DRRR REVIEWER

Why are we disaster-prone?

 Typhoon belt
 Pacific Ring of Fire
 2013,2020,2022 World risk index
DISASTER
A serious disruption of the functioning of a community or a society at any scale due to hazardous
events interacting with conditions of exposure, vulnerability and capacity, leading to one or more of
the following: human, material, economic and environmental losses and impacts.
HAZARD
A process, phenomenon or human activity that may cause loss of life, injury or other health impacts,
property damage, social and economic disruption or environmental degradation.
TYPES OF HAZARDS
1. Natural hazards are predominantly associated with natural processes and
phenomena.
2. Anthropogenic hazards, or
human-induced hazards, are induced entirely or predominantly by human activities and choices.

HAZARD- A dangerous situation that poses a threat to human life

Has less critical consequences
DISASTER-An event that completely causes damage to human life and property
Has more critical consequences and more catastrophic

DISASTER RISK- The potential loss of life, injury, or destroyed or damaged assets which could
occur to a system, society or a community in a specific period, determined probabilistically as a
function of hazard, exposure, vulnerability and capacity.

VULNERABILITY- The conditions determined by physical, social, economic and environmental

factors or processes which increase the susceptibility of an individual, a community, assets or
systems to the impacts of hazards.

CAPACITY-The combination of all the strengths, attributes and resources available within an
organization, community or society to manage and reduce disaster risks and strengthen resilience.

Risk Factors Underlying Disaster

1. Climate Change
2. Environmental Degradation
3. Globalized Economic Development
4. Poverty and Inequality
5. Poorly planned and Managed Urban Development
6. Weak Governance

IMPACT OF DISASTER- The effects of disaster on people,buildings, and society

LOSSES IN DISASTER- A measure of the damage or destruction caused by the disaster
INDIRECT LOSSES- are the subsequent or the secondary results of the initial destruction
ex: business interupption losses
GAINS- can also generate gains not only losses
ex: demands for tconstruction materials and expertise

DIFFERENT PERSPECTIVES OF DISASTER

 PHYSICAL PERSPECTIVE It affects the physical infrastructural facilities, agricultural

productivity and even lead to loss of life and cause damage to property. Various factors
influence the effects of a disaster on a country among them are the magnitude of the disaster,
the geography of the area affected, and the recovery efforts directed towards reducing the
immediate effects of a disaster.
Effects of Physical Disasters
- Injuries
- Physical disabilities or illness - Sanitation
- Damage in infrastructure
 PSYCHOLOGICAL PERSPECTIVE Victims of disasters may suffer from Post Traumatic
Stress Disorder (PTSD) and other serious mental health conditions, which are not being given
much attention to by the authorities or even by the victims, themselves.
Psychological effects of a Disaster:
•distress
•intrusion/avoidance
• hatred/revenge
• dependence/insecurities
 SOCIO-CULTURAL PERSPECTIVE generally known as matiisin, resourceful, helpful,
optimistic and prayerful
Socio-Cultural Effect of Disasters
➢ change in individual roles
➢ disruption of social relationships and personal connections

• ECONOMIC PERSPECTIVE Disasters affect the economic condition of a community because they reduce local
and international trade. It can also partially or totally paralyze a country ’ s transportation system, just like what
happened in the COVID19 pandemic.
Economic Effects of Disasters - loss of life
- unemployment
- loss of property
loss of household articles
- loss of crops
- loss of public infrastructure

• POLITICAL PERSPECTIVE Just as vulnerability to disasters is mediated by the political system

of a country, disasters can have major consequences for political stability and political legitimacy
Political Effects of a Disaster
- People who have trust in political institution will assess the government ’ s risk assessments as
credible and accept their hazard policies (Johnson 1999)
- Low level of trust in public institutions therefore means that citizens may ignore the
recommendations and disregard the information provided by these institutions

• BIOLOGICAL PERSPECTIVE can wipe out an entire population at a short span of time.
Effects of Biological Disasters
➢ loss of lives
➢ public demobilization ➢ negative economic effect ➢ unemployment
➢ hunger

EXPOSURE the “elements at risk” from a natural or man-made hazard event.

VULNERABILITY the characteristics and circumstances of community, system or asset that
make it susceptible to the damaging effects of a hazard.

