29/04/2010 13:06:00 Parenting Across the Lifespan

4/27/10

Lifespan up until 20s, the critical time when parenting thinking about some things that are really specific to age so relatively short time deal with toilet training and begin focusing on other things that are specific to another age group Drugs when are you discussing drugs with your child There are also things that you think about throughout your parenting time an example would be nutrition, prenatal vitamins, health, should I drink sushi, coffee, alcohol infancy breast milk or formula, choosing the bottles, free feeding or scheduled, am I going to pump, when do u start solid Toddler is my toddler getting enough nutrition, should I allow sugary foods, first one had artificial nipples, had a hard time switching to bottles snacks: should they be feeding themselves? vitamin supplements: are you having weight concerns, what kind of activities School age kids what kind of diet, food allergies, what do you do about snaking, weight concerns, are you monitoring what theyre eating, ensuring healthy relationships with food and body

Teenager more independence, making own choices what choices are they making, are you still maintaining family meals, are they getting interested in supplements, weight issues, body image issues As a parent, running through these things across the age aging child, parental influences change over time as get to school age, teacher and friends start to have an impact, etc. Eric Erickson focused more on biological means and stages, more interested in social interation and how that changed and was affected through development. Eriksonian model of psychosocial development Personality develops in stages Talked about balancing the idea of ego (self) and other, balancing patterns Interactions of biology & environment Finds balance in the presence of opposing forces

Eriksonian model of development: stages 0-18mo: Infancy 18mo-3yr: Toddler 3-5yr: Preschool 6-12yr: School age 13-18yr: Adolescence 19-35yr: Young adulthood

0-18mo: Infancy o Hope age of hope, this is really the time of trust vs. mistrust. o There is a lot of emphasis on primary caregiver, providing consistency and loving care, all the factors that go into trust, knowing someone is there for you and respond with

good intention, o Babies start to develop this concept that trusting that life is basically okay and therefore having confidence in the future o Vs. the opposite of not having this sense of trust, suspicion of future, concern and worry about future, and feeling the life is not good o Trust vs. mistrust

18mo-3yr: Toddler o Will phase of will o Autonomy vs. shame & doubt o Stage of actions, of understanding that you can control your body and that you have some will and ability to do things that affect others o That you are a separate individual o During this phase, walking with more confidence, starting to talk, getting better at feeding yourself, toilet training, gaining control over your body and acquiring skills o Parents at this time need to allow their children to try things but also allow them to occasionally fail, because the idea is children start to learn there is also limits to what they can do o Tricky thing, because you dont want to go overboard o Make sure the child has some concept of the other side o Dont want to shame children too much o Out of home care have influenced us, o Preschools require children to be potty trained o Take care of things but dont want to increase shame

3-5yr: Preschool o Purpose the time of purpose o Initiative vs. guilt

o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o

Balance between initiative and guilt This is a time kids are play acting adult roles Role playing and skill Understanding their risk taking What if I do this? A lot of Why? That is initiative part of it Guilt comes from frustration of not being able to do something (tying shoes, etc.) Idea is parents are important in helping children develop this guilt Because it encourages self control You want children to show initiatives but you also want them to understand boundaries and limits Helping them see limits, but also allow them to show some independence Achievable responsibility term Great way to achieve this balance Give them responsibility which allows initiative to take hold Make it achievable responsibility so they dont have too much guilt associated with it, but they can also see the limit A child with no responsibility or not allowed this independence, will become dependent and head towards guilt frustration Family is still most important influence, which changes in school age where outside influences become bigger

6-12yr: School age o Competence stage o Industry vs. inferiority o Balance between industry and inferiority o Children need to learn the feeling of being successful but they also need to understand their limits

o o o o o o o o o o

Progression from last phase Theres more social issues Now, talking about more academic issues Children will need to accept any kind of learning difficulties they may have Parents need to allow children to understand this, but also highlight childrens strength Dont want that inferiority to start to rise too high Teach problem solving Continue to reinforce responsibility Teaching children how to learn from mistakes and not get crushed by them Children need to have that sense to understand what inferiority feels like but shouldnt be overwhelming

13-18yr: Adolescence o Fidelity who am i? o Identity vs. role confusion o Peer groups start to be most significant factor o Start to think about sexual identity, school identity (whats your group at school), o Good for parents to allow children to explore to answer these questions o To some degree independently, but important for parents to be a part of that o Parents to push children to conform to their own views can have a lot of role confusion

19-35yr: o o o

Young adulthood Love Intimacy vs. isolation Where your learning how to truly love, but also having to learn how to be alone

o Learning to deal with heartache o Making commitments, going through break ups, getting rejected, intimate relationships o Parents can be somewhat involved in this, but for most part this is hands off for parenting o Friends are biggest influence, in some cases, parents become friends at this stage, and that can be interesting twist in parenting

Parenting across the lifespan Prenatal Infants School age children Teenagers Young adults

PRENATAL Interactions with unborn baby? Idea of communicating with your unborn child: reading books, playing music Ultrasound pictures? Our technology now Now its not a medical thing, now you can also order them for your first baby pictures Already parenting Worrying is that the baby isnt born yet.. so sad cases where baby is not born, born not alive or wont survive This might worsen the despair upon losing your child

INFANTS Caregiver-to-child attachment Maternal bonding Child-to-caregiver attachment Imprinting Had ducks from eggs and hatched them and imprinted him as being mama, and followed him wherever he went

Caregiver-to-child attachment Can be immediate, can be gradual Attachments dont need to happen fast

Child-to-caregiver attachment Secure or insecure attachment? Infants learn to do behaviors tat are rewarded by attachment figures Attachment figures do stuff rewarded by child Its a cycle Parents are reinforcing first smile by being all happy and the happiness makes baby feel good, etcetc Sociability signs are related to that Sociability signs

Smiling, babbling No consistent outcome: learned helplessness (they dont believe their behaviors have any known effect and tend to stop doing the things, or get confused) Good outcome: increase behavior Bad outcome: decrease behavior

SCHOOL AGE CHILDREN Achievement motivation o Do things that are meaningful that receive others approval o Kids want to please and if they do certain things they will get a good response ; this trust o But children also have to learn that sometimes parents/teachers are distracted and cant always reward o Follow up of attachment concept o If they learn trust, they will continue through school-age o This age, starts to move from fantasy land to practical Internal controls o Internalization of standard of conduct & morality o Standards of conduct become internalized o During this stage, your learning about whats right and wrong and a lot of it originates from parents (moral issues, values) also learn in school; critical thing that is going on in this time o This is also where parenting styles become important Parenting Factors

Warmth & control Low warmth & low control would be uninvolved Low warmth & high control: authoritarian Set rules, not cuddly warm huggy kind of parents, High control & high warmth: Authoritative I am going to tell you my beliefs but I will love and support you no matter what, I still have rules and limits Low control & high warmth: Permissive Love you, but also trust you Authoritative parenting styles is what matches what research shows majority

TEENAGERS Puberty Changes We dont celebrate puberty as much as we fear it for parents here in western culture But many cultural examples where its celebrated Research supports that authoritative parenting is one of the best way of parenting teenagers Identity formation Erickson kind of model for formation of identity Idea is that eventually hopefully we achieve a clear identity

Identity formation (Erikson) Foreclosure o Parents rule o Following what parents hope for you o A job where they would thrilled for you to have

o Very similar to parents in terms of religious beliefs and values o Not doing a lot of questioning your own identity Identity diffusion o Has fun o I dont really want to have an identity. Im not ready to. Dont want to think about future too much o No firm commitment to particular plans regarding social, religious, vocational o Can be this way for very short time or very long time o One of the problems is that you get really confusing to other people Moratorium o Experiments Achieving a clear identity o Well-defined identity (vocational, social, political, religious values and good psychological adjustment)

YOUNG ADULTS Changes for parents? Empty nest syndrome Changes in relationships Their own parents, demanding offspring Resuming careers

GLOBALLY Learning Social teaching Values guidance

GUIDELINES across the ages Foster bonds of respect & affection Make firm social & moral demands Prepare children for life by developing family routines Teach children the family rules Choose rules carefully Be consistent Be persistent Give explanations/reasons Tell children what they should do, not only what they shouldnt do Give responsibility Listen carefully to what the child says

Journal entry #6 Choose the style of identity formation (foreclosure, identity diffusion, moratorium, achieving a clear identity) that most relates to your own experience as a teenager. Describe how this style related to you as a teenager, how it has impacted you now (the pros and cons that you see now in your life).

