PRACTICAL RESEARCH 1
THIRD QUARTER : SECOND SEMESTER
STEM 11 A.Y. 2022-2023
WEEK 1: INTRODUCTION TO RESEARCH
Study these Terms
• Research – a scientific method of collecting, analyzing,
interpreting, and presenting data.
• Basic Research – a type of research that focuses on
explaining phenomena.
• Applied Research – a type of research that focuses on
looking for possible solutions.
• Evaluation Research – a type of research that focuses
on evaluating an action or solution.
• Action Research – a type of research that focuses on
specific problems in specific groups.
• Qualitative Research – a type of research that deals
with forming new knowledge.
• Quantitative Research – a type of research used in
analyzing knowledge using statistical tools.
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Definition of Research
Is a method of collecting, presenting, organizing,
classifying, analyzing, and interpreting data in order to
produce new sets of knowledge and practices. Typically,
research begins with a question that will be
systematically analyzed - that is, using the scientific
method - to produce answers or solutions. The
observation of a specific phenomenon can be
considered the starting point for research.
According to Patton (1990), four main types of research
are used for different purposes. These are:
1. Basic Research
This research focuses on understanding and explaining a
specific phenomenon. This research is descriptive in
nature, usually answering the questions of what, why,
and how.
2. Applied Research
This research places emphasis on looking for possible
solutions to human and societal problems, being
prescriptive in nature as it focuses on how questions.
3. Evaluation Research (Summative and
Formative)
This type of research studies the processes and
outcomes of a solution aimed at a specific problem.
Formative research seeks to improve human actions
regarding specific conditions on a specific problem,
while summative research focuses on judging the
effectiveness of a program, policy, or product (the
solution).
4. Action Research
This type of research tries to solve problems within a
program, organization, or community. The researchers
in this type of study are usually those within the
program, organization, or community, in contrast with
other research types in which the researcher is usually
outside of the phenomenon to be studied.
Importance of Research
1. Brings new knowledge
2. Clears issues
3. Solves problems
4.Trains one’s mind
5. Assists human needs and wants, develops society,
and leads to progress
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Characteristics of Research
1. Systematic - A system is followed in research
writing.
2. Empirical - Good research should be supported
by evidence and relevant details for each
variable (the object and/or phenomena to be
investigated) used in the study.
3. Clear - The researcher should properly explain
the research variables.
explaining the variables should be presented to provide
background on the context of the research.
4. Contextual - Good research should be derived
from a particular context, trend, and gap.
5. Ethical - Good research follows the ethics of
research.
Outline and Process of a Research
Research is divided into different chapters each with a
different focus. This organizes the study into a cohesive
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and orderly manner that helps explain the contents of 11. Summarize the findings
the paper. 12. Draw conclusions
Chapter 1: The Problem and its Background 13. Recommend/share the research
a. Introduction, Background of the Study
b. Statement of the Problem AKO NALANG KASI
c. Scope and Delimitation (Limitation)
d. Significance of the Study
Chapter 2: Theoretical Framework Ethics in Research
a. Review of Related Literature The term ethics refers to questions of right and wrong.
b. Review of Related Studies When researchers think about ethics, they must ask
c. Conceptual/Theoretical Framework themselves if it is “right” to conduct a particular study
d. Hypothesis of the Study or carry out certain procedures.
e. Definition of Terms 1. Honesty- This must be maintained in all
communications. Data should never be
Chapter 3: Research Methodology a. Research Design fabricated.
b. Respondents of the Study 2. Objectivity- Biases should be avoided.
c. Instruments of the Study 3. Integrity - Consistency of thought and action is
d. Validity and Reliability the foundation of the credibility of any research
e. Statistical Treatment work. Promises and agreements should be kept
and all actions should be made with a sincere
Chapter 4: Presentation, Analysis, and Interpretation of purpose.
Data 4. Care- Careless errors and negligence should be
a. Presentation of Data avoided.
b. Analysis 5. Openness- The researcher should be open to
c. Interpretation criticisms and new ideas.
d. Discussion 6. Respect for intellectual property- Proper
acknowledgment should be given to all authors
Chapter 5: Summary, Conclusions, and cited and sources used in your research.
Recommendations 7. Confidentiality - Confidential communications
a. Summary of Findings or documents should be protected.
b. Conclusion 8. Responsible publication- The study should be
c. Recommendation done with the purpose of advancing research
and scholarship.
9. Responsible mentoring- The research should
Steps in the Research Processes seek to educate, mentor, and advise students.
1. Observing a phenomenon 10. Respect for colleagues- All peers should be
2. Determining a problem treated fairly.
3. Describing the problem 11. Social responsibility- Social good should be
4. Setting goals (research objective) promoted and social harm should be avoided.
5. Determining the trends and gaps of the 12. Non-discrimination- All those eligible to
research (lapses in knowledge) participate in research should be allowed to do
6. Seek readings that will support the research so.
rationale 13. Competence - Professional competence and
7. Review the literature expertise should be maintained and improved
8. Collect primary data with the research.
9. Present the data acquired
10. Interpret the data acquired
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14. Legality- A researcher should know and obey
relevant laws, and institutional and government
policies.
15. Human subject protection- Harm and risks to
human lives should be minimized.
Rights of Research Participants
1. Voluntary participation. Any person should not
be coerced to participate in any research
undertaking.
2. Informed consent. Prospective research
participants must be fully informed about the
procedures and risks in the research. Their
consent to participate must be secured
3. Risk of harm. Participants should be protected
from physical, financial, or psychological harm.
4. Confidentiality. Participants must be assured
that their identity and other personal
information will not be made available to
anyone who is not directly involved in the study.
5. Anonymity. The participants must remain
anonymous throughout the study even to the
researchers themselves.
