Introduction

A system known as blood grouping used to classify

human blood was based on the presence or absence of
antigens and antibodies. Proteins are called antigens and
antibodies can be present on the surface of red blood
cells. The two primary blood grouping antigens was A
and B and the two main blood grouping antibodies anti-A
and anti-B.

Blood Groups:
A and B and AB, and O are the four primary blood groups
are present. The presence or lack of A and B antigens on
the surface of red blood cells defines blood groupings. A
blood group individual was identified by the presence of
the A antigen on their red blood cells. They of blood
group B if they carry the B antigen. They are of blood
group AB if they express both A and B antigens. They
belong to the O blood group if they do not contain the A
or B antigens.
There is a third antigen known as the Rh factor in
addition to the A and B antigens. Rh positive individuals
(Rh+) are those whose red blood cells contain the Rh
antigen, while Rh negative individuals do not (Rh-).
Table:
Below is a table that displays the antigens and antibodies
found in each blood group to assist visualise the various
blood groups.

Blood Group Antigens present Antibodies

A A antigen Anti-B
B B Anti-A
AB A and B antigens None
O None Anti-A
and
Anti-B

The table demonstrates that individuals with blood type

A produce anti-B antibodies and have the A antigen on
their red blood cells. Individuals with the B blood type
have the B antigen and create antibodies against A. A
and B antigens are present in individuals with the blood
group AB, and b can develop either anti-A or anti-B
antibodies. O blood group members produce both anti-A
and anti-B antibodies but lack the A or B antigens.

Antibodies that are anti-A and generate the antigen. A

and B antigens are present in people with the blood type
AB, and either an A or a B antigen producing antibody is
produced by b. The O blood type produces both anti-A
and anti-B antibodies but does not have either A or B
antigens.

Conclusion:
In blood transfusions, the blood grouping system is
crucial for ensuring that the recipient receives
compatible blood. Healthcare personnel must have a
thorough understanding of the various blood types, their
related antigens, and antibodies in order to avoid
potentially fatal responses to blood transfusions.