(𝑥 + 1) • (𝑥 − 1)].

𝑥→3

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A. -2 C. 0
B. -1 D. 1

3 3
5. Give the theorem of limit used in lim √√𝑥 + 2= √4.
𝑥→4
2
A. lim 𝑛√𝑎 C. lim √ℎ
𝑥→𝑎 𝑥→𝑎

B. lim √𝑥 = √𝑎 D. lim 𝑥 = 𝑎
𝑥→𝑎 𝑥→𝑎

6. Evaluate the lim (𝑥 3 − 3𝑥 2 + 4𝑥 − 1)

𝑥→−2

A. -19 C. 19
B. -29 D. 29
(𝑥+1)(𝑥−2)
7. Given the lim1 , evaluate.
𝑥→2 2𝑥+5

1 1
A. 4 C. − 2
1 1
B. 4 D. − 4
(𝑥+ℎ)3 −𝑥 3
8. When limit of a quotient was used in lim , the answer
ℎ→2 ℎ

will be?
A. 𝑥 3 − 6𝑥 2 + 12𝑥 + 8 C. 𝑥 3 + 6𝑥 2 − 12𝑥 − 8
B. 𝑥 3 + 6𝑥 2 + 12𝑥 + 8 D. −𝑥 3 + 6𝑥 2 + 12𝑥 − 8

9. How do you write the limit of f(x) as x goes to zero from the left?

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A. lim− 𝑓(𝑥) C. lim+ 𝑓(𝑥)

𝑥→0 𝑥→0

B. lim 𝑓(𝑥) D. lim 𝑓(𝑥)

𝑥→0 𝑥

10. The limit of the graph f(x) as x get close to 1.

A. 0 C. 2
B. 1 D. does not exist

11. Limit f(x) as x approaches 0 is

A. -3 C. 2eb
B. 0 D. does not exist

1
12. If f(x) = 5𝑥+4, then the limit of f(x) as x approaches -4/5 is
A. -4/5 B. ¼ C. 1/(5x+4) d. d.n.e.

13. Evaluate lim √−2𝑥 − 4

𝑥→2

A. -8 B. -4 C. -∞ D. d.n.e.

1
14. Evaluate lim+ 𝑥2
𝑥→0

A. +∞ B. 0 C. -∞ D. d.n.e.

15. Evaluate lim

5−
√5 − 2𝑥 − 𝑥 2
𝑥→
2

A. 5/2 B. - 25/4 C. 2/5 D. 4/25

16. What is the limit of the graph at the right as x approaches 3?

A. 1 C. 3
B. 2 D. does not exist

17. What is ?
- 
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A. 0 C.
B. +  D. undefined

18. . Evaluate .
A. 0 C. - 
B. +  D. undefined

19. Find .
A. 0 C. - 
B. +  D. Does not exist

20. Evaluate .
A. 0 C. - 
B. +  D. Does not exist

21. Evaluate .
A. 1 C. + 
B. 3 D. - 

22. Determine .
A. 0 C. + 
B. 1 D. Does not exists

𝟐𝒙𝟑 + 𝟓𝒙 − 𝟏𝟎
23. Find 𝒍𝒊𝒎 .
𝒙→−∞ 𝟐𝒙𝟑 − 𝟏𝟑
.
A. 0 C. - 
B. 1 D. Does not exists

𝟑𝒙𝟐 + 𝒙 − 𝟑
𝒍𝒊𝒎
𝒙→+∞ 𝟐𝒙𝟐 − 𝟑 5
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24. Evaluate .
3
A. 0 C. 2
1
B. D. Does not exists
2

25. The following functions is continuous, except _________ .

A. 𝑓(𝑥 ) = 5𝑥 2 − 𝟏 𝒂𝒕 𝒙 = 𝟏 C. 𝒈(𝒙) = √𝒙 − 𝟏 𝒂𝒕 𝒙
𝟐 +𝟐𝒙−𝟓
3
B. 𝑓 (𝑥 ) = 𝑥 + 1 𝑎𝑡 𝑥 = −1 D. 𝒇(𝒙) = 𝟑𝒙 𝒙−𝟏 𝒂𝒕 𝒙 = 𝟏

26. Which of the following functions is discontinuous at x =1?

A. 𝒇(𝒙) = 𝟓𝒙𝟐 − 𝟏 C. 𝒈(𝒙) = √𝒙 − 𝟏

𝒙−𝟐 𝟑𝒙 + 𝟐 𝒊𝒇 𝒙 ≠ 𝟏
B. 𝒇(𝒙) = 𝒙𝟐 −𝟒
D. 𝒑(𝒙) = { 𝟒 𝒊𝒇 𝒙 = 𝟏
}

27. What type of discontinuity is being described if :

(𝑖 ) 𝑙𝑖𝑚 𝑓(𝑥 ) exist
𝑥→𝑐
(𝑖𝑖 ) 𝑒𝑖𝑡ℎ𝑒𝑟 𝑓(𝑐 )𝑑𝑜𝑒𝑠 𝑛𝑜𝑡 𝑒𝑥𝑖𝑠𝑡 𝑜𝑟 𝑓 (𝑐 ) ≠ 𝑙𝑖𝑚 𝑓 (𝑥 ) ?
𝑥→𝑐

A. Removable Discontinuity C. Infinite Essential Discontinuity

B. Jump REssential Discontinuity D. All of these

28. Identify the type of discontinuity if the one-sided limits exist but
unequal.
A. Removable Discontinuity C. Infinite Essential Discontinuity
B. Jump Essential Discontinuity D. All of these

29. If the one-sided limit does not exist, then it is a ____ discontinuity.
A. Removable Discontinuity C. Infinite Essential Discontinuity
B. Jump Essential Discontinuity D. All of these

30. Which best describe a removable discontinuity?

A. C.

B. D.

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31. What type of discontinuity is being represented by the

𝒙+𝟐 𝒊𝒇 𝒙 < 3
function 𝒈(𝒙) = { } ?
(𝒙 − 𝟑)𝟐 + 𝟒 𝒊𝒇 𝒙 ≥ 𝟑
A. Removable Discontinuity C. Infinite Essential Discontinuity
B. Jump Essential Discontinuity D. All of these

32. Which of the following graph shows jump essential discontinuity?

A. C.

B. D.

33. The following functions is continuous, except _________ .

A. 𝑓 (𝑥 ) = 5𝑥 2 − 𝟏 𝒂𝒕 𝒙 = 𝟏 C. 𝒈(𝒙) = √𝒙 − 𝟏 𝒂𝒕 𝒙 = 𝟐
𝟐 +𝟐𝒙−𝟓
3
B. 𝑓(𝑥 ) = 𝑥 + 1 𝑎𝑡 𝑥 = −1 D. 𝒇(𝒙) = 𝟑𝒙 𝒙−𝟏 𝒂𝒕 𝒙 = 𝟏
34. Which of the following functions is discontinuous at x =1?

A. 𝒇(𝒙) = 𝟓𝒙𝟐 − 𝟏 C. 𝒈(𝒙) = √𝒙 − 𝟏

𝒙−𝟐 𝟑𝒙 + 𝟐 𝒊𝒇 𝒙 ≠ 𝟏
B. 𝒇(𝒙) = 𝒙𝟐 −𝟒
D. 𝒑(𝒙) = { 𝟒 𝒊𝒇 𝒙 = 𝟏
}

35. What type of discontinuity is being described if :

(𝑖 ) 𝑙𝑖𝑚 𝑓(𝑥 ) exist
𝑥→𝑐
(𝑖𝑖 ) 𝑒𝑖𝑡ℎ𝑒𝑟 𝑓(𝑐 )𝑑𝑜𝑒𝑠 𝑛𝑜𝑡 𝑒𝑥𝑖𝑠𝑡 𝑜𝑟 𝑓 (𝑐 ) ≠ 𝑙𝑖𝑚 𝑓 (𝑥 ) ?
𝑥→𝑐

A. Removable Discontinuity C. Infinite Essential Discontinuity

B. Jump REssential Discontinuity D. All of these

36. Identify the type of discontinuity if the one-sided limits exist but
unequal.
A. Removable Discontinuity C. Infinite Essential Discontinuity
B. Jump Essential Discontinuity D. All of these

37. If the one-sided limit does not exist, then it is a ____ discontinuity.
A. Removable Discontinuity C. Infinite Essential Discontinuity
B. Jump Essential Discontinuity D. All of these

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38. Which best describe a removable discontinuity?

A. C.

B. D.

39. What type of discontinuity is being represented by the

𝒙+𝟐 𝒊𝒇 𝒙 < 3
function 𝒈(𝒙) = { 𝟐 } ?
(𝒙 − 𝟑) + 𝟒 𝒊𝒇 𝒙 ≥ 𝟑

A. Removable Discontinuity C. Infinite Essential Discontinuity

B. Jump Essential Discontinuity D. All of these

40. Which of the following graph shows jump essential discontinuity?

A. C.

B. D.

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Topic: DEFINING AND ILLUSTRATING LIMIT OF A FUNCTION

Time Frame: 1 day

OBJECTIVE

Define and illustrate the concept of limit table of values.

LOOKING BACK
Activity 1
“Reminiscence Function”
Directions: The teacher will post the figures below. Let the students analyze
and recall what the model below is all about. After the students come up the
idea, instruct them to give another model that represent a function and a
model which is not a function. Ask them to compare it.

dom f ran f

●𝑥1 ●𝑓(𝑥1 ) = 𝑓(𝑥2 )

●𝑥2 ●𝑓(𝑥3)
●𝑥3

Note: Forming this assignment is as if pairing each x in the domain with

certain y in the range. Remember that two x’s may be paired with the same y

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(i.e. we could 𝑓 (𝑥1 ) = 𝑓 (𝑥2 ) even if (𝑥1 ) ≠ (𝑥2 ) , but an x can be paired with
only one y (and thus, we can say, for eaxh x, there is precisely one f(x).

LET’S GET STARTED

Activity 2
“Zeno’s Paradox”
Directions: Let the students analyze the problem. Afterwards, call one
representative from the class who will demonstrate the problem below.

There was once a Greek philosopher named Zeno who posed the
following puzzle:
1. Suppose a man stands one unit (meter, foot, or kilometer – your
call) from a wall.
2. Suppose that after every fixed period of time, he walks toward
the wall by half his distance from the wall.
3. So, in a while he walks half unit.
4. The next time, he walks half of the remaining, which is a half
unit.
5. That is, by the time he walks only a fourth of the original one
unit distance. And so on.