REASONS WHY CERTAIN SECTORS OF SOCIETY ARE MORE VULNERABLE TO

DISASTER THAN OTHERS

1. DEMOGRAPHIC FACTORS
A. POPULATION DENSITY
• refers to the number of individuals living in an area in relation to the size of an area.
• The more dense the population, the more efficient a response should be, considering the number
of people that might be affected by a disaster.
B. AGE OF POPULATION
• Very old and very young populations are less mobile and able to respond to hazard events as
well.

2. SOCIO-ECONOMIC FACTORS
A. WEALTH
•Low income populations are less likely to be well prepared.
B. EDUCATION
•Education programs can instruct populations on how to deal with hazard events.

3. COMMUNITY PREPAREDNESS
A. BUILDING CODES
• Rigorous and applied codes protect most buildings from collapse during earthquakes.
B. SCIENTIFIC MONITORING AND EARLY WARNING SYSTEMS
• Established monitoring system can prepare for the onslaught of any kind of disaster.
C. COMMUNICATION NETWORKS
• Countries with good quality and widespread communication networks allow messages to be
quickly shared.
D. EMERGENCY PLANNING
•Preparation is the key element of prevention.
•Preparation for a disaster is embodied in an emergency plan.

4. DEALING WITH AFTER-EFFECTS

A. INSURANCE COVER
• Disasters, like earthquakes and typhoons, normally inflict damages to life, property and even to
environmental sources of living. Part of individual’s preparation is to purchase insurance policies to
mitigate losses.
B. EMERGENCY PERSONNEL
• These are trained for community preparedness.
C. AID REQUEST ❖ Outside help in the form of humanitarian aid is necessary during a disaster.
However, it should be fast and efficient. Inefficiency and mismanagement of aids, especially
foreign aids, will possibly result to further deaths and loss of property.

4 MAIN TYPES OF PHYSICAL VULNERABILITY

1. PHYSICAL VULNERABILITY
✓ maybe determined by aspects such as population density levels, remoteness of a settlement, the
site, design and materials used for critical infrastructure and for housing.
2. SOCIAL VULNERABILITY
✓ Refers to the inability of people, organizations and societies to withstand adverse impacts to
hazards due to characteristics inherent in social interactions, institutions and systems of cultural
values.
✓ Includes aspects related to levels of literacy and education, the existence of peace and security,
access to basic human rights, systems of good governance, social equity, positive traditional values,
customs and ideological beliefs and overall collective organizational systems.
3. ECONOMIC VULNERABILITY
✓ The level of vulnerability is highly dependent upon the economic status of individuals,
communities and nations.
4. ENVIRONMENTAL VULNERABILITY
✓ Natural resource depletion and resource degradation are key aspects of environmental
vulnerability.
✓ Mitigation measures like reforestation and natural resource protection and conservation must be
undertaken to reduce natural disaster risk and vulnerability.
PHILIPPINE EXPOSURE AND VULNERABILITIES TO NATURAL DISASTERS
- 8 of 10 world cities most exposed to natural hazards are in the Philippines and more than half of
the 100 cities most exposed to earthquakes, storms and other disasters are in four Asian nations,
according to research (Philippine Star, 2014).
-The Philippines lies in the Pacific typhoon belt and we are visited by an average of 20 typhoons
every year.
-The rugged nature of our landscape makes our communities very vulnerable to landslides,
mudflows and other disasters.
TYPES OF HAZARDS
HYDROMETEOROLOGI CẢL HAZARD - caused by atmospheric,meteorological, or oceanographic events such
as tornado, typhoons, floods, landslides etc.
GEOLOGICAL HAZARDS- extreme natural hazards cause by movement on Earth's crust such as earthquake,
tsunami, volcanic eruption, dam burst etc.
ENVIRONMENTAL HAZARDS - caused by changes in the environment that can pose damage to people and the
environment ex: diff kinds of pollution, deforestation, desertification etc.
BIOLOGICAL HAZARDS - organic agents such as bacteria , viruses, insects, plants and birds animals and humans
ex: Aids, tuberculosis, covid 19, cancer
CHEMICAL HAZARDS- caused by any substances that can affect life and property ex: oil spills, meltdown,
terrorist bombing etc.
ACCIDENT RELATED HAZARDS - brought about by an unintentional event that lead to loss life and property
ex: vehicular accidents , airplane crash forest fires etc.

