5.7.

1 Advantage 1:Jammer Margin

important advantage of CDMA Over conventional cellular systems is jammer suppression.
An communication network who transmits with a
malicious user in a
A Jammer is basically a
cause interference, thus leading to disruption of communication links. This
very high power to significant concern, especially in the
in Figure 5.8. Jammers are of
1s shown schematically
communication systems such as those used for military and defense
contextof highly secure
effect of jammer suppression in a CDMA system can be understood as follows.
purposes.The
communication system in which the signal e (n) of the power P is received in the
Consider a system model for
power o. The baseband
presence of additive white Gaussian noise w (n)of
this communication system can be expressed as

y (n) = (n) + w(n)

High-power disruptive
jamming signal

Jammer User

Figure 5.8 Disruption by jammer in wireless communication

Hence, the SNR at the receiver is SNR =.However, in the presence of ajamming signal
P

z; (n) of power Pj, the received signal y (n) is

y(n)= a (n) + ;(n) + w(n)

Thus, the jammer interferes with the signal reception and the signal-to-interference-noise
significant
power ratio (SINR) can be calculated as SINR = p i .Thus, the jammer has a
the
disruptive impact on the communication signal. Consider now a CDMA system in which SINR
transmitted signal (n) is a spread-spectrum signal. As shown in the section above, the
 interference
ecaused user
new Inus, respectively. Graceful 5.7.2
ofwith the leads shall CDMA
codes. the itmilitary
the defense
systems. of as
interference this SINR jammer is the the
Thus. for
index benefits
worthwhile
the to see a
by (K jammer
spreading it CDMA
at soon,
degradation
Advantage 2: applications.
secure can
K +1)" universal Hence,
this addition
of The
h the margin. of
+ due + be scenario
l CDMA
Communications, on
. new does to 1user allows noting CDMA tactor Seen
SINR user joinsfrequency the
the at at of is Thus, in that
and derived 0 realized
that communication iS
user not thtehe a SINR = of the for
another fact,which given
introduction new theak+l. increases. the
the the
This adversel
is y
user network. reuse much Graceful
in
the
shared user jammer gain and is jamming as
ring 0.user Nx
= Eq. key earliest
whichinherently
Further, 0CK+1 and more applied
of the SINR =
h now Let(5.10). property svstem.
(n) higher Degradation
efficient margin were
applications jammerpower
+1
amongst affect thisof in
of +

the in changesdenote PK-+1 At in tolerant

this resistant
any new with Po of is the This
general, this
denote spectral context suppression P.
alsingle interference
CDMA-based equal context is
erence the user power Po to his point, to is
suppressed
of
to
jammingtermed
e
transmitted thefficiency. to ofattacksCDMA
existing user. isPanyat +h+ assume N, of
jammer increases,
PK+1 corresponding ie.. civilian jammer
byRather, user management, bywereattacks by
that
wireless
Consider th e
suppression jammers. a
al users Therefore, i#only symbol in factor
the inthe another spreading cellular suppression the minim1Zingis
(K networks highly
existing addithetional causes transmission
and the which context of.
the +1), networks. Only
user, attracuve
system addition an spreading expression length also is
the later of nthe
Moreover.
users incremental i.e..ultimately and
tactical CDMA impact (5.11)
ilnetadierference
ng additional termed
of Also. were
leads of a as lOr
codepower user for we the
the
to to
 a graceful degradation of the SINR at each user. This is termed the graceful degradation
property of CDMA systems. This idea of graceful degradation is key to understandingthe big
described next.
advantage of CDMA networks. i.e.. universal freauency reuse, which is

5.7.3 Advantage 3: Universal Frequency Reuse

lo understand the concept of universal frequency reuse, we have to begin by underStanding
the frequency allocation in convention, i.e.. 1G and 2G cellular systems. Consider a cellular
network organized into cells as shown in Figure 5.9. Consider two adjacent cells Co, C; shown
in the hgure. Assume now that the same frequency f is allotted for transmission to users in
both Co. C1. Let To (n) with power P denote the signal of the user on the frequency f in the
cell 0, while T1 (n) with power P denotes the signal of the user in the cell 1. Since both the
Signals are being transmitted on the identical frequency f, they will interfere with each other.
More specifically, the received signal yo (n) at the user 0 is
given as

yo (n) = zo (n) + T1 (n) +

Signal Interferer from C Noise

Interference
from cell 1

User 0

Cell 1

Cell 0

Figure 5.9 Intercell interference for the

user 9 on the cell edge
Hence, the SINR at the user 0 is given as
interference case described inEq. (5.11). Thus,SINR Ptot: This is similar to the jamming
if the same frequency f is
cells, it will cause heavy
interference and degradation of user SINR resultsallocated in adjacent
from adjacent cell
 factor,
frequency-reuse
the
of carefully
of same to its of the frequencies
avoid
Hence,
thehexagonal-lattice- P
power
in as, Section CDMA
allocation to
fraction termed since f
network. jammer given power.
only
adjacent
allocated C.
frequency
cell
neighbours
Hence,
network.
is the
bandwidth, with now in interferer
aonly Co, adjacent
advantage of
advan
the CDMA the
be factorof both(n) identical
is
avoidingneighbours.
available fraction to SINR
GSM, the cannot x1 similar
This the available cells in the for
seen
from a userswhile the previousused
hexagonal of the of great
(n),nowon Therefore,
as Co the cell. a to
such 6 onlyproportional
the
context
to
transmission be
has to in 1fraction
networkbe cellallocated
each co Hence,
user the can ais
cells since all This
cell,can to using CA
of the code
the in applicatio
as hexagonal the Thus,
allocated lattice (n). . P described
a netw
each in
used
is in on by to to
cellular Instance, frequencies
all of scenario limited
efficiency
network. that
Co Cs for transmitted
cË caused
N
in for or allotted code of SINR
2G
allocated each true be to Grid factor degradation
defence
For can bandwidth.
compared same random
interference is cellu
or cells,5.10,the holds cellular spectral 5.10 is now user
G are bands f a
of
Figure Figure the frequency by eachin mod
typical adjacentany This
frequencies
the reduced gracefulmargin
the
frequency total to
is related
considerisPo on of
1 the
C6.
in interference, of
the which power interference
jammer
in
same cell System.
a
in structure C.C2,..., factor now supp
in
interterence,
Thus, frequency frequency'-reuse
available cell, linearly
rate
now
the with in
the
is
of
result
cell the CDMA
cell the
pellular a However,
that transmitted the the Dasicall
total based total
capacity
in is
osulting
(n)
assume adjacent is Thus, pow
co This
the are let a
in
 Another wa
implies that the same frequency bands can be used in all cells across the network.
of stating this is that the fraction of bands used in each cell is 1, i.e., allthe bands. Therefore.
this is termed universal frequency reuse or equivalently, as a cellular network with frequency
reuse factor 1. Thus, comparedto GSM, which uses only of the frequency bands in each
cell, CDMA can use all the available frequency bands in each cel1. This right away leads to an
increase of the spectral efficiency and resulting capacity by a factor of 7. Thus, CDMA-based
cellular networks have a much higher capacity compared to conventional 1G and 2G cellular
networks.This has led to a widespread adoption and embrace of CDMA-based technol
for mobile communication.