29/04/2010 13:06:00

Outside the Nuclear Family

4/29/10

Nuclear family Family in which two married heterosexual parents live with their biological children, conceived & born by natural means Emotional, psychological & physical support comes from within this nucleus

Definition may be slightly looser? o The family is a social group characterized by common residence, economic cooperation and reproduction. It contains adults of both sexes, at least two of whom maintain a socially approved sexual relationship, and one or more children, own or adopted, of the sexually cohabiting adults. -George Murdock

History of the family Most of history the concept of family was anyone living in a household sharing resources, eating meals together this included traditionally a lot of extended families, which is still common in cultures today children being raised by other people, because parents unavailable died etc. Family = those living in a household 19th & early 20th century

things started happening in terms of family that started to change the way children were treated Decreased #s of children born o Families became smaller o Birth control and no longer using children as workforce Need for nurture, care, protection emphasized o Big push to see children as their own entity 1947: term nuclear family appears signaled sense of security after war, women who had been working while the men were at war, so women go back into homes, so man goes back into work Symbol of security and a return to traditional gender roles post WWII Media representations of nuclear families

Leave it to beaver Roseanne Feminist concept Risky things : poverty, alcoholism, abuse, sex, etc. o The George Lopez Show Talking about a nuclear family, more modern, bringing in nonwhite families Changes in what a nuclear family is: working parents Concept in nuclear family has shifted Nuclear family of today is any male/female married but not necessarily biological children, children artificial reproduction. Etc.

Nuclear families still a symbol of security and a return to traditional gender roles? The percent of families with 2 working parents have now basically gone above 50% in 1998. Maybe more financial security

Time spent in child care activities? When you look at number of hours per week that mother and fathers spend on child care activities which is direct interaction with children Married mothers spend a lot more time in child care activities than father Father and mother time increased between 1965 and 2000 Especially fathers increased a lot This is all with an increased % of both parents working outside the home More time spent in childcare but also presumably less time in home because working Increase in child care activities despite working longer hours More choosing when and if to have children (i.e. wanting them more)

More socially acceptable to delay having children, sometimes even not having children at all Delay having children is almost the norm of youre a professional couple So the idea is you might want them more If you delay and you plan, psychologically unconsciously maybe want the children more thus willing to invest more time Smaller families If theres more kids, they spend more time with each other Social norms raise a perfect child A lot of push to spend time with children, spend time with children classrooms Teach them your value systems, monitor Increased monitoring because of modern concerns A lot more concern about children, delinquency Push towards more monitoring Less housework More modern utensils People eating out more People dont have as much free time Employed mothers have less free time than stay at home mothers Employed mothers 72 hours Home 52 hours Less sleep and tv

The more times are changing, the more the traditional gender roles b/w husbands and wives remain the same in case of urgent child care, women are more likely to leave their jobs to attend to their children Female feels like she should be the nurturer,

Census 2000 Children living with o 70% of children were living with a married couple, can be adopted, step, foster, biological, etc. o 30% of children living with single parent o neither parent situation is grandparents 5% something around 70% of children have spend some of their lives in a single parent household even though at any given time 70% of children living in married household but most kids live at east some of their lives in single parent household divorce, remarrying lots of fluctuations in families, more now than ever before

Non-nuclear family the check marks may be considered nuclear by modern definitions if there are two opposite sex married parents One parent Stepfamily Adoptive Foster Artificial reproductive techniques Same-sex parents Grandparents One parent families: stats Over all average 27% children living with single families Demographics which countries have more single parents Single mother families Divorce, or course, but also parents that never been married but be parent by choice Studies show theres more likely to be poor parenting practices in single mother families vs. married mother families

Ex. Leaving children alone when theyre too young, less supervision, less help with school work, less rules about TV. watching, more negative attitudes about children (thinking child as being in the way more often), authoritative parenting child seen less often (style of parenting more difficult, because needs to be consistent cant get lazy, show warmth too) Transition times: around the time of the divorce or period after or spouses death, the big transition Single parent doesnt have that other parent to take over when need In that regard, a lot of ppl may say two is better than one But some my argue that one really good parent is better than two bad Aspects of good parenting did return once the transition period was over o Parenting techniques Poverty o Big issue with single parent, especially with single mother o Financial distress leads to frustration, emotional stress, increased conflict Role of transitions

Low wage maternal employment and parenting style The positive associations b/w educational attainment (beyond high school), employment, and parenting suggest that an investment in early and past high school educational resources (including college) for poor and near poor single mothers is well worth consideration by policy makers Study showed the education was probably the biggest factor, because education lead to better jobs and ultimately less stress then better parenting So if we want to do anything to help single mothers is to educate them

86% of single parents are moms vs. 14% some suggestion that single fathers are on the rise early in 1900s as divorce became more common, it was the going idea that children were better off being raised by their mother if father wants legal custody almost have to prove that the mother is incapable single parents has to balance work and parenting with varying degrees of support coming from the other parent if he/she is even in the picture at all

Single father families Single fathers arise out of major problems with mother (mother being incapable) sometimes of single fathers will say that they feel uncomfortable being primary care Father gain custody through problematic mother child relations, terminal mental health issues, problems with mothers new partner Not that much of an issue with poverty, but is often a loss of social capital (men dont have as much social support in their fathering) o Feelings of discomfort? o Role of custody issues Single custodial fathers and the parent-child relationship o Parent/child nurturance between father and child some issues o 1981 it is very hard to see any nature followups

Non-residential parents the child lives with the other parent depends who has custody, the nonresidential parent gets classified as the children who pays the child support often its mother has residential parent and father is non-residential parent Role of child support in contact Contact vs. active parenting In cases where non-residential parent pays child support on time tends to be a positive association and contacting with the child If theres joint custody, then that obviously increases contact But contact does not always imply active parenting

Seeing once a month not involved, picks up the role as entertainer, permissive parent, Non-residential parent pick you up, get a meal, go to park, the fun park Even for a kid, can be bittersweet, parent is good and bad, hard love is good love

Journal entry #7 Do you think that it is best to be raised by two individuals of the opposite sex? In other words, do you think both a mother figure and a father figure are critical in optimal child outcome? Why do you feel this way? Give examples from experiences you have had or those of friends and/or family

29/04/2010 13:06:00
Outside the Nuclear Family 2 (5/4/10)

Non-nuclear family One parent - done Stepfamily Adoptive Foster next lecture Assisted reproductive techniques Same-sex parents Grand-parenting

Stepfamilies: stats Nearly 50% of all marriages end in divorce. 66% women, 75% men remarry after divorce. o More men than women remarry after divorce, so more step-mother families

More than 50% of Americans today have been, are or will be in one or more stepfamily situations.

Stepfamilies Joining of siblings, half siblings, step siblings, Negative effects on children? o o o o A lot of research makes it seem like theres negative effects harmful living with step parents usually looking at academic success, delinquency, academic behaviors one problem: study tend to be done fairly early in step family process, this time has a lot of transition going on, need to do more long-term studies Explanatory models

Stress

bringing in a new parent figure Reduced involvement adapting to have a new family member learning to adapt new household routines stressful for parents through this time period, adjust the household to them, the children, etc. that can ultimately lead to poor parenting practices kids who go through more dif step families throughout their lives has higher risks for negative outcomes on the other hand, having another adult in the house contributing, but one can argue that it can increase parenting positive outcomes, increase economic stability but most public literature does focus on there are negative issues that happen early on

Parenting styles step fathers, try to be fun guy parenting styles of step parents tend to be more uninvolved probably depending on demographics and other factors, there may be evidence for differential parenting styles that may impact child outcome, but under the best circumstances there arent too many differences in parenting styles, again parenting styles can change over time

o o

Problems predated parental remarriage divorce fill over, etc. Negative views/behaviors of stepchildren

When your in a new relationship, you want to spend a lot of time with that person, accommodate the new person to make them feel at home, so what happens in many cases is children go through phase of less monitoring, less control, less involved

Step fathers especially with girls. In terms of involvement, step fathers feel mother and daughter bond is strong so they feel pushed out of the relationship, less involvement capacity because of close relationship between original family unit (more strong b/w mothers and daughters)

Some evidence suggest that more chance that child can be abused my step parent more so than regular parent. Use this concept to suggest that involvement level is different between step parent and child

Stepfather families Quality of mother-child relationships 4 factors critical in this issue Time since stepfamily was formed Age of children the younger the better, in terms of just being more resilient in general, being more dependent on the parent children of step families leave the home earlier older children in new step family they are more sensitive to disruption

Gender of children girls may have a more difficult time with their mother having a new relationship after a divorce, mothers and daughters really bond some argue that boys arent that difficult, a male figure in the house now

Aspect of parenting examined mothers show less harsh discipline, (not wanting to show negative behavior in front of new person), less monitoring Stepfathering Decreased monitoring more permissiveness depends on what your looking at in your study

More permissive or uninvolved? Depending on situation Permissive stepfathers if the mother is authoritative Step-person is more a friend than a actual parent

Stepmother families Stepmothering Often assume primary parenting roles But non-residential mother, many cases, remain involved

Creates an issue in terms of how much mothering can be done But do get involved in parenting for the most part

Non-residential mothers involvement Wicked stepmother Idea that they come in and want to change everything, take over household, change the way the kids are being parented Men are marrying younger women, so its a higher chance that the women dont have children themselves so stepmother comes in little experience Experience? Resistance from children Varying degrees depending on non-residential mother, etc.

The more partnership transition that the father goes through in bringing in step mother the more risk for adverse outcome Transition is a very critical component in what makes step families potentially difficult

Adoption: stats According to national estimates, 2-4% of American families include an adopted child. From 1992 to 1999, the number of children adopted from abroad more than doubled from 6,720 to 16,396. Adoption into non-nuclear families increasing. o o Most states, single people can adopt In order to prevent LGB people from adopting, some states say that the couples need to be married to adopt

Adoption: challenges Adopted families, no problem with outcome Biological connectedness as the gold standard?