Guide Questions:
1. Illustrate the number of unit step made by man in table of values.
2. Does the man reach the wall? Why or why not?
4. What do you think is the concept implied of this activity?

Activity 3
“Pinagtagpo Pero Di Itinadhana”
Directions: Consider the function below and answer the questions below.

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𝒙𝟑 −𝒙𝟐
𝒈 (𝒙 ) = 𝒙−𝟏

Guide Questions:
1. What is the implied domain of g?
2. What happen to g(x) when x = 1?

3. Now take a look at the table below. It shows the values of g(x) when the
values for x are very close to 1. Use your calculator to complete the table.

g g(x) x g(x)
1.5 2.25 0.5
1.1 1.21 0.9
1.01 1.0201 0.99
1.001 1.002001 0.999
1.0001 1.00020001 0.9999
1.00001 1.0000200001 0.99999

4. Notice anything?
5. Does it seem that the function values get closer and close to a certain value
as the values for the independent variable get closer and closer to 1?

CHAT TIME

Let f defined throughout an open interval containing a real number a,

except possibly at a itself. It is interesting that the function value f(x) when x
is very close to a, but not necessarily equal to a. In many instances the
number a is not in the domain of f; that is, f(a) is undefined.
Note: The teacher may ask the question: As x gets closer and closer to
a (but 𝑥 ≠ 𝑎), does f(x) get closer and closer to some number L? If the answer
is yes, then illustrate the concept using the following examples.

Example 1: Illustrate the behavior of the function f(x) = 2x – 1 when x

is close to 2 using table of values.
Using the above given illustrate it using table of values.

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g 0 1 1.9 1.99 2 2.001 2.01 2.1 2.5

g(x) -1 1 2.8 2.98 𝟑 3.002 3.02 3.2 4

Using g(x) = 2x – 1

if x = 0; f(x) = 2(0) -1 If x = 2.001; f(x) = 2(2.001) -1

= 0 -1 = 4.002 – 1
= -1 = 3.002

x = 1; f(1) = 2(1) – 1 x = 2.01; f(x) = 2(2.01) -1

=2–1 = 4.02 – 1
=1 = 3.02

x = 1.9; f(1.9) = 2(1.9) – 1 x = 2.01; f(x) = 2(2.1) -1

= 3.8 – 1 = 4.2 – 1
= 2.8 = 3.2

x = 1.99; f(1.99) = 2(1.99) -1 x = 2.5; f(x) = 2(2.5) -1

= 3.98 – 1 =5–1
= 2.98 =4

It follows the table that the values of g(x) = 2x -1 come closer

and closer to the value of 3 as the values of x gets nearer and nearer
to 2. In fact, the value of g(x) can be found as close to 3 by choosing a
value of x that is close enough to 2.

ESSENTIAL NOTES

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THINGS TO REMEMBER…
THINGS TO REMEMBER…
● The definition of “limit” implies that the values of a function cannot
● A limit exist even at a point where the function is not defined, since
approach two different limits at the same time. Therefore, if the limit
limits indicate behavior of the function near some x values, and not at
exists, it is unique.
the x- value. This implies that the limit of a function as the
● A limit may not always exist.
independent variable approaches a point does not depend on the
● Sometimes
value a limit does
of the function not
at that exist because the values of the function
point.
do not approach some unique number from both the left and the right
of an x-value.

SHOW ME WHAT YOU’VE GOT

Activity 3
“The Table of My Limit”
Directions: The class will be grouped into six. Each group will be given an
activity task where they will illustrate the limit of a function table of values.

Group Morong NHS Group CAYS NHS

𝐥𝐢𝐦(𝒙 + 𝟑) 𝐥𝐢𝐦(𝒙 − 𝟑)
𝒙 →𝟐 𝒙 →𝟐

Group Abuyod NHS Group Mahabang Parang NHS

𝐥𝐢𝐦(𝒙𝟐 − 𝟏𝟔) 𝐥𝐢𝐦(𝒙𝟐 + 𝟏𝟔)
𝒙 →𝟒 𝒙 →𝟒

Group San Jose NHS Group Teresa NHS

𝐥𝐢𝐦(𝟐𝒙 + 𝟑) 𝐥𝐢𝐦(𝟐𝒙𝟐 + 𝟏𝟔)
𝒙 →𝟐 𝒙 →𝟒

Guide Questions:

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1. How about the obtained values of f(x) in table of values?

2. Are all limits exist or not? Why or why not?

THIS IS IT! GOTCHA!

Everybody has their own freedom. Freedom to illustrate

everything what their life would be. But despite of all this, everyone
must remember that the freedom they have corresponds to a limit. A
limit that may teach us to do what is right and have a life table full of
good values, so that in the end what we all have is a well defined and
meaningful life.
-Rhenelee S. Ramos-

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Topic: EVALUATING LIMITS USING GRAPHS AND

ALGEBRAIC TECHNIQUES
Time Frame: 2 days

OBJECTIVE

Evaluate limits using graphs and algebraic techniques.

LOOKING BACK
Activity 1
“Buzz It, To Guess It!”
Directions: The class will be grouped into five (5). Each group

LET’S GET STARTED

Activity 2
“Post My Pair”
Directions: The teacher will group the class into ten (10). Afterwards, each
group will pick a given written in Box A. If all groups already picked the given,
they will post what they have picked on the theorem of function which they
belong.

𝐥𝐢𝐦 𝒄 = 𝒄 𝐥𝐢𝐦 𝒙 = 𝒂
𝒙→𝒂 𝒙→𝒂

__________________________ __________________________

𝐥𝐢𝐦(𝒏𝒙 + 𝒄) = 𝒂𝒏 + 𝒄 𝐥𝐢𝐦 𝒙𝒏 = 𝒂𝒏 , provided 𝒂𝒏 𝒆𝒙𝒊𝒔𝒕𝒔

𝒙→𝒂 𝒙→𝒂

__________________________ __________________________

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𝒏 𝒏
𝐥𝐢𝐦 √𝒂 𝐥𝐢𝐦 √𝒙 = √𝒂
𝒙→𝒂 𝒙→𝒂

__________________________ __________________________

𝐥𝐢𝐦[𝒇(𝒙) + 𝒈(𝒙)] = 𝐥𝐢𝐦 𝒇(𝒙) + 𝐥𝐢𝐦 𝒈(𝒙)

𝒙→𝒂 𝒙→𝒂 𝒙→𝒂

__________________________

𝐥𝐢𝐦[𝒇(𝒙) − 𝒈(𝒙)] = 𝐥𝐢𝐦 𝒇(𝒙) − 𝐥𝐢𝐦 𝒈(𝒙)

𝒙→𝒂 𝒙→𝒂 𝒙→𝒂

__________________________

𝐥𝐢𝐦[𝒇(𝒙) • 𝒈(𝒙)] = 𝐥𝐢𝐦 𝒇(𝒙) • 𝐥𝐢𝐦 𝒈(𝒙)

𝒙→𝒂 𝒙→𝟐 𝒙→𝟐

__________________________

𝒇(𝒙) 𝐥𝐢𝐦
𝒙→𝒂
𝒇(𝒙)
𝐥𝐢𝐦 = , 𝒑𝒓𝒐𝒗𝒊𝒅𝒆𝒅 𝐥𝐢𝐦 𝒈(𝒙) ≠ 𝟎
𝒙→𝒂 𝒈(𝒙) 𝐥𝐢𝐦 𝒈(𝒙) 𝒙→𝒂
𝒙→𝒂

__________________________

BOX A
● lim1 3 = 3 ● lim 𝑥 = 5 ● lim (2𝑥 − 1) = 2(4) − 1 = 7
𝑥→ 𝑥→5 𝑥→4
2

3 3 3
● lim 𝑥 2 = (3)2 = 9 ● lim √8 = 2√2 ● lim √√𝑥 + 2 = √√4 + 2 = √4
𝑥→3 𝑥→8 𝑥→4

● lim (2𝑥 3 + 𝑥 2 + 5) = lim 2𝑥 3 + lim 𝑥 2 + lim 5 = 2(2)3 + (2)2 + 5 = 25

𝑥→2 𝑥→2 𝑥→2 𝑥→2

● lim (2𝑥 3 − 𝑥 2 − 5) = lim 2𝑥 3 − lim 𝑥 2 − lim 5 = 2(2)3 − (2)2 − 5 = 7

𝑥→2 𝑥→2 𝑥→2 𝑥→2

● lim [(2𝑥 + 3) • (𝑥 2 + 1)] = lim (2𝑥 + 3) • lim (𝑥 2 + 1) = [2(3) + 3] • [(3)2 + 1] = 90

𝑥→3 𝑥→3 𝑥→3
16
𝑥 2 −2𝑥+1 lim (𝑥 2 −2𝑥+1) (2)2 −2(2)+1 1
● lim = 𝑥→2lim (𝑥2 +1) = =5
𝑥→2 𝑥 2 +1 (2)2+1
𝑥→2
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Guide Questions:
1. Why did you decided to post the assigned given to you under the theorem
of limit you choose?
2. Explain each theorem.

CHAT TIME

From the recent activity, it could be seen that the examples are
illustrated using different theorems on limits of functions.
Let a, n, and c be any real numbers.