MAN-MADE and Technological Hazards caused by human or close to human settlements ex: pollution,
environmental degredation etc.

RISK- The interaction of social and environmental systems , from the combination of physical danger and exposed
item vulnerabilities .
MITIGATION- The action of reducing somethings severity , seriousness or painfulness
DISASTER MITIGATION- measures or ways that eliminate or reduce the impacts and risk of hazards .
HAZARD CAN BE CATEGORIZED IN DIFF TYPES
NATURAL HAZARDS- arise from the natural process in the environment ex: earthquakes, tsunami, landslides,
floods, volcanic eruptions
QUASI NATURAL HAZARDS- arise through the interaction of natural processess and human activities ex:
desertification, smog, fog, pollution
TECHNOLOGICAL OR MANMADES HAZARDS- arise directly as aresult of human activities ex: accidently
release of chemicals, toxic and pesticides

EARTHQUAKE AND VOLCANIC ERUPTIONS HAZARDS

EARTHQUAKE
•Also known as a quake, tremor or temblor
•The perceptible shaking of the surface of the Earth, resulting from the sudden release of energy in
the Earth’s crust that creates seismic waves.
EARTHQUAKE HAZARDS - refer to earthquake agents which have the potential to cause harm to
vulnerable targets wich can either be humans, animals or even your environment
EFFECTS OF EARTHQUAKE
•Primary - permanent features an earthquake can bring out
• Secondary - happen when ground movement results to other types of destruction
A fault scarp is a small step or offset on the ground surface where one side of a fault has moved
vertically with respect to the other.
Surface rupture is an offset of the ground surface when fault rupture extends to the Earth's surface.
Any structure built across the fault is at risk of being torn apart as the two sides of the fault slip past
each other.
Secondary Effects of Earthquake
EARTHQUKE INDUCED LANDSLIDE - down slope movement of rocks, solid and other debris
commonly triggerd by strongly shaking
LIQUEFACTION- sediments especially near bodies of water ,behave like liquid similar to
quicksand
SAND BOILS- or sand volcanoes occur when water under pressure wells up through a bed of
sand. ... The water looks like it is boiling up from the bed of sand
FISSURING - split or crack (something) to form a long, narrow opening.
FIRE - can be triggerd by broken gas lines and power lines or tipped over wood or coal stoves
TSUNAMI - series of waves caused commonly by an earthquake under the sea
SEICHE - spilling of a closed body of water due to earthquake shaking
POTENTIAL EARTHQUAKE HAZARDS
GROUND SHAKING - disruptive up, down and sideways vibration of the ground during an
earthquake
GROUND RUPTURE - It is important not to build structures on top of fault line
GROUND SUBSIDANCE- lowering of the ground surface
VOLCANIC HAZARDS - volcanic activites that may harm the subsystems on earth
VOLCANO- hill ,mountain or fissure from wich hot molten or rocks with gaseous materials
ejected
Imporatnce of monitoring volcano- is to learn when new magma is rising in the volcano that could
lead to an eruption
VOLCANIC ERUPTION HAZARDS
•BALLISTIC PROJECTILES - rocks that an erupting volcano may hurl into the air
• ASHFALL or TEPHRA FALL- happen as a result of tephra being spewed out by volcano initially
hovering and riding over the prevailing wind direction
• PYROCLASTIC FLOW - hot, dry turbulent mass mixtures of differnt pyroclastic materials and
gases that move downwards along the slope of a volcano speed that can go up severalhundred per
second
• LAHAR - usually generated along river by extreme rainfall
• VOLCANIC GASES - magma contains dissolve gases wich provides the driving force that causes
most volcanic eruptions
• VOLNIC LANDSLIDE - massive collapse of a volcano usually triggerd by an earthquake or
volcanic eruption
• TSUNAMI - sea waves or wave trains that are generated. by sudden displacement of water
• VOLCANIC INDUCED TSUNAMI - Series of waves caused volcanic eruptions
Project DINA paves the way for the public exposition and access of disaster risk
reduction and management (DRRM) information materials.
DINA - DISASTER INFORMATION FOR NATIONWIDE AWARENESS