Age of children? o Often people argue that the younger the better, but a lot of that has to do with what happened to the children prior the adoption Conditions of prenatal life, birth, pre-adoption time? o Interact with age issue

Relationship development? o o o Attachment concept Idea is adopted parents havent had this prenatal time to get themselves prepared Most studies show that under most cases, people develop perfectly fine attachments in adopted situations Adoptive parents infertility issues? o This can affect parenting in terms of having waiting for a long time, really want child, parents might be older than they would have been, can be a good thing socio economically Transracial, international issues? o

Adoption: research Process strengthens parental relationship o o Attachment o o No difference found in studies of attachment styles Again, older children depending on past might be some issues Common goal, paperwork trying to get the baby Higher socio status,

Compatibility issues o o Age o o More older children are being adopted and again if there was abuse and neglect prior it can impact Also a lot of positive outcome Does the non-biological status influence compatibility More compatible the more goodness of fit

Open adoptions o o o o Transracial adoptions Entitlement o Feeling like you have the right Distance feeling like the child doesnt feel like part of the family Discipline comfort & success if you dont feel entitled to discipline or entitled to parent, you might be permissive late revelation of adoption, change of first name are connected to higher levels of depression and low self esteem contact of biological family is frequently mentioned with parents who are authoritiative their data support of more negative outcome with people delay telling their children theyre adopted and people who change their childs first name a better oucome seems to be reflected in a more open adoption but that is also correlated with authoritative parents maybe the type of people are authoritative would be more willing for open adoption, more research needs to be done Where biological parent(s) and sometimes their extended families know who has adopted their child and has some involvement Open adoptions are becoming more common Give adoptive parents a sense of security of knowing that the biological parents wont just come out of no where

Families formed by assisted reproductive, ovulation induction, and superovulation technologies Donor sperm Donor egg Surrogacy

Fertility treatments o stimulate ovulation

In vitro fertilization STATS o increase MRT Cycles, live birth, infants

Families formed by assisted reproductive technologies Infertility o with one or both parents

Interventions o o expensive roller coaster mood

Long periods of uncertainty & waiting Varying genetic relatedness Older parents Higher SES o need money to do these things

people that go through these things, they really want children, are really motivated

Families formed by assisted reproductive technologies Child viewed as precious gift

o Over-protected? Not necessarily, research doesnt support too much

Child over-desired

o Unrealistic expectations? Not necessarily true

Lived without children longer

o Difficult adaptation? Not really in the case, rather people are very prepared
Nature of conception/birth

o Perceived as different? no

Same-sex parents: stats 6 - 10 million children of lesbian, gay and bisexual parents currently live in the United States. Approximately 1/3 of lesbian households and 1/5 of gay male households have children.

Same-sex parents Biological child of one partner o Other partner adopts the child, or just takes on the parenting

Artificial insemination Foster care o o Adoption Same sex parents adopt a lot a lot Same sex couples do a lot of foster and adopting

Same-sex parent adoptions Gay adoption banned both for single and couples in florida.red states Gay adoption allowed in purple states includes California White states are undecided/ambiguous Stepchild adoption

Same-sex parents Affected by the legal system

Assumptions o o o Not fit? Not a real or healthy family? Children need a mother and a father?

Research guided by these assumptions

Same-sex parenting risk? The American Academy of Pediatrics, the Child Welfare League of America (CWLA) and adoption advocacy groups cite research that children with gay or lesbian parents fare as well as those raised in families with a mother and a father. Conservative groups such as Concerned Women for America say the research is flawed. Children in foster care "are already scarred" by abuse and neglect, says Bill Maier, a child psychologist with the conservative Focus on the Family. "We would want to do everything we could to place them in the optimal home environment."

Children with gay parents Sexual identities as adults not different? Gender role preferences as adults not different? No behavioral or emotional differences Best outcome when Parental sexual orientation accepted by significant adults Contact with peers in similar circumstances

Grandparenting: Stats Approximately 8% of U.S. children are being raised by grandparents and Financial issues Fixed income Limited government assistance Research limited other relatives.

Summary Lone-parent, stepfamilies compare adversely with intact families, but most of this accounted for by the disruptions of transition More transitions = more risk Adoptive, ART (assistive reproductive technology) compare favorably with naturally conceived families Gay families compare favorably with heterosexual families

Conclusions Family structure itself is not predictive of parenting quality Biology & genetic relationships do not appear to be critical predictors of parenting quality

Journal Entry #8 You find yourself single, turning 40 and really wanting a child. What would you do and why?

29/04/2010 13:06:00
Foster Care 463,000 children Gender 53% male 47% female more boys than girls because boys tend to have more externalizing behavior (aggression, acting out, hyperactivity), where as girls would have more internalizing behaviors (depression..) Mean age 9.7 yrs. (Range 1-20 yrs.) Mean length of stay 27.2 mos. (Range <1 mo. - >5 yrs.) Race/Ethnicity Caucasian (40%), African American (30%), Latino (20%), Two or more (5%), Alaska Native/Native American (2%), Unknown (2%), Asian (1%) Foster Care Types Kinship Care o placed with someone in the family designated, formal procedure (extended) Non-relative care (classic foster care) Group Home care o kids that end up here tend to be children who dont fit in with kinship, classic o usually have more behavior problems o adverse outcome o not the best choice, a bunch of kids all together

Importance of biological family Reunification: reunite the child with biological family (child gets to go home) non relative care # 1 , almost 50% of total foster care-placement kinship care # 2 about 25% Case Goals: where they are hoping child will go Half is reunification 50% primary goal Adoption about 25% Types of Maltreatment Neglect is 60% Physical abuse 18% Maltreatment: Neurological Outcomes SNS Fight, flight, or freeze Reduced levels of serotonin depression, mood disorder HPA axis= Hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis NE leads to release of cortisol lots of stress Reduced levels of cortisol impulse control problems trouble with aggression affect their behavioral problems

Maltreatment: Behavioral Outcomes SED = Serious Emotional Disturbance Poor emotion regulation Limited ability to control own behavior Impulsive behavior Neglect - withdrawn Physical Abuse aggressive kids who experience both neglect, physical abuse tend to cycle through withdrawn and aggression Parentified child are acting like their parents did u eat today? did you lock the front door? Attachment Rate of Occurrence of type D 80% of kids that are maltreated show type D Developmental Delays Having trouble keeping with other kids 60% of foster children Language delays (57%) Child neglect is MOST detrimental often the kids who were neglected Cognitive delays (33%)

Risk increases with earlier age at maltreatment Academic problems Hyperviligance: very anxious about things around them that may not necessarily be related to their school work o distracted about environment stuff (door slamming, mail man coming) o kids are more relaxed when have more structure in their life, stability Emotional turmoil

Maltreatment: Related Disorders PTSD (58-93%) Mood Disorders Anxiety ADHD, ODD (oppositional defiant disorder aggression, more milder, precursor to CD), CD (conduct disorder) Enuresis & Encopresis wetting the bed, bowel movements in bed very common in foster care Foster Parent CA Requirements Application process Home study Fingerprints FBI/Dept. of Justice clearances Criminal Record statement Medical & TB screening Submission of DMV printout & Social Security card

Medical & TB screening Submission of DMV printout & Social Security card Drivers license & auto insurance Emergency disaster plan Facility sketch (Title 22) Pre-certification visit all these things dont even guarantee you as a foster parent Training 12 hour of classes 1st aid and CPR certification Re-certification Yearly 10-15 hours of classes Foster Care CA Requirements- Sample Items No more than two children shall share a bedroom. Linen shall be changed at least once per week or more often when necessary to ensure that clean linen is in use by children at all times. All in-ground pools, and above-ground pools which cannot be emptied after each use, shall have an operative pump and filtering system. Faucets used by clients for personal care and grooming shall deliver hot water at a safe temperature

Infants under seven months shall be held during bottle-feeding. The child should be able to attend Independent Living Program classes and activities if he/she is 16 or older. The caregiver shall provide opportunity for, and encourage participation in, group sports, leisure time, family, special school, and daily living skill activities.