THEOREMS OF LIMITS EXAMPLES

1. lim 𝑐 = 𝑐 lim 𝜋 = 𝜋
𝑥→𝑎 𝑥→0

2. lim 𝑥 = 𝑎 lim 𝑥 = 0
𝑥→𝑎 𝑥→0

3. lim (𝑛𝑥 + 𝑐 ) = 𝑎𝑛 + 𝑐 lim (2 − 5𝑥 ) = 2 − 5(−1) = 2 + 5 = 7

𝑥→𝑎 𝑥→−1

4. lim 𝑥 𝑛 = 𝑎𝑛 , 𝑝𝑟𝑜𝑣𝑖𝑑𝑒𝑑 𝑎𝑛 𝑒𝑥𝑖𝑠𝑡𝑠 1 1 1

𝑥→𝑎 lim 4𝑥 3 − 4(− )3 = 4 (− ) = −
𝑥→−
1 2 8 2
2

5. lim √𝑥 = √𝑎 𝑎𝑛𝑑 lim 𝑛√𝑥 = 𝑛√𝑎 • lim √𝑥 2 + 2 = √(2)2 + 2 = √4 + 2 = √6

𝑥→𝑎 𝑥→𝑎 𝑥→2
4
•lim √𝑥 3 + 54 = 4√(3)3 + 54 = 3
𝑥→3

Let f(x) and g(x) be any two functions such that lim 𝑓 (𝑥 )𝑎𝑛𝑑 lim 𝑔(𝑥)
𝑥→𝑎 𝑥→𝑎

exist. Then,
THEOREMS OF LIMITS EXAMPLES
6. lim[𝑓(𝑥) + 𝑔(𝑥)] = lim 𝑓(𝑥) + lim (2𝑥 4 + 3𝑥 2 + 1) = 2 ∓ 3 + 1 = 6
𝑥→𝑎 𝑥→𝑎 𝑥→1
lim 𝑔(𝑥)
𝑥→𝑎

7. lim[𝑓(𝑥) − 𝑔(𝑥)] = lim 𝑓(𝑥) − lim (3𝑥 4 − 3𝑥 2 − 1) = 3 − 3 − 1 = −1

𝑥→𝑎 𝑥→𝑎 𝑥→1
lim 𝑔(𝑥)
𝑥→𝑎

17
 CALCULUS

8. lim[𝑓(𝑥) • 𝑔(𝑥)] = lim 𝑓(𝑥) • lim [(𝑦 + 1) • (𝑦 − 1)] = lim 𝑦 2 − lim 1 = 1

𝑥→𝑎 𝑥→𝑎 𝑦→4 𝑦→4 𝑦→4

lim 𝑔(𝑥)
𝑥→𝑎

lim 𝑓(𝑥)
9. lim
𝑓(𝑥)
= 𝑥→𝑎 lim √𝑥 + 1 √3 + 1 2
√𝑥 + 1 𝑥→3
𝑥→𝑎 𝑔(𝑥) lim 𝑔(𝑥)
𝑥→𝑎 lim = = =
𝑥→3 𝑥 lim 𝑥 3 5
𝑥→3

ESSENTIAL NOTES

THINGS TO REMEMBER…
Different Theorems of Limits

1. lim 𝑐 = 𝑐 6. lim[𝑓(𝑥) + 𝑔(𝑥)] = lim 𝑓(𝑥) + lim 𝑔(𝑥)

𝑥→𝑎 𝑥→𝑎 𝑥→𝑎 𝑥→𝑎

2. lim 𝑥 = 𝑎 7. lim[𝑓(𝑥) − 𝑔(𝑥)] = lim 𝑓(𝑥) − lim 𝑔(𝑥)

𝑥→𝑎 𝑥→𝑎 𝑥→𝑎 𝑥→𝑎

3. lim (𝑛𝑥 + 𝑐 ) = 𝑎𝑛 + 𝑐 8. lim[𝑓(𝑥) • 𝑔(𝑥)] = lim 𝑓(𝑥) • lim 𝑔(𝑥)

𝑥→𝑎 𝑥→𝑎 𝑥→𝑎 𝑥→𝑎

𝑓(𝑥) lim 𝑓(𝑥)

4. lim 𝑥 𝑛 = 𝑎𝑛 , 𝑝𝑟𝑜𝑣𝑖𝑑𝑒𝑑 𝑎𝑛 𝑒𝑥𝑖𝑠𝑡𝑠 9. lim 𝑔(𝑥) = 𝑥→𝑎
𝑥→𝑎 𝑥→𝑎 lim 𝑔(𝑥)
𝑥→𝑎

5. lim √𝑥 = √𝑎 𝑎𝑛𝑑 lim 𝑛√𝑥 = 𝑛√𝑎

𝑥→𝑎 𝑥→𝑎

SHOW ME WHAT YOU’VE GOT

Activity 3
“ILLUSTRATING RIZAL PROVINCE”
Directions: The class will be grouped into five. And then each group needs to
go to ten (10) stations and answer the assigned task by illustrating the
theorems on limit of a function. The group who will get the most number of
points will be the winner.

18
 CALCULUS

ANTIPOLO (limit of a constant) TERESA (limit of a polynomial

function)
𝐥𝐢𝐦 𝒚 =?
𝒙→𝟓
𝐥𝐢𝐦(8𝑥 3 − 2𝑥 2 − 1)
𝒙→𝟐

BINANGONAN (limit of a SAN MATEO (limit of a root

polynomial function) function)

𝐥𝐢𝐦( 𝒙𝟒 − 𝟑𝒙𝟐 + 𝟒𝒙 − 𝟏) 𝐥𝐢𝐦 √𝒙𝟒 − 𝟒𝒙 + 𝟏

𝒙→𝟐 𝒙→𝟐

MORONG (limit of a quotient) CAINTA (limit of a product)

(𝑥 + 1)(𝑥 − 2) lim [(5𝑥 + 7) • (𝑥 3 + 1)]
lim 𝑥→3
𝑥→
1 2𝑥 + 5
3

CARDONA (limit of a quotient) TANAY (limit of exponential

function)
√𝑥 2 + 5
lim lim 5𝑥 3
𝑥→2 𝑥 𝑥→4

ANGONO (limit of a root TAYTAY (limit of a root

function) function)
4
lim √𝑥 4 − 3𝑥 2 + 1
𝑥→−2
𝟒
𝐥𝐢𝐦 √𝒙𝟒 − 𝒙𝟐 + 𝟏
𝒙→𝟐

Guide Questions:
1. What made your group finished the task easily?
2. Why is the theorem of limits significant in solving limit of functions?

THIS IS IT! GOTCHA!

“Our life is not always full of happiness. Sometimes it tested our

limitations, but with the help of our own theorem of life, we conquered
it and that is the real function of each of us”.
19
-Rhenelee S. Ramos-
 CALCULUS

Topic: EVALUATING LIMITS

Time Frame: 3 days

OBJECTIVE

Evaluate limits using graphs and algebraic techniques.

LOOKING BACK

COLOR MY WORLD
Description: This activity will recall the different graph of linear
functions.
Directions: Identify what kind of function based on the graph. Color
the hexagon of your chosen answer.

1.
Linear
Function
Constant Quadratic
Function Function

Square Cubic
Function Function

Rational
Function

20
 CALCULUS

2.

Linear
Function
Constant Quadratic
Function Function

Square Cubic
Function Function

Rational
Function

3.

Linear
Function
Constant Quadratic
Function Function

Square Cubic
Function Function

Rational
Function

21
 CALCULUS

4.
Linear
Function
Constant Quadratic
Function Function

Square Cubic
Function Function

Rational
Function

5.

Linear
Function
Constant Quadratic
Function Function

Square Cubic
Function Function

Rational
Function

22
 CALCULUS

6.

Linear
Function
Constant Quadratic
Function Function

Square Cubic
Function Function

Rational
Function

LET’S GET STARTED

LOOKING AT THE GRAPH

Description: This activity will develop your skills in locating the limit
of a function as it approaches a certain value
Directions: Locate the limit of the following function based on the
graph given below.

23
 CALCULUS

Guide Questions:
1. Looking at the red graph, what is the limit of the function as x
approaches -3? lim 𝑓(𝑥) = ?
𝑥→−3

2. Looking at the same red graph, what is f(-3)?

3. Find lim 𝑔(𝑥).
𝑥→−3

4. Looking at the blue graph, what is the limit of the function as x

approaches 1 from the right? lim 𝑔(𝑥) = ?
𝑥→1+

5. How about the limit of g(x) as x approaches 1 from the left?

lim 𝑔(𝑥) =
𝑥→1−

CHAT TIME

To fully understand the limit of the function, imagine that you are
going to watch the concert of Philippines best-selling artist of all time,
the Asia’s Songbird, Ms. Regine Velasquez- Alcasid, at the Philippine
Arena. When you choose seats, you would want to be as close to the
center stage and have the best view to see clearly what is happening in
the concert. Take note that there is a certain limit for you because you
cannot actually be on the stage. This is how it is with limits of functions.

Aside from table values, limits can also be depicted through graphs
and algebraic techniques. As x approaches a certain value, the
function approaches a certain limit.
Example 1. lim 1 − 2𝑥
𝑥→2

Or you can just simply

evaluate the limit by
direct substitution.
lim 1 − 2𝑥
𝑥→2

= 1 – 2x
= 1 – 2(2)
=1–4

24
 CALCULUS

= -3 therefore the limit is -3

Example 2. lim 2𝑥 2 − 2
𝑥→−1

Or using algebraic technique

= 2x2 – 2
= 2(-1)2 – 2
= 2(1) – 2
=2–2
=0
therefore the limit is 0

Example 3. lim |𝑥 |
𝑥→3

Using algebraic technique

= |3|
=3
therefore the limit is 3

𝑥 2 −5𝑥+6
Example 4. lim
𝑥→2 𝑥−2

Using algebraic technique

𝑥 2 −5𝑥+6 (𝑥−2)(𝑥−3)
= 𝑥−2
→= 𝑥−2
= x-3

=x–3
=2–3
= -1
therefore the limit is -1

25
 CALCULUS

𝑥+1 𝑖𝑓 𝑥 < 4
Example 5. lim {
𝑥→4 (𝑥 − 4)2 + 3 𝑖𝑓 𝑥 ≥ 4

Using algebraic technique

= x + 1, x < 4
=4+1
=5
therefore the limit is 5

= (x – 4)2 + 3, x ≥ 4
= (4 – 4)2 + 3
=0+3
=3
therefore the limit is 3

Since the two separate parts of the function move toward different
limits, (y → 5 from left and y → 3 from the right),
in symbol, lim− 𝑥 + 1 = 5
𝑥→4

and lim+(𝑥 − 4)2 + 3 = 3

𝑥→4

therefore the limit DOES NOT EXIST

as function approaches 4 (x → 4).

ESSENTIAL NOTES

There are three possible outcomes to a limit:

1. the limit does not exist
2. the limit exists and is a number
3. the limit exists and is ±∞
Reading the limit off a graph is the easiest way to find the limit. Trying
to create a table on numbers will work if the function behaves well. If it tends
to change values very quickly this method may not be accurate.

26
 CALCULUS

The most important thing to remember when solving for limits is that
we only care about what is happening to the function NEAR the point and
not what is happening at the point.
To find the limit of a function algebraically:
1. Plug the number that x is approaching into the function.
2. Use factoring especially if plugging x will make the denominator of
the function 0. If there is no canceled term, then the limit does not
exist (dne).
3. In some case where the numerator is radical expression,
rationalization of numerator can be applied.