Foster Care parents Support for foster parents $446-$667 per month, varies widely depending on child, more money the older the child Specialized care, additional $84-169 per month Support groups Required classes Services for the child Limited research on foster parents experience

Issues in Foster Care Placement disruption 6+ externalizing behavior problems found that foster parents can handle up to 6 externalizing behavior problems before sending the child away even with all the training and procedures, they can really only handle 6 Foster parent intervention

KEEP- Keeping foster and kinship parents trained and supported figure out how to keep foster and kinship longer provide training effects of foster care training intervention measure how the child is doing well is whether the child gets to stay 16 weeks of training intervention kids who got this intervention found that prior placement number predicts your probability of negative exits if you moved 5 times before, the odds of you leaving that foster care interaction in a negative way goes up positive exit: reunification, adoption negative exit: foster parent cant deal with it and they move you number of placements go up, the chances of getting kicked out goes higher found that after intervention, levels out, decreases trained the parents how to deal Issues in Group Home Care Last resort Sort of a business Arent monitored as closely, state is providing them money o More severe behavior problems o Seen as adverse outcome o Not much research on its effectiveness o Innate tension

Life After Foster Care On their own at age 18 No resources 1/3 at or below poverty line More than 1 in 5 experience homelessness These Children Need YOU! Become a foster parent Become a big brother/big sister Adopt a child in foster care Become a social worker Become a psychologist

podcast end

29/04/2010 13:06:00

Parenting & Childrens Physical Health (5/11/10)

Do kids who grow up w/ same sex parents have gender issues? NO supports idea that dont necessarily need male/female parent Are children of gay parents more likely to be gay? Most literature says no but some stats suggest maybe there is a slightly higher risk, biological component Parents have influence over childrens health not only for biological issue but also because of the environment they are creating: social, physical, psychological issues Parents are primary agents in physical health of children; ideally ensuring that their physical health is optimized Parents responsibilities Reading physical distress cues Parents need to see when their children are suffering Physical distress cues are different in new born than in 8 year old kid Signs arent always that obvious Responding to health care needs Way to respond can be different and depends on situation Adhering to treatments Are you going to follow the prescription, ensuring that the child does Implementing healthy practices nutrition Preventative measures

Vaccinations Teaching your children negative aspects of smoking/drinking/etc. Change with age

Change with age

Socio economic status, demographics are huge in how these end up being applied World Health Organization WHO definition of childrens health A state of complete physical, mental and social well-being and not merely the absence of disease or infirmity. Stress Measuring childrens health Health care utilization How much people are using health care in terms of regular doctor visits vs. only emergency room visits Huge issue in terms of insurance Exposure to toxins Looking at lead levels and different kinds of poisoning and where those occur Vaccination rates Prevents things Avoid epidemics Nutritional intake How to mass produce food that kids will eat in cafeteria Subjective complaints

are you in pain now what kinds of pain a lot of times rely on parents to answer for children which is tricky Perceptions of well-being Do u feel healthy? Way children are being raised in terms of nutrition Developmental milestones Normal development

Data comes in through self-report, check list, questionnaire, can be biased by many different social, psychological issue, have parents answering for young children, data has the potential to have some biases or issues with them Demographic variables Family income A lot of data on childrens health broken down by socio economic status With lower socio economic status, we see less immunization, less vaccination, increase risk for acute illnesses (less preventive kind of healthcare, preventive measures around the house, see a lot more emergency visits in children of low socio economic status) Decrease regular clinic visits increase emergency visits Maternal education If you take into account maternal education, knowing and feeling comfortable about where to go in a health situation and how to catch things early, feeling confident in making these decisions, find that a lot of socio economic stuff goes away Maternal education is what is mediating low socio economic finding More preventive care with more maternal education Family structure Nuclear/non nuclear family type of issues In single parent families, you see more problems around transition Ethnicity

Also see inconsistent relationship b/w different ethnic groups and health outcome Minority status may change the whole context for health If minority status is a stressor, that can have significant health issues independent of socio economic status, income, social class

2008 U.S. National Immunization Survey Had all your shots, vaccinations Definite socio economic divide in full vaccination

Dental issues - CDC: 1999-2002 Cavities in baby teeth Cavities in permanent teeth

More cavities in low socio economic status children

Percentage of children under age 18 who have asthma by race Look at certain health conditions and look across different ethnicities, see differences African American individuals children have a higher rate of suffering from asthma This could be socio economic, where you live issue, prenatal issue, stress might have a role

Parenting processes Cognitive behavioral variables How you go from interpretation of wahts going on to actually acting on it How go from cognitively figuring it out and behaving on that Family process variables Attachment

Cognitive behavioral variables Health knowledge

Trying to decide whether to have a vaccination or going to emergency room Successibility can be getting something perceived of potential harmful Severity perceived Benefits and barriers Benefit: perceieved effectivesnss of behavior to perceive threat Barriers: what would be the negative aspects of doing behavior Benefit of taking action vs. barrier of taking action Health locus of control Self-efficacy Social learning/modeling Multiple constructs

Health knowledge Health belief model Perceived potential of harmful condition Suscesibility: is this going to be a long term Severity what kind of threat Benefit: take over Barriers: sit for long time

Health locus of control How dependent the outcome is on ones own actions How confident are you in your answers o internal: behavior important you think what you do will make a difference you feel that your linked to the outcome by doing behaviors o external: fate, luck, other people important

you dont see yourself and behaviors as having a big impact put faith in other people, rely on luck, dont trust yourself, fate I want to be a prt of vs. do whatever your doctor says having internal health locus of control predicted having immunizations appropriate done at the right time it also predicted well baby check ups

Self-efficacy Individuals judgments about competency in tasks/settings Not just about whether your behavior is having an effect but about how good you are at making these decisions If you have a high self-efficacy, then you feel more competent and feel more able and therefore more persistent Keeo going to find the right teatment o higher: persistent o lower: give up prematurely

Social learning/modeling Children learn health-related behaviors from parents Interpretation of symptoms Health service use Beliefs & behaviors

Multiple constructs Combined use of several cognitive-behavioral variables (50%) + demographic info o Seems to predict optimal outcomes o Can be used in parenting education

Family process variables Positive family processes o High cohesion o Support o Expressive o Low conflict Dysfunctional family processes o Overprotection o Rigidity o Poor conflict resolution o Low cohesion o Chaotic

Role of psychological factors in health Onset Course of acute illness Management of chronic illness

Family process variables Positive family processes o Can act as a buffer fewer hospitalizations Dysfunctional family processes

o Can trigger physiological processes that exacerbate the disease process more prescription medicines

Attachment & health Influence of care-givers own health on parenting Childs help-seeking behavior when faced with negative symptoms

Attachment & health Secure o Express distress & seek help Avoidant o Suppress distress Resistant/ambivalent o Exaggerate symptoms Disorganized/disoriented o May suppress or exaggerate

Journal Entry #9 Were you whisked off to the doctors office at the slightest sniffle or ache? Did you have to be practically dying to be taken to the doctors office? Give one or more examples How has this affected the way you deal with your own healthcare issues? Do you think youll be he same with your own kids?

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Childrens Academic Achievement and the Importance of Parenting

Parenting & Childrens Intellectual Development / Educational Achievement In the past, parents usually take the blame for anything; if children having hard time in school, immediately parents fault, but now understand that the world of parenting is complex there are other demographic issues when it comes to academic achievement, personal temperament, now we see parent as one part of total but very important part still History Parents as cause of problems Parents one part of a complex system of variables 1965: Elementary & Secondary Education Act President Johnsons war on poverty in the 60s lead to this act Title one of this act designated funds for low socioeconomic status children for public education Parental involvement is vital: keeping parents informed, training , communication in schools Parental involvent in design of legislation Parental involvement is hard to legislate but involvement is important 1975: Education for All Handicapped Children Act had an issue with parental input and parent teacher conferences focused on special education program making sure parents involved in special education 1993: Improving Americas Schools Act schools and parents must be encouraged to reach out to one another 2000: US Department of Education Goals prioritized increased parental involvement in education 2002: No Child Left Behind idea of rating schools, test based progress, state dependent standards some discussion about parents: required schools to develop ways to get parents more involved in childs education being able to transfer your child to a better school

Obama Calls for Major Change in Education Law The administration would replace the laws pass-fail school grading system with one that would measure individual students academic growth and judge schools based not on test scores alone but also on indicators like pupil attendance, graduation rates and learning climate. And while the proposal calls for more vigorous interventions in failing schools, it would also reward top performers and lessen federal interference in tens of thousands of reasonably well-run schools in the middle. Huge still problem with ppl not finishing hs New York Times, March 13th, 2010 More than 1 in 4 drop out of school During the 05-06 year, 14 states had a high school averaged freshman gaduation rate about 80% National average is 73.4%

Influential Theories Piagets cognitive-developmental theory Innate development of minds Childrens minds develop in a programmed way, innate, to develop thought processes and cognitive function. Basically gathering information and coming up with ways to use the information was thought to be kind of methodical Parents are important in this, but not necessarily important in actual development stages, but they are in the flow of the stages, the environment is affecting the rate of progress and the detail of the content at each stage, affects modify the development of cognitive processing, Parents allow for the developmental, give the environment for best allowing kids to do this exploration In 0-2 sensory motor phase needs safe places to explore, lots of things to touch and manipulate Less important role of environment

Vygotsky sociocultural theory of development

 Talked about cultural issues in terms of cognitive processes Children and adult social is necessary for development Cognitive development is socially mediated Socially mediated development of minds Learning constantly the appropriate way to think to problem solve Learning that from adults Scaffolding adult provides the structure and slowly decreases it as the child gets better and better at what their doing Research Emotional & verbal responsiveness of parents Cognitive stimulation in the home environment Parental use of control & facilitation of independence Parental use of discipline Emotional & verbal responsiveness of parents Parents vocalizations, speech, contact, teaching style, praise, play, warmth, encouragement Its been shown that parents who show certain types of communication with their children that the children actually have higher academic success at least in the way measure it (Standardized testing, graduation from hs, IQ Correlated with IQ, language development Types of communication that parents use with young children seems to be very critical in developing cognitive abilities Parents actually talking to their children Clarity and distinctiveness of the voice, warmth, the caring in the voice, encouragement, praise, but one of the things that people pick out a lot allowing children to make a mess, allowing them to explore their environment Cognitive stimulation in the home environment Infants touching them, playing with them, talking to them, having things for them to manipulate, Then it goes to educationally kind of things like building things and books You can almost pick out the children who have been read to even before they

were reading themselves, know this because they pick up a book and start to flip pages, move finger along, nonsense words say things, pre-reading, already have the concept of words on the page cognitive development; gets them to love the concept of book Toys, reading material, visual/auditory stimulation, encouragement, play, reading, discussions Family literacy environment Involves reading habits of parent If kid sees parents reading it becomes a more important issue Reading to children Number of books you have in your house # of hours children watch tv when people talk about literacy environment having this family literacy environment has been correlated with school. Correlated with school readiness, IQ, reading skills, general knowledge Shown to be very important factor

Baby Einstein/Brainy Baby? Animals puppets, kids doing things Idea is its educational stimulating Controversy; does this really help children develop Educational? Replace real-world parent-child interactions and creative play? Fuel hypercompetitive parents? Videos can be used like books? 2-dimensional learning? Children learn at young age at 3 dimensional way, touched by mouth hands If put something on flat screen, can they really work? Good option for babysitting?