SHOW ME WHAT YOU’VE GOT

TIME TO PRACTICE
Description: This practice activity will enable you to evaluate limits using
graphs and algebraic technique.
Directions: Using the graph, find the following limits if they exist, and if not
explain why.

Let f be a function defined on the interval [−5,4] whose graph is given below.

27
 CALCULUS

1. lim 𝑓(𝑥) 6. lim 𝑓(𝑥)

𝑥→3 𝑥→1

2. lim 𝑓(𝑥) 7. lim − 𝑓(𝑥)

𝑥→0 𝑥→−2

3. lim 𝑓(𝑥) 8. lim 𝑓(𝑥)

𝑥→−3 𝑥→4

4. lim+ 𝑓(𝑥) 9. lim 𝑓(𝑥)

𝑥→1 𝑥→2

5. lim− 𝑓(𝑥) 10. lim + 𝑓(𝑥)

𝑥→1 𝑥→−2

Evaluate each of the following, show your solutions.

𝑥 5−32
1. lim
𝑥→2 𝑥−2
(3+𝑦)3 −27
2. lim
𝑦→0 𝑦

3. lim 𝑥 2 − 4𝑥 + 3
𝑥→2
4𝑥+2
4. lim
𝑥→3 𝑥+4

5. lim (4𝑥 − 3)(𝑥 2 + 5)

𝑥→8

THIS IS IT! GOTCHA!

The only limits that exist are the ones in your own mind.
- Anonymous

28
 CALCULUS

Topic: Infinite Limits

Time Frame: 3 days

OBJECTIVES

1. Define and illustrate infinite limits.

LOOKING BACK

Activity 1: Show Me My Limit!

Directions: Find the limits of the following using the different limit theorems.

1. lim 5
𝑥→4

2. lim 𝑥 3
𝑥→−3

3. lim 4𝑥 3
𝑥→2

4. lim 𝑥 2 + 2
𝑥→−6

5. lim 10 − 2𝑥 3
𝑥→−1

6. lim[ 𝑥 3 (𝑥 + 5)]
𝑥→1

𝑥+1
7. lim
𝑥→2 𝑥2 − 𝑥 − 2

8. lim √1 − 𝑥
𝑥→1

29
 CALCULUS

LET’S GET STARTED

Activity: Substitute me with x!

Directions: Complete the table by substituting the given domain for the value
of x and then determine the left hand and the right hand limit of the function.

𝟖
𝟏. 𝐥𝐢𝐦
𝒙→𝟓 (𝒙 − 𝟓)𝟐

𝟖 x f(x)
𝐚. 𝐥𝐢𝐦−
𝒙→𝟓 (𝒙 − 𝟓)𝟐 4
4.5
4.75
4.9
4.99

Left-hand limit: _________________

𝟖
𝐛. 𝐥𝐢𝐦+ x f(x)
𝒙→𝟓 (𝒙 − 𝟓)𝟐
6
5.5
5.25
5.1
5.01

Right-hand limit: _________________

30
 CALCULUS

Guide Questions:
1. How will you describe the value of f(x) as x approaches 5 from the left?
from the right?
2. What is the limit of the given function?

CHAT TIME

Definition:
The function values f(x) increase without bound as x approaches a number c
if f(x) can be as large as we please for all values of x sufficiently close to c but
not equal to c.


Example 1 8
lim =+
𝑥→5 (𝑥−5)2

𝟖
𝐚. 𝐥𝐢𝐦−
𝒙→𝟓 (𝒙 − 𝟓)𝟐

x f(x)
4 8
4.5 32
4.75 128
4.9 800
4.99 80 000
Left-hand limit: _________________
𝟖
𝐛. 𝐥𝐢𝐦+
𝒙→𝟓 (𝒙 − 𝟓)𝟐
x f(x)
6 8
5.5 32
5.25 128
5.1 800
5.01 80 000

31
 CALCULUS

From the information from the above tables we obtain the sketch of the
graph of the function as shown above. Observe that both left and right limit
get closer and closer to positive infinity.

Example 2
𝐥𝐢𝐦
𝒙→𝟓
−𝟖
(𝒙 − 𝟓)𝟐
=- 

−𝟖
𝐚. 𝐥𝐢𝐦−
𝒙→𝟓 (𝒙 − 𝟓)𝟐

x f(x)
4 -8
As the value of x approaches -5
4.5 -32 from the left the value of f(x)
approaches negative infinity
4.75 -128
4.9 -800
4.99 -80 000

−𝟖
𝐛. 𝐥𝐢𝐦+
𝒙→𝟓 (𝒙 − 𝟓)𝟐

x f(x)
6 -8
5.5 -32 As the value of x approaches -5
from the right the value of f(x)
5.25 -128
approaches negative infinity
5.1 -800
5.01 -80 000

32
 CALCULUS

Guide Questions:
1. How a given function does approaches infinity?
2. What can you observe about the graph of the function as it
approaches positive infinity? negative infinity?

ESSENTIAL NOTES

THINGS TO REMEMBER…
• The function values f(x) increase without bound as x approaches a number
c if f(x) can be as large as we please for all values of x sufficiently close to c
but not equal to c.

• The function values f(x) decrease without bound as x approaches a number

c if f(x) can be as small as we please for all values of x sufficiently close to c
but not equal to c.

Theorem: If n is any positive integer, then

𝐢. 𝐥𝐢𝐦+
𝟏
=+ 
𝒙→𝟎 𝒙𝒏

𝐢𝐢. 𝐥𝐢𝐦−
𝟏
=− 
𝒙→𝟎 𝒙𝒏

If n is odd

𝐢𝐢. 𝐥𝐢𝐦−
𝟏
=+ 
𝒙→𝟎 𝒙𝒏

If n is even

33
 CALCULUS

SHOW ME WHAT YOU’VE GOT

Directions: Given the following functions solve for the:

a. Left-hand limit
b. Right-hand limit
c. Limit of the function
1
𝟏. 𝐥𝐢𝐦
𝒙→𝟎 𝑥3

1
𝟐. 𝐥𝐢𝐦
𝒙→𝟎 𝑥4

(𝑥 − 1)(𝑥 − 2)
𝟑. 𝐥𝐢𝐦
𝒙→−𝟏 (𝑥 + 1)

5
𝟒. 𝐥𝐢𝐦
𝒙→𝟑 𝑥−3

−5
𝟓. 𝐥𝐢𝐦
𝒙→𝟑 𝑥−3

THIS IS IT! GOTCHA!

Knowing your limit is not a weakness rather an opportunity to reach your

infinite potential.
-Arvin John B. Telintelo

34
 CALCULUS

Topic: LIMITS AT INFINITY

Time Frame: 3 days

OBJECTIVES

1. Evaluate limits at infinity.

LOOKING BACK

Directions: Find the limits of the following functions.

𝟏. 𝐥𝐢𝐦 (𝒙 − 𝟑)
𝒙→−𝟐

𝟐. 𝐥𝐢𝐦 (𝟒𝒙 + 𝟕)
𝒙→𝟏

𝟖
𝟑. 𝐥𝐢𝐦
𝒙→−𝟐 𝒙

𝟒. 𝐥𝐢𝐦 (𝒙𝟒 − 𝟖𝟏)

𝒙→−𝟑

(𝟐𝒙𝟐 + 𝟓𝒙 + 𝟐)
𝟓. 𝐥𝐢𝐦
𝒙→−𝟐 𝒙+𝟐

𝟔. 𝐥𝐢𝐦 (𝒙𝟐 − 𝟔𝟒)

𝒙→−𝟖

𝟏
𝟕. 𝐥𝐢𝐦
𝒙→−𝟖 (𝒙 − 𝟓)𝟐

𝒙+𝟑
𝟖. 𝐥𝐢𝐦+
𝒙→𝟑 𝒙𝟐 − 𝟗

35
 CALCULUS

√𝒙𝟐 + 𝟖
𝟗. 𝐥𝐢𝐦
𝒙→𝟎 𝒙

√𝒙𝟐 − 𝟒
𝟏𝟎. 𝐥𝐢𝐦
𝒙→𝟐 𝒙 − 𝟐

LET’S GET STARTED

Activity 1
TO INFINITY AND BEYOND!

Directions: Complete the table and examine the value of f(x) as the value
of x increases or decreases.

𝟏
1. f(x) = 𝒙

x -100 -10 -1 1 10 100

f(x)

𝟏
2. f(x) = 𝒙𝟐

x -100 -10 -1 1 10 100

f(x)

𝟏
3. f(x) = 𝒙𝟑

x -100 -10 -1 1 10 100

f(x)

36
 CALCULUS

Guide Questions:
1. What can you observe about the value of f(x) as the value of x
increases? decreases?
2. What is the limit of the given functions as the value of x increases?
decreases?
1
3. What theorem can we conclude about the limit of f(x) = as x
𝑥

approaches negative infinity? positive infinity?

CHAT TIME

Infinity is a very special idea. We know we can't reach it, but we can
still try to work out the value of functions that have infinity in them. What is the
value of 1/∞? Maybe we could say that 1/∞ = 0 ... but if we divide 1 into infinite
pieces and they end up 0 each, what happened to the 1? In fact 1/∞ is known
to be undefined. But we can approach it!

37
 CALCULUS

1
𝐴. lim
𝑥→−∞ 𝑥𝑛

1
𝐵. lim
𝑥→+∞ 𝑥𝑛

Theorem:
1
lim = 0
x → x

The limit of 1/x as x approaches Infinity is 0

Furthermore:
1
lim =0
x → xn

1
lim =0
x → − x n

38
 CALCULUS

Example 1. Evaluate
2𝑥 + 5
lim
𝑥→+  𝑥−2

1
Solution: We can use the rule lim = 0 to find the limit by first dividing the
x → xn
numerator and the denominator by x, as follows.
2𝑥 + 5
= lim
𝑥→+  𝑥 − 2

2𝑥 5
+𝑥
= lim 𝑥
𝑥→+  𝑥 2
𝑥−𝑥
5
2+𝑥
= lim
𝑥→+  2
1−𝑥
2+0
=
1−0
=2

Example 2. Evaluate
2𝑥 2 + 5𝑥 + 2
lim
𝑥→+  𝑥 2 − 16
Solution: Divide each term of the numerator and denominator by x2, x with
the highest degree.
2𝑥 2 5𝑥 2
2 + 2 + 𝑥2
= lim 𝑥 2 𝑥
𝑥→+  𝑥 16
−
𝑥2 𝑥2
5 2
2+𝑥+ 2
= lim 𝑥
𝑥→+  16
1− 2
𝑥
2 + 5(0) + 2(0)
= lim
𝑥→+  1 − 16(0)
2
=
1
=2

39
 CALCULUS

Example 3. Evaluate
25𝑥 2 + 10𝑥 + 1
lim
𝑥→+  𝑥3 − 8
Solution: Divide each term of the numerator and denominator by x3, x with
the highest degree.
25𝑥 2 10𝑥 1
3 + 𝑥3 + 𝑥3
= lim 𝑥
𝑥→+  𝑥3 8
−
𝑥3 𝑥3
25 10 1
𝑥 + 𝑥2 + 𝑥3
= lim
𝑥→+  8
1− 3
𝑥
0
=
1

=0

Example 4. Evaluate
𝑥 3 + 3𝑥 2 + 3𝑥 + 1
lim
𝑥→+  𝑥2 − 1
Solution: Divide each term of the numerator and denominator by x3, x with
the highest degree.
𝑥 3 3𝑥 2 3𝑥 1
3 + 𝑥2 + 𝑥3 + 𝑥3
= lim 𝑥
𝑥→+  𝑥2 8
3 − 3
𝑥 𝑥
3 3 1
1+𝑥+ 2+𝑥
= lim 𝑥
𝑥→+  1 1
𝑥 − 𝑥3
1
=
0

=+ 

40
 CALCULUS

Example 5. Evaluate
𝑥3 + 8
lim
𝑥→−  𝑥2 + 𝑥 + 4
Solution: Divide each term of the numerator and denominator by x3, x with
the highest degree.
𝑥3 8
+
= lim 𝑥3 𝑥3
𝑥→−  𝑥2 𝑥 4
3 + 3+ 3
𝑥 𝑥 𝑥
3
1+ 3
= lim 𝑥
𝑥→+  1 1 4
− 2 +
𝑥 𝑥 𝑥3
1
=
0

=− 

ESSENTIAL NOTES

THINGS TO REMEMBER…
𝑝(𝑥)
If f(x) = 𝑞(𝑥) ; for polynomial p(x) and q(x), q(x) ≠ 0, then the
lim 𝑓(𝑥)
𝑥→+ 
can be obtained as follows:

1. Divide p(x) and q(x) by the x with the highest power in either
polynomial.

2. Use the rules for limits, including the limits at infinity,

1 1
lim 𝑛 = 0 and lim 𝑛 =0
𝑥→+  𝑥 𝑥→−  𝑥

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SHOW ME WHAT YOU’VE GOT

Directions: Find the following limits if they exist.

8𝑥 𝑥 5 + 125
1. lim 6. lim
𝑥→+  5𝑥 − 7 𝑥→+  𝑥 2 − 81

2𝑥 + 9 𝑥 2 + 125
2. lim 7. lim
𝑥→+  𝑥 − 2 𝑥→−  𝑥 4 − 81

4𝑥 + 1 𝑥 3 + 27
3. lim 8. lim
𝑥→−  𝑥2 − 7 𝑥→−  𝑥 7 − 128

𝑥 4 + 81 𝑥 3 + 2𝑥 2 + 𝑥 + 27
4. lim 9. lim
𝑥→−  𝑥 3 − 27 𝑥→+  𝑥2 − 4

3𝑥 2 + 4 𝑥 2 + 𝑥 + 27
5. lim 10. lim
𝑥→−  𝑥 3 − 64 𝑥→+  𝑥 2 + 2𝑥 + 1

THIS IS IT! GOTCHA

Do not limit yourself with the four corners of the box, explore and you will see that
there are infinite opportunities waiting for you outside.
- ARVIN JOHN B. TELINTELO

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Topic: Continuity of Functions

Time Frame: 8 hours

OBJECTIVES

A. Illustrate continuity of a function

i.) at a point
ii.) on an interval
B. Determine whether a function is continuous or not
i.) at a point
ii.) on an interval

LOOKING BACK
I have… Who has…
Description: This activity will help you activate your prior knowledge about
limits.
Materials: set of cards (each card has question and answer written on it)
Directions: The teacher will keep one card and distribute other cards to
selected students.
The game will start with the card of the teacher. The teacher will
read the “I have…” part and then the “Who has…” part. The
student who has the answer to the question of the teacher will
read his or her card. The student with the answer to the recent
“Who has…” question reads his or her card. The game ends when
the entire set of cards has been read and answered.
I have… Who has…

𝟐 𝐥𝐢𝐦(𝟑𝒙 + 𝟐)
𝒙→𝟓

𝟑𝒙𝟐 + 𝟏
𝟏𝟕 𝐥𝐢𝐦 ( )
𝒙→∞ 𝒙 − 𝟐𝒙𝟐

𝟑 𝒙𝟑 − 𝟒𝒙
− 𝐥𝐢𝐦
𝟐 𝒙→𝟎 𝟐𝒙𝟐 + 𝟑𝒙

𝟒 𝒙𝟐 − 𝟒
− 𝐥𝐢𝐦
𝟑 𝒙→𝟐 𝒙 − 𝟐

𝟏
𝟒 𝐥𝐢𝐦+
𝒙→𝟑 𝒙−𝟑

+∞ 𝐥𝐢𝐦 𝟏𝟐
𝒙→∞

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𝟏𝟐 𝐥𝐢𝐦 (𝟓𝒙 − 𝟓)
𝒙→𝟓−

𝟏
𝟐𝟎 𝐥𝐢𝐦+
𝒙→𝟏𝟏 𝟏𝟏 − 𝒙
−∞ 𝒙𝟐 − 𝟐𝒙 + 𝟓
𝐥𝐢𝐦
𝒙→+∞ 𝟕𝒙𝟑 + 𝒙 + 𝟏

𝟎 𝟒𝒕𝟐 + 𝟑
𝐥𝐢𝐦
𝒕→+∞ 𝟐𝒕𝟐 − 𝟏

LET’S GET STARTED

Odd One Out
Identify which one does not belong to the group. Write the letter of your choice
on the space provided before each number.

______ 1.

A B C

______ 2.

A B C

______ 3.

A B C

______ 4.

A B C
1. How did you choose which graph does not belong in each group?
2. What is common on the graphs that you have chosen?

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 CALCULUS

CHAT TIME
We say that a function 𝑓 is continuous, if we can draw its graph without lifting
our pencil. This means continuous functions have no breaks, holes, or jumps.
Continuity at a Point
There are four cases wherein a function can be discontinuous at a point.
➢ A hole in the function and the function not defined at that point
➢ The function jumps to a different value at a point
➢ A hole in the function, but the function is defined at that point
➢ The function goes to infinity at one or both sides of the point

The following graphs show discontinuity at 𝑥 = 𝑐.

A B

C D

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Graph A shows that the function is not defined at 𝑥 = 𝑐.

Graph B shows that the 𝑙𝑖𝑚 𝑓 (𝑥 ) does not exist at 𝑥 = 𝑐.
Graph C shows that the 𝑙𝑖𝑚 𝑓(𝑥 ) exists at 𝑥 = 𝑐, but it is not equal to 𝑓(𝑐 ).
Graph D shows that the 𝑙𝑖𝑚 𝑓(𝑥 ) approaches infinity at 𝑥 = 𝑐.
There is a more formal definition of continuity of function. A function is
continuous at a point if the limit is the same as the value of the function.

Mathematically speaking, a function 𝑓 is said to be continuous at 𝑥 = 𝑐 if and

only if the following three conditions are satisfied.
𝑖. ) 𝑓 (𝑐 ) exists
𝑖𝑖. ) lim 𝑓 (𝑥 ) exists
𝑥→𝑐

𝑖𝑖𝑖. ) lim 𝑓 (𝑥 ) = 𝑓 (𝑐 )
𝑥→𝑐

If one or more of these three conditions fails to hold at 𝑥 = 𝑐, the function is

said to be discontinuous at 𝑥 = 𝑐.
Continuity on an Interval

There are functions that are continuous on a specified interval.

➢ A function 𝑓(𝑥 ) is continuous on the open interval (𝑎, 𝑏) if it is
continuous at every point 𝑥 = 𝑐 of the interval.
➢ A function 𝑓(𝑥 ) is continuous on the closed interval [𝑎, 𝑏] if it is
continuous at every point on the open interval (𝑎, 𝑏), continuous from
the right at 𝑥 = 𝑎 and continuous from the left at 𝑥 = 𝑏.
➢ A function 𝑓(𝑥 ) is continuous on half-closed interval (𝑎, 𝑏] if it is
continuous at every point on the open interval (𝑎, 𝑏) and continuous
from the left at 𝑥 = 𝑏.
➢ A function 𝑓(𝑥 ) is continuous on half-closed interval [𝑎, ∞) if it is
continuous at every point on the open interval (𝑎, ∞) and continuous
from the right at 𝑥 = 𝑎.

E F G H
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Graph E shows that the function is continuous on the open interval.

Graph F shows that the function is continuous on the closed interval.
Graphs G and H show that the function is continuous on the half-closed
interval.

Examples: Study the following functions with their illustrated graphs. Discover
how a function is continuous or discontinuous.

1. 𝑓 (𝑥 ) = 𝑥 3 − 𝑥
Notice that there is no gap, hole, or break
in the graph, hence, the function is
continuous at any value of 𝑥.

2𝑥 2 +𝑥−3
2. 𝑔(𝑥 ) =
𝑥−1

The graph shows a hole at 𝑥 = 1, this is

the x-value that will make the denominator
of the original function equal to 0, and
division by zero makes the function
undefined, therefore, the function is
discontinuous at 𝑥 = 1.