Unusual refund showed that it is not way of making kid genius

Children of all ages are constantly learning new things. The firsr t 2 years of life are especially important in the growth and devopment of your childs brain during this time, children need good positive interaction with children a dults, too much television can negatively affect early brain development. This is especially true of younger ages, when learning ot talk and play with others is so important. Until more research is done, American does not recommend age 2 or younger, for older recommend no more than 2 hours a day of educational Parental use of control & facilitation of independence gets back to parenting style Authoritative parenting Making reasonable demands, having certain limits, also expressing warmth and affection Its democratic parenting This type of parenting style has been associated with higher IQ and cognitive abilities Allows children to develop reasoning skills, they see that there are limits, but they also see that there is also control, they get praised for doing well, have motivation, have better idea of cause and effect, better problem solving skils Correlated with IQ, cognitive abilities Parental use of discipline Positive discipline firm but democratic, some explanation Associated with IQ, cognitive abilities Shouting, scolding and physical punishment, hostile negative affect take away child ability to reason; correlated with problems in academics A study that looked at low income single mothers

o Found that there was not a great outcome in academic achievement in children, o Other things predicted better academic achievement in children o Looked at 3 main areas o Looking at aggravation (easily angered), nurturing, and cognitive stimulation (looking at books in the household, looking at literacy environment) o Do these studies to figure out what could we try to change, what could we target to try to improve situation o Children of low income single mothers are at higher risk for academic problems o High aggravation, high nurturing, low cognitive stimulation not great outcome: most common outcome o Issue we need to focus on: cognitive stimulation o Of coarse, there are other factors Demographics Low SES fewer resources less cognitively stimulating environments academic difficulties Only one of the factors, other factors may play a role Is cognitively stimulation a realistic target? Parental involvement in schooling (J. Epstein, 1996) 6 types of parental involvement Parenting Helping families establish important environments that support children as students Parenting aspect is not as much about necessarily authoritative or positive communication but focused on cognitive stimulation Home visits at transition points to preschool, elementary, middle, high school Looking for that literacy kind of environment Communicating

Designing effect form school > home communication Conferences with parents at least once a year Language translator to assist families as needed Regular schedule of notices, memos, newsletters, communication in multiple languages if needed Volunteering Recruit and organize parent help and support School and classroom volunteer program Parents room volunteer work Survey for time location Can you drive here? Very difficult for nonflexible work parents Learning at home Provide information help students with hwk at home with other curriculum related activities and planning Information to families about skills required on subjects Homework policy information Family participation in setting student goals Planning for college/work Own educational status Might feel your not worthy to help child with academic success even if you really want them to succeed Decision-making Include parents in school decisions Developing parent leaders pta Advocacy groups, lobbying, networks to link families Collaboration with the community Idenfitying resource Summer outreach

Weight in to be important to childrens academic success Parental involvement in schooling continues with social learning theory (modeling) observing adults, other people Social learning theory: Impact on children

Model parents Early involvement Parental involvement is bigger in elementary than high school In hs, kids are expected to figure out their own study habits, little monitoring at home, but less involvement in classrooms Critical to get kids off on the right habits Middle school enforcing homework, completion, organization at home Later in hs, some more planning graduation, discussion about college Parental impact is best when initiated early and is meaningful Meaningful involvement Demographics & involvement in schooling

Involvement may be low, but strong interest Just because people aret involved. Doesnt mean they arent interested Working long hours, elderly parents other children to take care of, language barriers, etc. Cultural capital every parent has something to bring from different experience to knowledge to the school in some fashion how do we do this? Different perspectives on school / teachers People of lower socio status has this belief system that teacher is educator and role of teacher not the parent as the educator Part of this can be educational issue themselves, they have low self efficacy Low self efficacy: dont feel entitled to be a part of the childs education So they view teachers as the professionals People of higher socio economic status often have the view that is it a shared responsibility b/w home and school in childs education Incorporation of culture

Into the classroom and really understanding that; wanting to really invite everyone in

Parenting & Vocational Choices Input & advice - good Promote autonomy Over involvement associated with hindrance and problems; need to have self exploration Input and advice is helpful Ways parents can promote academic success 1. Talk to child 2. Read to child 3. Monitor & assist with homework 4. Contact with teachers 5. Praise 6. Educational materials in home 7. Encourage why? 8. Decision making skills 9. Limit TV 10. Talk about #s, time 11. Planning 12. Provide structure, routines 13. Social, study, organizational skills 14. Establish homework routine 15. Ask about school, learning 16. Have supplies handy 17. Learn childs strengths 18. Have child explain their homework 19. Have high standards 20. Participate in school programs 21. Positive attitude toward school 22. Keep in mind long term goals, but be flexible

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Parenting and Mental Health: Parents Mental Health

Anywhere 20-40% parents will have at some point mental health issues Common questions children ask Did I do something wrong? Can I help make it better? Why arent you like other moms/dads? Will I catch it? When will you be better?

History of parenting philosophy relevant to mental health relationship b/w parents mental health and childrens outcome one of most studied is mothers depression on childs outcome depressed mother -- ? child characteristics From person-centered to ecologically-based Depressed mother causes this problem bunch of different concepts and cicrumstances contibute to parenting and mother being depressed contributes to that Theres a lot of concepts and circumstances that contribute to parenting and mother being depressed contribute to that Poverty, stress, etc.

From unidimensional to multidimensional paradigm

Not just depressed mother has these particular outcomes but its important to look at how the mother and her environment is taking care of her Threatment? Personality characteristics? Frequency? Depressed mother child characteristics

From parents as sole focus to transaction

Two way street Depressed mother child characteristics Childs charateristics can affect parents mental illness or way they deal with it Goodness of fit can actually help with parents mental illness

Parents Psychological factors Personality and emotionality Social-cognitive processes Family of origin experiences Parents Psychological distress/ mental illness Depression Anxiety Schizophrenia/psychosis Substance abuse Antisocial behavior/personality Contexts of parenting Employment Marital quality and divorce Stress/social support

Characteristics Bidirectional relationships: goes in both directions, different characteristics can impact each other Direct & indirect influences

Interactions about own psychological development and how you feel about your own mental disorder Parents psychological characteristics Personality & emotionality = relatively stable & pervasive patterns of traits that influence behavior Agreeableness/positive affectivity o Extraversion/sociability Parents who have the ability to communicate and to stand up for their family Having this extraversion gives more cognitive stimulation o Emotional stability

Social-cognitive processes = social information processing

guides attention, perception, interpretation, & responses in interactions; how you interpret certain situations and how you respond to them o Attributions : judgements about the intent of behaviors Negative attributions are when you see your childs behavior (ex. Tantrum) as being set up as a personal upfront to you Positive attributions child is acting out for whatever reason but I dont need to take it personally Parents who are poor in mental health or abusive tend to be negative attribution Negative attribution actually gives a lot of power to the child because the child has a lot of power to bother the parent so much which could ultimately impact child behavior self-efficacy

o Perceived

Idea how competent you feel you are in dealing with whatever it is High self efficacy buffers you against children negative behavior Low self efficacy tend to be more overwhelmed o Coping styles (proactive vs. avoidance) Proactive coping is approaching and dealing directly with the issue but not in a controlling negative but in a more warm directive way Avoidance coping is escaping from adversity; parents get distressed thus ignore and leave it

Family of origin experiences = effects of ones own experience being parented o Attachment o Discipline o Conflict

All of these things from own parenting affect you and your life Parents psychological distress / mental illness Depression = from sadness/low self-worth to severe emotional, cognitive, behavioral, physical impairment o Many potential negative effects on parenting (e.g. irritability, criticism, disengagement, conflict, decreased warmth) o Social learning Anxiety = worrying to extreme levels of nervousness, physiological arousal, inhibited behavior, avoidance o Many potential negative effects on parenting (e.g. attachment issues, overprotective, inconsistencies, criticism, decreased attendance at school, social events) o Social learning Schizophrenia/psychosis = debilitating thoughts (hallucinations/beliefs) & behaviors (flat affect, decreased

speech & motor function) o Many potential negative effects on parenting (e.g. communication, intimacy, stimulation, emotional involvement, socialization) o Social learning Substance abuse = intoxication, hangovers, drug-seeking, impaired social & occupational functioning, poor physical health o Many potential negative effects on parenting (e.g. decreased empathy, nurturing, monitoring, availability, inconsistent & harsh discipline) o Social learning Antisocial behavior & personality = disregard for & violation of the rights of others o Many potential negative effects on parenting (e.g. attachment issues, unresponsive, ineffective monitoring, severe discipline, abuse) o Social learning

Contexts of parenting Parental employment o Spillover effect of work stress bringing home the stress of work o Negative affect o Physical & emotional withdrawal o Interacts with mental health Marital quality & divorce

Parental conflict is a huge risk factor Transition period Divorce associated with increased mental health issues Chicken egg scnenario Direct effects on parenting Interacts with mental health Moderating factors: intensity of conflict, family structure/dynamics, resiliency, time Stress & social support o Parenting causes stress o Other factors can increase stress of parenting and can interact with mental health o Interacts with mental health o Moderated by social support Stress can be modified by social support

Focus of recent research Original research study intense mental illness; they lose their children to foster care, recent research has looked at less severe mental illness; people are looking at interaction of mental health, context, indirect, affects of mental health on marital quality, not just directly looking at child outcome Fathers mental illness Less attachment with child and father Substance abuse usually Father mental illness- less secure attachment b/w child and father Mild mental illness effects Interaction of mental health & parental context

Approaches for practice Individual o Deficit Looking at what the parents are not doing or doing poorly Decision whether child will be removed List of deficits .. need to get child out of there More recently, bigger push to keep children in family Focus is now on resilience and skill development in order to maintain family relationship and now have child removed Allowing parents to continue parenting with some help o Skill-development Continued parenting under supervision Cognitive-behavioral therapy: talking about low self efficacy Looking at negative attributions, change those thought processes into positive, looking at coping Interpersonal : talking about emotional stability, emotional responses, help parent try to respond as consistently as possible Work with parent and child in terms of education about mental illness Taking blame out of child Helping child figure out what to do in life to increase resilience Group or network o Decrease isolation, increase coping o Support groups, work on coping skills, less isolated, more pro social, can include children and family members Community o Community resources, sociocultural issues o Social support , setting up a good base in terms of having social capital

Social policy o Intervention conditions (how, when, what, who) o How and when should government intervene o Intervention issue in terms of when to step in and help o Social stigma, cultural issues in terms of mental illness; way people view mental illness; big thing to consider

Decrease risk/increase resilience Children understand what is going on and that they are not to blame Need to feel that they are entitled to be happy themselves Stable home environment, strong relationship with a healthy adult, feeling love from ill parent Positive temperament, inner strength, good coping skills Friends, academic enjoyment & success, extracurricular activities

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Parenting and Mental Health: Children with Mental Health Problems

Child mental health problems Internalizing: disturbances of affect Mood, emotional regulation Emotional disorders Depressive type of disorders Anxiety disorders Externalizing: behaviors that are problematic for the child & disturbing to others Outward behaviors, disturbing, inappropriate, annoying o Conduct disorders Child threatening, aggression inappropriately Cruelty to animals, threats, setting fires o Physical aggression Property violations, graffiti, fires Periods of biting , excessively is hint issues to come

o Hyperactivity

General Issues Multi-determined Biological basis Environmental basis Interesting interactions going on there Family, school, context Reciprocal parent-child influences

Psychoanalytic framework looking at past experience and how they influence the presence looking back to past issues trying to unravel what created these cognitions Parent-child interactional history childs processes of making meaning of the
world through own cognitive processes

Emotional experiences compiled into mental models of what world is all about, whether you trust the world or dont trust, responses to later events deals with childs own developmental ability to put things together Behavioral model framework *Idea of how the children and parents interact in terms of reinforcement* both frameworks are area for treatment but also prevention If parents give in, then inadvertently the parents has encouraged the child to do the problematic separation tantrum That was an example Balance the level of control and level or warmth Emotional behaviors and external behaviors External behaviors tend to wear parents out Parents tend to withdraw from external behavior Yelling at the child gives attention thus some kind of positive reinforcement Treatment and ideally prevention

Childs Problematic behaviors Parents inadvertent encouragement

Anxiety disorders how much child behavior is modeling, reinforcement, or psychoanalytical development how much is this really about the child or the parent should you be treating the parent? Separation anxiety disorder (SAD) Normal as a young child Those with secure attachments have this Its when it goes on and on past a certain time Social phobia Generalized anxiety disorder (GAD) More provasive kinds of worrys Constant worry Performance, relationships, health OCD, panic disorder, specific phobias

Prevalence Varies, depending on disorder Age SAD tend to affect early to middle child Gender Girls tend to suffer more than boys Cultural aspects as well Involvement of early shyness?

Preschool shyness childhood anxiety disorders adult anxiety disorders Couldnt look at kid with shyness and predict he will have anxiety disorder Cant use shyness to predict later outcome because so many other outcomes

Depressive disorders Major depressive disorder (MDD) Have episodes of incredible low mood, sadness, irritability Depression in children very characterized as irritability Dysthymic disorder (DD) More chronic depressed mood Less ups and downs DD is steady MDD is up and down People can have both MDD and DD

Manic depressive disorder (bipolar)

Periods of depression and periods of mania Late teens to 20s Less discussed in terms of parenting

Prevalence .6-2% ish low in child pretty huge jump in adolescent and teenage years 5 to 20% prevalence similar b/w m and f until puberty Age Gender

Similar b/w male and female until puberty Then female suffer more depressive disorder

Comorbidity 2 possible diagnosis within same person o depression is comorbid with anxiety , external, etc.

Parenting: genesis, continuation & amelioration (better and treatment , going away ) of internalizing disorders Child attributes affect parenting Gets back at interaction b/w children and parents Get to idea of some biological issue How biology effects how you are parented Monozygotic twins were parented more similarly than dizygotic twins called this the child effect Idea is that general relatedness b/w monozygotic twins is interacting with the parents and the parents are treating them more similarly if their temperaments are more similar, make sense Parents attributes affect child mental health When parents own parenting obviously affects their ability to parent their own children Parents personality affects parenting styles People who are more rejecting, hands off, not as accepting association with child depression, but million factors tie into that More controlling parents correlate with children who are more anxious Interactions affect outcomes Fear less toddler -- secure attachment, maternal responsiveness positive outcome

Fearful toddler --- secure attachment, gentle maternal discipline..idea promote independence positive outcome Parenting: role in treatment strategies 40-60% dropout of treatment Parents to help decrease treatment drop-out rates? Get parents involved in children treatment in proactive way Understanding childs attachment to parents Discourage over protection Parents being treated Balance over- and under-involvement Want to discourage over protection

Parenting: role in treatment strategies (example) Child only cognitive behavioral therapy (CBT) Used treat internalize psychological disorders Coping strategies Changing cognition, problematic way of thinking CBT + family anxiety module Where parent learn to modifty their own anxious reaction, learn to problem solve, that is actually a much more successful treatment Externalizing problems Negative behaviors that are problematic for the child & disturbing to others Tend to be impulsive Mix of impulsive, overactive, aggressive, and delinquent acts

Antisocial behavior = conduct problems Age-inappropriate actions and attitudes that violate family expectations, societal norms, and the personal or property rights of others Externalizing, antisocial behavior to the extreme is a huge problem In our society Watching a video of kid slamming piano lid onto hands Kids who have conduct disorder regions of brain pain is activated, but reward Areas of pain linked with being rewarded is active Decrease activity in areas regarding self regulation. Less self regulation more reward when seeing somebody being hurt Tend to feel good about hurting people Delinquency Legal term for antisocial behavior

Parents & Antisocial Behavior Parenting plays a central role in the development, maintenance and treatment of antisocial behavior.