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3. ℎ(𝑥 ) = 𝑥 2 + 1 𝑎𝑡 𝑥 = 1
𝑖. ) 𝑓 (1) = 12 + 1 = 2
𝑖𝑖. ) lim− ℎ(𝑥 ) = lim− 𝑥 2 + 1 = 2
𝑥→1 𝑥→1

𝑖𝑖. ) lim+ ℎ(𝑥 ) = lim+ 𝑥 2 + 1 = 2

𝑥→1 𝑥→1

∴ lim ℎ(𝑥 ) 𝑒𝑥𝑖𝑠𝑡𝑠 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑖𝑠 𝑒𝑞𝑢𝑎𝑙 𝑡𝑜 2

𝑥→1

𝑖𝑖𝑖. ) lim ℎ(𝑥 ) = 𝑓 (1) = 2

𝑥→1

hence, the function is continuous at 𝑥 = 1

2𝑥 + 3 𝑖𝑓 𝑥 ≠ 1
4. 𝑝(𝑥 ) = { }
2 𝑖𝑓 𝑥 = 1
Is 𝑝(𝑥 ) continuous at 𝑥 = 1?
𝑖. ) 𝑝(1) = 2
𝑖𝑖. ) lim− 𝑝(𝑥 ) = lim− 2𝑥 + 3 = 5
𝑥→1 𝑥→1

𝑖𝑖. ) lim+ 𝑝(𝑥 ) = lim+ 2𝑥 + 3 = 5

𝑥→1 𝑥→1

∴ lim 𝑝(𝑥 ) 𝑒𝑥𝑖𝑠𝑡𝑠 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑖𝑠 𝑒𝑞𝑢𝑎𝑙 𝑡𝑜 5

𝑥→1

𝑖𝑖𝑖. ) lim 𝑝(𝑥 ) ≠ 𝑓(1)

𝑥→1

hence, the function is discontinuous at 𝑥 = 1

2𝑥 + 3 𝑖𝑓 𝑥 ≠ 1
5. 𝑞(𝑥 ) = { }
5 𝑖𝑓 𝑥 = 1
Is 𝑞(𝑥 ) continuous at 𝑥 = 1?
𝑖. ) 𝑞(1) = 5
𝑖𝑖. ) lim− 𝑞 (𝑥 ) = lim− 2𝑥 + 3 = 5
𝑥→1 𝑥→1

𝑖𝑖. ) lim+ 𝑞 (𝑥 ) = lim+ 2𝑥 + 3 = 5

𝑥→1 𝑥→1

∴ lim 𝑞 (𝑥 ) 𝑒𝑥𝑖𝑠𝑡𝑠 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑖𝑠 𝑒𝑞𝑢𝑎𝑙 𝑡𝑜 5

𝑥→1

𝑖𝑖𝑖. ) lim 𝑞(𝑥 ) = 𝑓(1) = 5

𝑥→1

hence, the function is continuous at 𝑥 = 1

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3 + 𝑥 𝑖𝑓 𝑥 ≤ 1
6. 𝑟(𝑥 ) = { }
3 − 𝑥 𝑖𝑓 𝑥 > 1
Is 𝑟(𝑥 ) continuous at 𝑥 = 1?
𝑖. ) 𝑟(1) = 3 + 1 = 4
𝑖𝑖. ) lim− 𝑟(𝑥 ) = lim− 3 + 1 = 4
𝑥→1 𝑥→1

𝑖𝑖. ) lim+ 𝑟(𝑥 ) = lim+ 3 − 1 = 2

𝑥→1 𝑥→1

lim 𝑟(𝑥 ) ≠ lim+ 𝑟(𝑥 )

𝑥→1− 𝑥→1

∴ lim 𝑟(𝑥 ) 𝑑𝑜𝑒𝑠 𝑛𝑜𝑡 𝑒𝑥𝑖𝑠𝑡

𝑥→1

7. The continuity of 𝑓 (𝑥 ) = √1 − 𝑥 2
The domain of 𝑓 is the closed interval [−1,1]
Also,

𝑖. ) 𝑓 (−1) = √1 − (−1)2 = 0

𝑓 (1) = √1 − 12 = 0
𝑖𝑖. ) lim− 𝑓 (𝑥 ) = 0
𝑥→1

Continuous from the left

𝑖𝑖𝑖. ) lim + 𝑓 (𝑥 ) = 0
𝑥→−1

Continuous from the right

∴ the function is continuous on the closed interval [−1,1].

1
8. The continuity of 𝑓 (𝑥 ) =
√1−𝑥 2

The domain of 𝑓 is the open interval (−1,1)

Also,
1
𝑖. ) 𝑓 (−1) = =∞
√1 − (−1)2
1
𝑓 (1) = =∞
√1 − (−1)2

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𝑖𝑖. ) lim− 𝑓 (𝑥 ) = +∞
𝑥→1

Continuous from the left

𝑖𝑖𝑖. ) lim + 𝑓 (𝑥 ) = −∞
𝑥→−1

Continuous from the right

∴ the function is continuous on the open interval (−1,1).

ESSENTIAL NOTES

Continuity at a Point

A function f(𝑥 ) is continuous at 𝑥 = 𝑐 if and only if it meets the following

three conditions.
𝑖. ) 𝑓 (𝑐 ) exists (𝑐 lies in the domain of 𝑓)
𝑖𝑖. ) lim 𝑓 (𝑥 ) exists (𝑓 has a limit as 𝑥 → 𝑐)
𝑥→𝑐

𝑖𝑖𝑖. ) lim 𝑓 (𝑥 ) = 𝑓 (𝑐 ) (the limit equals the function value)

𝑥→𝑐

Continuity on an Interval

➢ A function 𝑓(𝑥 ) is continuous on the open interval (𝑎, 𝑏) if it is

continuous at every point 𝑥 = 𝑐 of the interval.
➢ A function 𝑓(𝑥 ) is continuous on the closed interval [𝑎, 𝑏] if it is
continuous at every point on the open interval (𝑎, 𝑏) and
lim 𝑓 (𝑥 ) = 𝑓 (𝑎) and lim− 𝑓 (𝑥 ) = 𝑓(𝑏)
𝑥→𝑎+ 𝑥→𝑏

➢ A function 𝑓(𝑥 ) is continuous on half-closed interval (𝑎, 𝑏] if it is

continuous at every point on the open interval (𝑎, 𝑏) and
lim 𝑓 (𝑥 ) = 𝑓 (𝑏)
𝑥→𝑏−

Continuity of Polynomial and Rational Functions

➢ A polynomial function is continuous at every real number. Hence,
the function is continuous everywhere or continuous on ℝ.
➢ A rational function is continuous at every real number on its
respective domain. 50
 CALCULUS

SHOW ME WHAT YOU’VE GOT

Continuity for Existence

Examine each of the following graphs of functions 𝑓 (𝑥):
A. Determine whether 𝑓(𝑥) is continuous at 𝑥 = 𝑎. Write
CONTINUOUS or DISCONTINUOUS
B. Find lim 𝑓(𝑥), if it exists, if not, DNE (does not exists)
𝑥→𝑎

1.
2. 3.

A. ____________
A. ____________ A. ____________
B. ____________
B. ____________ B. ____________

4. 5.
1.

A. ____________ A. ____________
B. ____________ B. ____________

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Continuous or Discontinuous?
Description: This activity will test your ability to determine whether a function
is continuous or discontinuous, at a given value of 𝑥.

4𝑥 + 3 𝑖𝑓 𝑥 ≠ 2
1. 𝑘 (𝑥 ) = { }
3𝑥 + 5 𝑖𝑓 𝑥 = 2
Is 𝑘 (𝑥 ) continuous at 𝑥 = 2?

4𝑥 + 3 𝑖𝑓 𝑥 ≤ 2
2. ℎ(𝑥 ) = { }
8 − 𝑥 𝑖𝑓 𝑥 > 2
Is 𝑘 (𝑥 ) continuous at 𝑥 = 2?

𝑥 2 −4𝑥+3
𝑖𝑓 𝑥 ≠ 1
3. 𝑡(𝑥 ) = { 𝑥−1 }
−2 𝑖𝑓 𝑥 = 1
Is 𝑘 (𝑥 ) continuous at 𝑥 = 1?

𝑥 2 −4
𝑖𝑓 𝑥 ≠ 2
4. 𝑝(𝑥 ) = { 𝑥−2 }
7 𝑖𝑓 𝑥 = 2
Is 𝑘 (𝑥 ) continuous at 𝑥 = 2?

𝑥2 − 1
5. 𝑑 (𝑥 ) = { 𝑥 − 1 𝑖𝑓 𝑥 ≠ 1}
𝑛 𝑖𝑓 𝑥 = 1
For what value of n is the following function continuous at 𝑥 = 1?

THIS IS IT! GOTCHA!

Your limit exists when you finally decided to discontinue.

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 CALCULUS

- Cristy Caguntas-Cruz

Topic: DIFFERENT TYPES OF DISCONTINUITIES

Time Frame: 2 days

OBJECTIVES

Identify the type of discontinuity for a certain type of function.

LOOKING BACK

Activity 1: Test My Continuity!

Direction: Determine whether a function is continuous or discontinuous

at a given value of x.

𝟏 𝒙−𝟐
𝟏. 𝒇(𝒙) = 𝟓𝒙𝟐 − 𝟏 𝒂𝒕 𝒙 = 𝟏 𝟐. 𝒇(𝒙) = 𝒙−𝟑 𝒂𝒕 𝒙 = 𝟑 𝟑. 𝒇(𝒙) = 𝒂𝒕 𝒙 = 2
𝒙𝟐−𝟒

𝟑𝒙𝟐 +𝟐𝒙−𝟓 𝟑𝒙 + 𝟐 𝒊𝒇 𝒙 ≠ 𝟏,
𝟒. 𝒇(𝒙) = 𝒂𝒕 𝒙 = 𝟏 𝟓. 𝒈(𝒙) = √𝒙 − 𝟏 𝒂𝒕 𝒙 = 𝟐 𝟔. 𝒑(𝒙) = { }
𝒙−𝟏 𝟒 𝒊𝒇 𝒙 = 𝟏.
𝒂𝒂𝒕 𝒙 = 𝟏

LET’S GET STARTED

Activity 2: It’s Me !

What is the branch of mathematics which was derived from the

word stone or pebble?
To answer the trivia question , identify the graphs which is discontinuous .
Choose the letter of your answer to reveal the answer.

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 CALCULUS

A C L

A G L

C E U

L B U

R A S

Answer :
__ __ __ __ __ __ __ __

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 CALCULUS

CHAT TIME
We learned that when lim 𝑓(𝑥 )𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑓(𝑐) are equal, f(x) is said to
𝑥→𝑐
be continuous at c. Otherwise , it is said to be discontinuous at c.
Discontinuity occurs when lim 𝑓 (𝑥 ) 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑓(𝑐) have unequal
𝑥→𝑐
or different values.