Early childhood (0-4 yrs) Child influences Many influences Contextual issues Socio economic status, jobs, stress in house, Parent influences Contextual influences Parent-child interactions Discipline practices Type of discipline positive, negative

Early childhood: Parent-child interactions Difficult temperament parental feelings of blame or helplessness aversive/withdrawal responses by parents coercive (negative) parent-child interactions externalizing problems

Middle childhood (5-11 yrs) Child influences: temperament, emotional maturation, early maturation in girls is linked with externalizing behavior, early puberty in girls risk factor for externalizing behavior, partly because hang out with more kids Parenting & discipline practices Early onset delinquency Risk factor for continual delinquency Contextual & familial influences

Middle childhood: Contextual & familial influences Contextual factors + poor parenting practices Impaired social development Learns that aggressive behavior pays off Less social bonding Inadequate supervision Association with delinquent peer group Parents & child grow further apart Snow balling of these risk factors Adolescence (12-18 yrs) Youth influences Parenting influences Monitoring is huge issue; lack of monitoring Contextual influences Playing aggressive videogames and how that influences externalizing behavior School involvement Peer associations Gender

Female make 30% of juvenile arrest,

Females make status offenses as opposed to criminal (running away, curfew violations, loitering..etc.) 30% Things like intelligence become an issue, lower intelligence becomes a risk factor for more externalizing problems in combination with having academic failure Idea that playing aggressive video games. If playing first person shooting game brain activity looked like when people are actually aggressive themselves. Children who already have aggressive tendencies might be more impacted by these kind of things Adolescence: Peer associations Deviancy training process: reinforcing those things Peers are the key predictor, ages 12-14 Boys reinforce each others behavior by laughing, talk about antisocial activities and brag about them, one of the terms for this is deviancy training process, reinforcing those things Implications for intervention Parents can influence & alter developmental course of antisocial behavior at ALL time points o Early childhood: warmth & responsiveness o Middle childhood: limit setting, positive discipline o Adolescence: monitoring, supervision, positive parentyouth relationship

Helping Challenging Children 1. Why children misbehave? 2. Positive parenting 3. Attending & play time 4. Rewarding & ignoring skills 5. Effective commands 6. Home token economy 7. Strategies for reducing misbehavior 8. Parents stress, anger, and mood management

Parent Management Training (PMT) Assumes maladaptive parent-child interactions partly responsible for childs behavior Two primary goals o Change patterns that foster childs aggression o Improve monitoring May add o Social skills training for child o Parental stress coping skills

Implications for intervention

Journal E ntry #12 Recent News Items: o -Youngsters who stand up to aggressors are more likely to develop social and emotional skills (5/23/10)

o -Dead Girl's Diary Alleging Bullying To Be Made Public. Police Going to School Where Celina Okwuone Wrote She Was Bullied (5/24/10) Has bullying impacted you, a friend or family member in any way? Give examples. How do you feel about bullying and what do you think should be done about it?

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Parenting a child with Special Needs Emily Kingsley Raising a child with a disability Pregnancy going to Italy planning Finally the day comes but you end up in Holland and there you must say Its not dirty, its just different Just need to go out buy a new guide book, a whole new lesson, meet new people Slower, less flashy, Everyone you know everyone is from Italy Loss of going to Italy is significant loss But if you spend your life moping that you did not go to Italy, then you will miss the joy and beauty of being in Holland Special Needs Children Also applies to emotional disturbance, even if its quite mild Government law that protects children who are special needs 1975 Allows special needs kids to get services through government Includes things like traumatic brain injury Can be long term (mental retardation) or short term (orthapedic, broke their leg) Before 1975, no services for special needs child So when they passed the education for all Handicapped Children Act Most kids receive services in the school So most of these legistlation applies to the school US has a lot of laws that cover kids from birth to 3 years A lot of this therapy happens in the home, especially for autism 3+ put into school

autism get a child 18 months then have till 3 then oop go to school system transition, tough time, but based on this legislation birth 3 more kids are served when they turn 2, why not earlier? By 2 if a child is having problems that is when they are identified weve gotten better over the years at identifying kids early intervention services 3-5 school district then 6-21 year olds receiving school services 18-21 out of school. Graduated developmental delay Clinical Description and Diagnosis Appeal to get an assessment Process of assessment relies on the parent a lot Purpose of this assessment to get description and diagnosis but also to give a prognosis Telling the parent this is what your child will look like Then, treatment planning and evaluation Goal: enhance well-being of child Assessment takes 3 hours Diagnostic process is messy Classification and Diagnosis Pros o Help clinicians summarize o Facilitate communication o Aid parents

o Treatment application Cons o Oversimplifies o Disagreement about labels o Negative effects and stigmatization (if you tell the teacher, they may treat the child differently: maybe you want that or you dont want that) o Self-fulfilling prophecy (parent has a decisions, sees this about mental retardation, and parents not necessarily work on skills because nothing is going to help o Diagnoses can be unreliable (false positive, false negative) Parent Experience Increased stress and depression o Poor attachment o Increase in Child behavior problems o Parent-child interactions arent quite right, hard to say whether its chicken or the egg o Marital dissatisfaction, divorce rate is already high, extremely high for autism Childs need type matters o Looked at kids with child mental health, physical HIV, asthma, developmental disorders , control healthy o Control then Medical disorder parents dont seem as elevated stress order as developmental disorders like ADHD and autism o Child developmental health sees most stress and dont know whats going to happen, more knowledge about medical disorders Parent gender matters o Moms are more affected than dad o Moms have higher stress and depression o May have a lot to do with primary caregiver o But even on studies where dads are primary caregiver, mom is still depressed o Society expectation that relationship b/w mother and child will protect from mental health issue Cultural context

o Resilience in parents and their ability to handle o Some cultures it can be quite debilitating whereas others its accepted and maybe even embraced Adolescents with special needs o These kids will turn into adolescents then into adults o Parents want to know what is going to happen to this child when I die Questions from parents o How to balance with normal child Those parents hate getting advice from people who dont know whats going on, jugde you based on parenting skills that they dont realize, might not look at a child and see something wrong therefore blame parenting skills. Constantlu being judged for parent skills Marriage focused is on child relationship on back burn Programs are strict Resources low, very busy Relationships with people, government agencies, service agencies, parents, spouse, and other kids are all impact by this What do we do? Parent stress A lot of literature has been done looking at parent adherence (parent compliance) willingness of parent to comply with practioners recommendation We know that when people are stressed out and depressed dont adhere to practioners recommendations very well Parents follow practtictioner recommendation, their stresa dndepression go down When child outcome improves, stress depression go down We need to work on to get parents to adhere Low socio economic parents tend to have more difficulty Parental adjustment Parental commands is a predictor for this Does the parent follow through

If they give child direction or instruction, do they let it go if they dont do it, or get up and deal with it Parents who do commands are more likely to adhere to recommendations If extremely stressed or depressed, probably wont adhere Research on family variables If high level of discourse in family: yelling, family, marital discord, sibling Really not a good candidate for treatment, focus on family discourse first before we can implement the treatment Increase adherence o 1. Exploration o Try to make effort to do collaborate process o Allow parents to explore the boundaries o Want to make sure parent buys in to what they are providing o 2. Education Do a lot of parent education: hours and hours heres what you should do, what you should know o 3. Tailoring: making intervention more appropriate for family, cater to parenting needs, do things what they want to do o 4. Contracting: they promise to do things. Sign a contract; once you sign your name, way more likely to do o parents say # 1 thing that keeps them from doing is that they forget o so set up system of o 5. Reminders: put it on refridgerator, etc. o 6. Follow up o used to just hand parents intervention go off and do it, but now learn that if you bring them back and do booster section, get more feedback, do it again Parent Readiness to Change Some parents say they want to change Asking to change parenting behaviors catering to the child Learn in addition to what they were doing before Really need to consider things like readiness to change

Precontemplation is stage dont admit to themselves that there is something wrong When did you think there was something not quite right? They will say the date, that is the contemplation stage Do you think everything was alright before then? They usually say no. precontemplation stage feel something is wrong but dont know yet Preparation; find something to do Actualization is actually doing it Maintenance is keeping up the skills If they are ready, they might always consistently be ready Fathers They tend to interact differently with practitioners They really need flexible nights and days: grad student research Changed toys they play with Dads what to do fun stuff: recreational components: tickling, throwing kids up in the air Go outside, be active Gender of practioner does really matter Age matters for practioner too, people think its helpful if practioner has kids Gender of child: dads will play differently with boy than girl Find certain behaviors more important than boy Boys , focus on more social skills than language, vice versa for girls Spiral of change: dont always go through it in that order.. for parents readiness to change

podcast
Parent Education

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There are programs out there, who uses them, what motivates people to use them and who Categories of parenting programs Programs designed to improve parenting in general, typically used by parents whose children are functioning normally but who want additional knowledge. Programs aimed at specific populations of parents, such as parents with children at critical periods of development, single parents, parents with low incomes. Programs focused on specific parenting issues, such as substance-abuse prevention, appropriate discipline, and antisocial behavior. Programs targeted to specific populations of children, such as children with disabilities. Single parents, parents with low income, etc. Targeting particular parents, come and learn

Parent education programs should keep in mind Parenting beliefs These are those unconscious values that are very deep that parents hold about the way things should be done Parenting classes usually try to change or move along This is tough, because people get very defensive about the way they parent In fact that kind of defensiveness is even greater in parents who are stressed Program intensity/duration

Couple of two hour sessions, sometimes even one Big issue is not enough training or not enough follow up Not enough to practice or to really have somebody to follow up with any questions you have after Parents needs A lot of times the parents have problems as well as the children parents have needs in terms of their own psychological difficulties, parenting histories, and so in some cases parents needs are so great that they cant participate in programs that focus on their children; they themselves

need help first Personal factors Things that might impact anybody taking a parenting education class Their own cultural values, how they feel about service providers in general Their history with programs in the past Language barriers, time commitment, scheduling, general interest level Family stressors More things that are going on around that may affect motivation but indirectly: parental mental illness, literacy, limited education, domestic violence, marital conflicts, punishment style, Parental perceptions