Consider the functions 𝑓(𝑥 ), 𝑔(𝑥 ) 𝑎𝑛𝑑 ℎ(𝑥 )

3𝑥2 − 7𝑥 + 2
𝑓 (𝑥 ) = { 𝑖𝑓 𝑥 ≠ 2, }
𝑥−2
2 𝑖𝑓 𝑥 = 2.

𝒙+𝟐 𝒊𝒇 𝒙 < 3,
𝒈 (𝒙 ) = { 𝟐 }
(𝒙 − 𝟑) + 𝟒 𝒊𝒇 𝒙 ≥ 𝟑.
𝟏
𝒉(𝒙 ) = ,𝒙 ≠ 𝟎
𝒙
Let us examine these for continuity at the respective values 2,3 and 0.
(a) lim 𝑓 (𝑥 ) = 5 𝑏𝑢𝑡 lim 𝑓 (2) = 2.
𝑥→2 𝑥→2

(𝑏) lim 𝑔(𝑥 ) 𝐷𝑁𝐸 𝑏𝑢𝑡 𝑔(3) = 4.

𝑥→3

(𝑐 ) lim ℎ(𝑥 ) 𝐷𝑁𝐸 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑓 (0) 𝐷𝑁𝐸.

𝑥→0

All of the functions are discontinuous at the given values. They actually shows
different types of discontinuity.
Different Types of Discontinuity
A. Removable Discontinuity
A function f(x) is said to have a removable discontinuity at x = c if
(𝒂) 𝐥𝐢𝐦 𝒇(𝒙) 𝒆𝒙𝒊𝒔𝒕𝒔; 𝒂𝒏𝒅
𝒙→𝒄

(𝒃) 𝒆𝒊𝒕𝒉𝒆𝒓 𝒇(𝒄)𝒅𝒐𝒆𝒔 𝒏𝒐𝒕 𝒆𝒙𝒊𝒔𝒕 𝒐𝒓 𝒇(𝒄) ≠ 𝐥𝐢𝐦 𝒇(𝒙)

𝒙→𝒄

It is said to be removable because the discontinuity may be removed by

redefining 𝑓 (𝑐 ) so that that it will be equal to lim 𝑓 (𝑥 ). Thus, we can say that
𝑥→𝑐
if lim 𝑓 (𝑥 ) = 𝐿, a removable discontinuity is remedied by the redefinition :
𝑥→𝑐

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𝐿𝑒𝑡 𝑓 (𝑐 ) = 𝐿.
Recall 𝑓 (𝑥 ) above and how it is discontinuous at 1. In this case , 𝑓 (2) exists.
Its graph is as follows:

The discontinuity of of 𝑓 at at the point x = 5 is shown by the hole in the

graph of 𝑦 = 𝑓(𝑥 ) 𝑎𝑡 (2,5). This is due to the fact that
𝑓 (2) 𝑖𝑠 𝑒𝑞𝑢𝑎𝑙 𝑡𝑜 2 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑛𝑜𝑡 5, 𝑤ℎ𝑖𝑙𝑒 lim 𝑓 (𝑥 ) = 5. We now demonstrate how
𝑥→2
this kind of a discobtinuity may be removed :
𝐿𝑒𝑡 𝑓(1) = 5.

This is called a redefinition of f at 𝑥 = 5.The redefinition results in a “transfer”

of the point (2, 2) to the hole at (2, 5). In effect, the hole is filled and the
discontinuity is removed!
This is why the discontinuity is called a removable one or sometimes, it is
called a hole discontinuity.
We go back to the graph of f(x) and see how redefining f(2) to be 5 removes
the discontinuity:

and revises the function to its continuous counterpart,

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𝑓(𝑥 ) 𝑖𝑓 𝑥 ≠ 1,
𝐹 (𝑥 ) = { }
2 𝑖𝑓 𝑥 = 2.

B. Essential Discontinuity
A function f(x) is said to have an essential discontinuity at x = c if
lim 𝑓(𝑥 ) 𝐷𝑁𝐸.
𝑥→𝑐

Case 1. If for a function 𝒇(𝒙), lim 𝑓(𝑥 ) 𝐷𝑁𝐸. because the limits from
𝑥→𝑐
the left and right of x = c both exist but are not equal, that is,

𝐥𝐢𝐦 𝒇(𝒙) = 𝑳 𝒂𝒏𝒅 𝐥𝐢𝐦+ 𝒇(𝒙) = 𝑴, 𝒘𝒉𝒆𝒓𝒆 𝑳 ≠ 𝑴,

𝒙→𝒄− 𝒙→𝒄

then 𝑓 is said to have a jump essential discontinuity at 𝑥 = 𝑐.

Recall the function g(x) where

𝒙+𝟐 𝒊𝒇 𝒙 < 3, ,
𝒈 (𝒙 ) = { 𝟐 }
(𝒙 − 𝟑) + 𝟒 𝒊𝒇 𝒙 ≥ 𝟑.

Its graph is as follows :

We have learned from the previous lesson that lim 𝑔(𝑥 ) DNE because
𝑥→3
𝐥𝐢𝐦− 𝒈(𝒙) = 𝟓 𝒂𝒏𝒅 𝐥𝐢𝐦+ 𝒈(𝒙) = 𝟒.
𝒙→𝟑 𝒙→𝟑

The graph confirms that the discontinuity of 𝑔(𝑥) at 𝑥 = 3 is certainly not

removable. The discontinuity is not just a matter of having one point missing

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from the graph and putting it in; if ever, it is a matter of having a part of the
graph entirely out of place. If we force to remove this kind of discontinuity , we
need to connect the two parts by a vertical line from (3,5) to (3,4). However,
the resulting graph will fail the Vertical Line Test and will not be a graph of a
function anymore. Hence, this case has no remedy. From the graph, it is clear
why this essential discontinuity is also called a jump discontinuity.
Case 2. If a function f(x) is such that lim 𝑓(𝑥 ) 𝐷𝑁𝐸 because either f(x) DNE
𝑋→𝐶
because either
(𝑖 ) lim− 𝑓 (𝑥 ) = +∞, 𝑜𝑟 (𝑖𝑖𝑖 ) lim 𝑓 (𝑥 ) = +∞, or
𝑥→𝑐 𝑥→𝑐 +

(𝑖𝑖 ) lim− 𝑓 (𝑥 ) = − ∞, 𝑜𝑟 (𝑖𝑣 ) lim 𝑓 (𝑥 ) = -∞,

𝑥→𝑐 𝑥→𝑐 +

Then f(𝑥 ) is said to have an infinite discontinuity at 𝑥 = 𝑐.

1
Recall ℎ(𝑥 ) = 𝑥 , 𝑥 ≠ 0 . Its graph is as follows :

We have seen that

1 1
lim− = −∞ 𝑎𝑛𝑑 lim+ = +∞ .
𝑥→0 𝑥 𝑥→0 𝑥

Because the limits are infinite, the limits from both the left and the right of x =
0 donot exist, and the discontinuity cannot be removed. Also, the absence of
a left-hand (or right-hand) limit from which to “jump” to the other part of the
graph means the discontinuity is permanent. As the graph indicates, the two
ends of the function that approach x = 0 continuously move away from each
other : one end

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goes upward without bound, the other end goes downward without bound.
This translates to an asymptotic behavior as x-values approach 0; in fact, we
say that x = 0 is a vertical asymptote of f(x).
Thus, this discontinuity is called an infinite essential discontinuity.

ESSENTIAL NOTES

THINGS TO REMEMBER…
The flowchart below can help evaluate whether a function is
Continuous or not at a point c. Before using this, make sure that the function
is defined on an open interval containing c, except possibly at c. This is also
our guide in easily identifying the type of discontinuity.

Does lim 𝑓(𝑥) exist?

𝑥→𝑐

Yes No
Is lim 𝑓(𝑥) =𝑓(𝑐)? Do the one-sided limits exist
𝑥→𝑐
but are unequal ?

Yes No No Yes
𝑓 is continuous 𝑓 has a removable 𝑓 has an infinite 𝑓 has a jump
at c. discontinuity at c. essential essential
discontinuity. discontinuity.

SHOW ME WHAT YOU’VE GOT

Just the Three of Us!

Identify if the following is removable , jump essential or infinite essential

discontinuity.

1. 2.

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________________________
_____________________

3. 4.
𝒙+𝟏 𝒊𝒇 𝒙 < 4,
𝒈 (𝒙 ) = { 𝟐 }
(𝒙 − 𝟒) + 𝟑 𝒊𝒇 𝒙 ≥ 𝟒.

_______________________
5.
3𝑥2 − 4𝑥 + 1
𝑓 (𝑥 ) = { 𝑖𝑓 𝑥 ≠ 1, }
𝑥−2
1 𝑖𝑓 𝑥 = 1.

_______________________
_______________________

THIS IS IT! GOTCHA!

“Don’t discontinue achieving your dreams. These dreams might be God’s given
purpose to you.”
-Marites G. Ancheta

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POSTTEST

Directions: Read each item carefully and then shade the letter of the
correct answer.

1. How do you write the limit of f(x) as x goes to zero from the right?
A. lim− 𝑓(𝑥) B. lim+ 𝑓(𝑥) C. lim 𝑓(𝑥) D. lim 𝑓(𝑥)
𝑥→0 𝑥→0 𝑥→0 𝑥

2. The limit of the graph f(x) as x get close to 3.

A. 0 C. 2
B. 1 D. does not exist

3. Limit f(x) as x approaches -1 is

A. 3 C. 2
B. 0 D. does not exist
1
4. Given f(x) = 2𝑥, the limit of f(x) as x approaches 1 is
A. ½ x B. ½ C. 1 D. 0

5. Evaluate lim √9𝑥 − 2

𝑥→−1

A. –9 B. -11 C. -∞ D. d.n.e.

1
6. Evaluate lim− 𝑥2
𝑥→0

A. +∞ B. 0 C. -∞ D. d.n.e.

7. Evaluate lim+ √2 − 3𝑥 − 𝑥 2
2
𝑥→
3

A. 4/9 B. - 4/9 C. 2/9 D. -9/2

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8. What is the limit of the graph at the right as x approaches 2?