Low self efficacy, the idea that you arent really very capable in terms of making decisions in actions about your children If you have low efficacy you might not be able to make those changes External locus of control: you feel like its up to other people, fate Internal locus of control: you can do something; your actions can have an effect Deal with their own confidence Environmental conditions Have to be thinking about where those people are coming from when teaching the course People are coming from stressful environments, they have fears, might be less focused Might be hard to benefit from these programs if environment is hard to keep up to begin with Hierarchy of needs

First 5 for Parents san diego group of programs, one of the programs they offer is positive parenting, first 5 has education classes for a variety of issues Free workshops throughout San Diego County Positive Parenting Program o Ensuring a safe, interesting environment Having supervision Monitoring but giving children opportunity to explore o Creating a positive learning environment

Encouraging when children behave well, reinforcing learning and academic successes, encouraging the effort Being available to help but also encouraging independent thought o Using assertive discipline You need to be consistent in your discipline Idea is you should be fairly predictable Act pretty quickly so theres an association b/w punishment and what they done Punishment strategies is very important o Having realistic expectations Its hard as a parent because you want perfection Need to have realistic expectations Need leeway to reality o Taking care of yourself as a parent Idea is that you can be a better balanced more positive, more authoritative parent if you get your own needs met as well

"Commonwealth of Massachusetts: The Trial Court Probate and Family Court Department many states mandate parent education PARENT EDUCATION PROGRAM ATTENDANCE This court finds that the interests of the minor children of parties appearing before it would be well served by educating their parents about children's emotional needs and the effects of divorce on child behavior and development. IT IS HEREBY ORDERED THAT:1. All parties to a divorce action in which there are minor children, are ordered to attend and participate in an approved Parent Education Program (hereinafter,

program) except as herein provided.. 2 two and a half hour courses

transition time, a lot of time resolve themselves, but big concern can lead child into a snowball of risks, all these things attempt to increase resilience decrease risk Divorce programs ideally should: Let your children love and respect both parents. Do not put the other parent down. Do not use visitations as an excuse to continue arguments with the other parent. Do not visit your children when you are drunk or on drugs. Visit the children at reasonable hours. Have the children ready for visitation. Do not be late for visitation. Do not habitually miss visits. Your children need to be able to count on you. Do not make promises to your children that you cannot keep. Let the other parent know as soon as possible if you cannot keep your visit and work together to find another reasonable and convenient time. Visitation is for you and your children. Do not use it to "check up on" the other parent. Two homes means two sets of "house rules" that children will adjust to. You do not have a right to expect the other parent to have the same "house" rules as you do. Put your children first and work together for your children's health, happiness, and safety!

Family Factors in Externalizing Behaviors when they look at children who have been referred o children for externalizing behavior, find that the parents tend to be more issue commands, criticisms, and tend to be doing this in a nagging angry humiliating manner; thats an association that has been found childrens behavior can affect parenting; so it becomes a vicious cycle Reciprocal influence o Negative parenting antisocial behavior Reinforcement trap o Negative and/or positive o How parents can unintentionally reinforce negative behavior o Short term gains are paid for in long term consequences o This reinforcement can also apply to aggressive behavior can be positively reinforced by parents yelling in the sense that children start to see that as being almost positive in many ways, like oh I urked her again hahaha oh I get attenion Punishment acceleration o Increased not decreased negative behavior Instability o Family stress antisocial behavior Criminality/psychopathology

Implications for intervention

STEP (Systematic Training for Effective Parenting) Why children misbehave

o Desire to belong & be significant o Misinterpret observations

STEP (Systematic Training for Effective Parenting) Goals of misbehavior Undue attention Power Revenge Assumed inadequacy

STEP (Systematic Training for Effective Parenting) Understanding the child Temperament Heredity and environment Birth order Gender roles Child development

STEP (Systematic Training for Effective Parenting) Parenting skills Beliefs and feelings Encouragement Listening and talking Owning the problem Focus on solutions

Family meetings

Implications for intervention Parents can influence & alter developmental course of antisocial behavior at ALL time points o Early childhood: warmth & responsiveness o Middle childhood: limit setting, positive discipline o Adolescence: monitoring, supervision, positive parentyouth relationship

Parent Management Training (PMT) Assumes maladaptive parent-child interactions partly responsible for childs behavior Two primary goals o Change patterns that foster childs aggression o Improve monitoring May add o Social skills training for child o Parental stress coping skills

INFANT HEALTH AND DEVELOPMENT PROGRAM Target: Families with infants that were born prematurely and at low birth weight Home visits, enrollment at a child development center, and parent group meetings in additional to service referrals and developmental assessments At age 36 months, investigators found that children in the intervention group had higher scores on tests of receptive

language, cognitive development, and visual-motor and spatial skills

Journal Grading 20 points total o 13 entries (proper length/topic) x 1 point each = 13 points o Proper labeling (entry #) = 2 points o Neatness, organization, orderliness = 3 points o Title page with your name, student ID#, course title and date = 2 points

Journal Grading Thursday, June 3rd, 12:30-5:30PM, Mandler Hall 3545 Friday, June 4th, 9:30AM-2:30PM, McGill Hall 1350

This is it. There will be no late journals accepted!

Journal Entry # 13 There are a lot of parent education programs available, but they are often not utilized unless problems arise or they are mandated.

You have just been hired to run a parenting workshop. Describe your target population, your approach and how you plan to get the word out about it. What would you do to increase utilization of your program?

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Trends in Parenting

Trends??? 1. Allowing kids to do traditionally grown-up things i. Taking kids to nice restaurants ii. Watch grown up movies iii. Parents are getting a lot more permissive with children about swearing and drinking alcohol in the home 2. Dads now expected to be involved parents i. Fathers are becoming more involved in parenting than ever before ii. Dads are wearing the baby, taking the kids to play dates iii. Fathers looking for job flexibility so they can spend more time with their child 3. Blogging about your kids i. Snarkymommy.com 4. Homeschooling i. This was the original form of education ; until the late 1800s where children were mandated to go to school ii. Parents may feel children learn better and faster iii. A lot of it has to deal with possible negative influences and distractions in public school iv. Low academic standards, safety issues, etc. 5. Bring babies to work i. Dependent on work situation 6. Helicopter parenting/overparenting i. Some people argue that this is starting to decrease, but roberts still sees it a lot ii. Being there, participating, and taking control of kids needs iii. Ever present monitoring

Baby proofing well into elementary school Challenging germs enough early on in life to give strength Ex. Antibiotic use Up to 60% of children with common colds are treated with antibiotics viii. Problem is that colds are viral not bacterial ix. Parents want or expect a prescription, parenting trend towards over concern x. Growing backlash against overparenting : a 3rd of parents cut their kids extracurricular activities, due to economics. We are becoming less over bearing because of economics and parents are liking it. 7. Buying baby brains i. You should let babies be babies and not interfere with the natural pace of development, other wise you will only cause harm to the child ii. Whereas lessons at school can be painful affairs, learning in infancy is effortless and unlike in school, where certain things have to be learnt within a certain time frame like it or not a babys lessons only proceed when the child is receptive 8. Attachment parenting i. Doing things that try to guarantee a secure attachment

iv. v. vi. vii.

The 7 Bs of Attachment Parenting ii. Birth bonding iii. Breastfeeding iv. Babywearing As much time as you can having the baby close to you v. Bedding close to baby Having the baby next to you when your sleep vi. Belief in the language value of your babys cry vii. Beware of baby trainers Beware of people who try to advise you how to raise your child when you should know best viii. Balance

Understanding that in your own life, you need to understand that you have your own social, etc. 9. Quality family time i. The economics have created more family time indirectly ii. People are taking simpler vacations ex. Camping, eating dinner at home iii. Family meal is making a come back iv. Family meals have been shown over and over again that it is important v. The more often family eats together, the less likely kids are to drink get depressed..etc, and more likely they are to do well in school, delay having sex, etc. vi. Meal is about civilizing children about teaching them to be a member of their culture 10. Discipline issues i. Methods of discipline 1. Spanking 2. Restriction of privileges 3. Time outs 4. None of the above 5. Torture 6. Wash mouth out with soap o Corporate punishment is usually physical, spanking o Blue corporal punishment prohibited in school o Red corporal punishment not prohibited o No green the corporal punishment prohibited in schools and home o Under California law,"... a parent has the right to reasonably discipline a child by physical punishment and may administer reasonable punishment without being liable for battery. In order to be considered disciplinary the punishment must:" Be necessary (i.e. there it must be in response to a child's negative behavior). Be reasonable, not excessive, in the judgment of a third party -- e.g. a Child Protective Services representative, or a law enforcement officer.

Trends for corporal punishment is decreasing probably because we know more about it many people that bible mandates the use or corporal punishment under circumstances so there may be some cultural religious issues Moving toward a parenting society Parenting is arguably the strongest factor in promoting: o Social order o Values

How to move toward a parenting society? Broad definition of family? 1. Increase gender flexibility? 2. Convergence of messages from government, business, science, media, religion, parents? 3. More time for parenting? 4. Living wage for working parents? 5. Increased value of parenting? 6. Keeping extended family involved? 7. Community planning? 8. Family-friendly employment? 9. Some control over media? 10. Government support of schools? 11. Comprehensive health care? 12. Parenting as an independent field? 13. Less fragmentation between practitioners? 14. Research involving practitioners? 15. Education, support readily available to ALL parents?

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