A. 0 C. 2
B. 1 D. does not exist

−2 𝑖𝑓 𝑥 < 1
9. What is the graph of the function 𝑓 (𝑥 ) = { }
2 𝑖𝑓 𝑥 ≥ 1

A. C.

B. D.

10. Which of the following examples show the application of the limit of a
constant?
A. lim ℎ = 4 C. lim ℎ = 𝑥
𝑥→4 𝑥→2

B. lim ℎ = ℎ D. lim ℎ = −4
𝑥→4 𝑥→4

11. Using lim 𝑥 𝑛 = 𝑎𝑛 , what is lim1 3𝑥 3 − 6𝑥 2 + 9𝑥 − 1?-

𝑥→𝑎 𝑥→
3

15 9
A. C. − 15
9
9 15
B. 15 D. − 9

3𝑥 2 +𝑥−2
12. Evaluate: lim .
𝑥→−1 2𝑥 2 −𝑥−3

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A. -2 C. 0
B. -1 D. 1

13. Evaluate lim (4𝑥 5 − 2𝑥 3 + 𝑥 2 − 6)

𝑥→−∞

A. ∞ C. ±∞
B. -∞ D. 1
(𝑥+∆𝑥)3 −𝑥 3
14. Evaluate the lim
∆𝑥→1 ∆𝑥

A. 3 C. 1
B. 2 D. 0
𝑥 3 −2𝑥 2 +3𝑥−3
15. Given the lim2 , evaluate.
𝑥→ 𝑥 2 −3𝑥
3
11 11
A. 18 C. − 189
11 11
B. 19 D. − 198
(𝑥+ℎ)3 −𝑥 3
16. When limit of a quotient was used in lim , the answer will be?
ℎ→2 ℎ

A. 𝑥 3 − 6𝑥 2 + 12𝑥 + 8 C. 𝑥 3 + 6𝑥 2 − 12𝑥 − 8
B. 𝑥 3 + 6𝑥 2 + 12𝑥 + 8 D. −𝑥 3 + 6𝑥 2 + 12𝑥 − 8

1
17. What is lim+ ?
𝑥→𝟎 𝑥4
A. 0 C. - 
B. +  D. undefined

(𝑥 + 1)(𝑥 − 2)
18. Evaluate lim − .
𝑥→−𝟐 𝑥+2
A. 0 C. - 
B. +  D. undefined

𝑥+3
19. Find lim+
𝑥→𝟑 𝑥 2 − .9
A. 0 C. - 
B. +  D. Does not exist

√𝑥 2 + 8
20. Evaluate lim− .
𝑥→𝟎 𝑥
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 CALCULUS

A. 0 C.
B. +  D. Does not exist

2𝑥 + 5
lim
21. Evaluate 𝑥→+∞ 𝑥 − 1.

A.
1
2
C. + 
B. 2 D. - 
𝑥 2 + 𝑥 + 12
22. Determine lim .
𝑥→+∞ 𝑥3 + 3
A. 0 C. + 
B. 1 D. Does not exists

5𝑥 2 + 5𝑥 + 10
23. Find lim .
𝑥→−∞ 5𝑥 2 + 10
A. 0 C. - 
B. 1 D. Does not exists

12𝑥 3 + 6𝑥 2 − 𝑥 + 1
24. Evaluate 𝑥→+∞ lim .
7𝑥 3 − 12
12
A. 1 C.
7
7
B. D. Does not exists
12

25. The following functions is discontinuous, except _________ .

1 1
A. f(x) = x−3 at x = 3 C. f(x) = x2 −9 at x = 1
3x2 +2x−5
B. f(x) = at x = 1 D. p(x) = {3x + 2 if x ≠ 1 }
x−1 4 if x = 1
26. Which of the following functions is discontinuous at x = -1?
1 1
A. f(x) = x−3 C. f(x) = x2 −9
3x2 +8x+5
B. f(x) = D. p(x) = {3x + 2 if x ≠ 1 }
x+1 4 if x = 1

27. What is/are the conditions to say that a discontinuity is removable?

(𝑖 ) 𝑙𝑖𝑚 𝑓(𝑥 ) exist
𝑥→𝑐
(𝑖𝑖 ) 𝑒𝑖𝑡ℎ𝑒𝑟 𝑓(𝑐 )𝑑𝑜𝑒𝑠 𝑛𝑜𝑡 𝑒𝑥𝑖𝑠𝑡 𝑜𝑟 𝑓 (𝑐 ) ≠ 𝑙𝑖𝑚 𝑓 (𝑥 ) ?
𝑥→𝑐
(iii) 𝑙𝑖𝑚− 𝑓 (𝑥 ) = +∞
𝑥→𝑐

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(iv) 𝑙𝑖𝑚+ 𝑓 (𝑥 ) = -∞
𝑥→𝑐
A. 𝑖 𝑜𝑛𝑙𝑦 B. 𝑖𝑖 𝑜𝑛𝑙𝑦 C. 𝑖 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑖𝑖 D. 𝑖, 𝑖𝑖, 𝑖𝑖𝑖 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑖𝑣

28. Identify the type of discontinuity if lim 𝑓 (𝑥 ) = 𝐿 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑥→𝑐

lim+ 𝑓(𝑥 ) =
𝑥→𝑐 −
𝑀, 𝑤ℎ𝑒𝑟𝑒 𝐿 ≠ 𝑀
A. Removable Discontinuity C. Infinite Essential Discontinuity
B. Jump Essential Discontinuity D. All of these

29. What type of discontinuity is being described if the one-sided limit

does not exist?
A. Removable Discontinuity C. Infinite Essential Discontinuity
B. Jump Essential Discontinuity D. All of these

30. Which best describe a infinite essential discontinuity?

A. C.

B. D.

31. What type of discontinuity is being represented by the function

(3x+5)(x+1)
𝑖𝑓 𝑥 ≠ −1
𝑓 (𝑥 ) = { 𝑥+1 }?
5 𝑖𝑓 𝑥 = −1
A. Removable Discontinuity C. Infinite Essential Discontinuity
B. Jump Essential Discontinuity D. All of these

32. Which of the following graph shows jump essential discontinuity?

A. C.

B. D.

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Pre-test
Directions: Read each item carefully and then shade the letter of the correct
answer.
3 2𝑥
1. Determine the point/s of discontinuity of 𝑓 (𝑥 ) = 𝑥 + 𝑥−4

A. 𝑥=0 C. 𝑥 = 0, −4
B. 𝑥 = −4 D. 𝑥 = 0, 4

𝑥 2 −9
2. The graph of 𝑓(𝑥 ) = 3𝑥−9 has

A. a vertical asymptote at 𝑥 = 3 C. an infinite discontinuity at

𝑥=3
1
B. a horizontal asymptote at 𝑦 = 3 D. a removable discontinuity

at 𝑥 = 3

For numbers 3 – 5: Refer to the graph on the right.

1 − 𝑥, (−1 ≤ 𝑥 < 0)
2𝑥 2 − 2, (0 ≤ 𝑥 ≤ 1)
𝑓 (𝑥 ) = −𝑥 + 2, (1 < 𝑥 < 2)
1 (𝑥 = 2)
{ 2𝑥 − 4, (2 < 𝑥 ≤ 3) }

3. lim 𝑓 (𝑥 )
𝑥→2

A. 0 C. 2

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B. 1 D. does not exists

4. The function 𝑓 is defined on [−1,3]

A. if 𝑥 ≠ 1 C. if 𝑥 ≠ 3
B. if 𝑥 ≠ 2 D. at each 𝑥 in [−1,3]

5. On which of the following intervals is 𝑓 continuous?

A. −1 < 𝑥 < 0 C. 1 < 𝑥 < 2
B. 0 < 𝑥 < 1 D. 2 < 𝑥 < 3

𝑥 2 −1
𝑖𝑓 𝑥 ≠ 1
6. Given: 𝑔(𝑥 ) = { 𝑥−1 } Which of the following statements is/are
4 𝑖𝑓 𝑥 = 1
true?
I. lim 𝑓 (𝑥 ) exists II. 𝑓(1) exists III. 𝑓 is
𝑥→1

continuous at 𝑥 = 1
A. I only C. I and II
B. II only D. II and III

7. Refer on the graph on the right and determine

the lim− 𝑓(𝑥 )
𝑥→1

A. 1
B. 2
C. 4
D. does not exists

𝑥−3
8. Given: 𝑓 (𝑥 ) = 𝑥2 −9 Locate where the function is discontinuous.

A. 𝑥 = −3 C. 𝑥 = −3, 3
B. 𝑥=3 D. no discontinuity

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𝑥 3, 𝑥≤0
33. Determine the point/s of discontinuity of 𝑓 (𝑥 ) { 2 }
𝑥 , 𝑥>0
A. 𝑥 = −1 C. 𝑥 = 1
B. 𝑥=0 D. no discontinuity
𝑥2
34. The function 𝑓 (𝑥 ) = { 𝑥 , 𝑥 ≠ 0}
0, 𝑥=0
A. is continuous everywhere C. is discontinuous at 𝑥 = 0
B. is continuous at 𝑥 = 0 D. is discontinuous at 𝑥 = 1

For numbers 35 – 36: Consider ℎ(𝑥 ). Refer to the graph below.

35. lim 𝑔(𝑥 )

𝑥→2

A. 0 C. 2
B. 1 D. does not exists

36. The function 𝑓 is defined on [−4,4]

A. if 𝑥 ≠ −3 C. if 𝑥 ≠ 1
B. if 𝑥 ≠ −1 D. at each 𝑥 in [−4,4]
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37. On which of the following intervals is 𝑓 continuous?

A. −4 < 𝑥 < −1 C. 1 < 𝑥 < 2
B. −1 < 𝑥 < 1 D. 1 < 𝑥 < 4

𝑥 2 +𝑥
𝑖𝑓 𝑥 ≠ 0
38. Given: 𝑔(𝑥 ) = { 𝑥 } Which of the following statements is/are
1 𝑖𝑓 𝑥 = 0
true?
I. lim 𝑓 (𝑥 ) exists II. 𝑓(0) exists III. 𝑓 is continuous at 𝑥 = 0
𝑥→0

A. I only C. I and II
B. II only D. all of them

39. Refer on the graph on the right and determine

where the function is discontinuous

A. −3
B. −1
C. 3
D. continuous at [−1,4]

𝑥+4
40. Given: 𝑓 (𝑥 ) = (𝑥+4)2 Locate where the function is discontinuous.

A. 𝑥 = −4 C. 𝑥 = −4, 4
B. 𝑥=4 D. no discontinuity

69