WEEK 2 : TYPES OF RESEARCH: QUANTITATIVE
AND QUALITATIVE RESEARCH
Study these Terms
• Phenomenology – qualitative research that studies the
meaning of lived experiences of individuals.
• Ethnography – research that studies a phenomenon
within the context of a particular group of people.
• Grounded Theory – a study that seeks to formulate
theories based on the data gathered from the
respondents.
• Case Study – an in-depth study of a phenomenon
using a very limited number of individuals.
• Discourse/Conversation Analysis – research that study
naturally occurring conversations to extract meaning.
• Narrative Analysis – research that focuses on
narratives (storytelling) as sources of data.
• Historical Study – research that studies past events
Kinds of Research
Aside from types, which categorizes researches
according to their purpose and emphasis, researches
are also classified according to their paradigms. A
paradigm is defined as a set of beliefs that dictate what
researchers in different fields study and how these
researches should be done (Bryman, 2008). Simply put,
a paradigm is a guide and method for conducting a
research in any given field.
1. Qualitative Research
This type of research that seeks to describe and
understand phenomena as experienced by the
respondents, giving them meaning based on the
perspectives, preferences, attitudes, and attributes of
the individuals, with the goal of gaining insight into the
phenomena under investigation.
2. Quantitative Research
This research deals with the analysis of a given
phenomenon. It analyzes attitudes, behaviors, ideas,
relationships, and/or attributes using statistical tools.
Many different types of qualitative methodologies
exist, but there are certain general features that
characterize most qualitative research studies.
1. The natural setting is the direct source of data,
and the researcher is the key instrument in
qualitative research.
2. Qualitative data are collected in the form of
words or pictures rather than numbers.
3. Qualitative researchers are concerned with
process as well as product.
4. Qualitative researchers tend to analyze their
data inductively.
5. How people make sense out of their lives is a
major concern to qualitative researchers.
Kinds of Qualitative Research
1. Phenomenology - This kind of qualitative research
deals with making sense of the individual’s experiences.
2. Ethnography - Ethnography is a kind of qualitative
research that deals with studying a specific topic within
the context of a particular group of people.
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3. Grounded Theory - This qualitative research focuses
on inductive thematic analysis, the process of reading
data, identifying prevalent themes, coding (categorizing
and analyzing), and interpreting the given data.
4. Case Study - Case study is the kind of qualitative
research used in studying and exploring complex issues.
5. Discourse/Conversation Analysis - In this kind of
research, the researcher analyzes the conversations of
individuals to arrive at an interpretation.
6. Narrative Analysis - This research focuses on the
stories (narratives) told by the respondents as the
source of data.
7. Historical Study - Historical studies are used to study
past events.
Importance of Qualitative Research across Fields
1. Exploration and Explanation - Due to being subjective
in nature which places emphasis on the opinions and
preferences of the respondents, this research paradigm
can provide more flexibility and freedom in exploring
and explaining unclear situations, conditions, or
knowledge.
2. Context - Qualitative research provides richer data in
terms of actual experiences. This is because the data
gathered is usually from the personal experiences and
context of the respondents as observed by the
researcher.
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WEEK 3 : RESEARCH TOPIC/ RESEARCH TITLE
Study these terms
• Research Title – the summarized description of the
whole study
• Research Topic – a general area of interest that you
would like to pursue in your research
• Aim – the purpose of the study
• Locus – place where the study will be conducted
• Respondent – individual or group of people that
serves as the source of information during data
collection
A research title is a product of real-world observations,
wide reading, and meaningful interactions with other
people. From these day-to-day experiences and
interactions, we come up with ideas that are shaped
through further thinking and reflection and develop
into a systematic and logical inquiry.
A research topic is a general area of interest that you
would like to pursue in your research. Researchers are
challenged to come up with research topics that are
both interesting and useful. This can be achieved
through the effective selection of the research topic.
How to Choose a Good Research Topic:
1. Interest - In choosing a research topic, the research
topic should be based on individual perception and
observation of the researcher.
2. Scheme - The research topic must fall under a
particular path or circle of discipline. This helps define
what areas are included and not included in the study.
3. Flexibility - The researchers must be capable to
produce or generate possible subtopics to any given
research topic.
4. Literature - In selecting research topics, the
researcher should also consider if studies and literature
supporting the planned research are available.
5. Specificity - Despite being flexible and being
connected to other fields, the research topic should be
specific enough so as not to promote confusion about
the factors to be included in the study.
Elements of a Research Title
1. Subject Matter/Topic
2. Locus/place of study
3. Respondents
4. Time Period
5. Aim or Purpose
Guidelines in Writing Good Research Titles
1. The title should summarize the main idea of the
paper.
2. It should be brief and concise. Lengthy words should
be avoided if possible.
3. The major variables of the study must be included.
4. It should be self-explanatory.
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5. It should describe or imply who the respondents are.
6. It should be written in an inverted pyramid if more
than two lines.
WEEK 4 : RESEARCH PROBLEM AND
STATEMENT OF THE PROBLEM
STATEMENT OF THE PROBLEM
The formulation of the heart of the thesis- statement of
the general and specific problems -must be done after
the investigator has clarified the rationale, identified the
degree of seriousness of the problem provided by the
literature review, and set the overall objective.
WRITING THE GENERAL PROBLEM IN A QUALITATIVE
STUDY
In the book Principles of Qualitative Research: Designing
a Qualitative Study, Creswell and Clark (2014), provide
the following criteria in writing the purpose statement.
1. It should use single and not compound sentences
2. It should clearly express the purpose of the study
3. It should include the central phenomenon
4. It should use qualitative words, e.g. explore, discover,
and explain
5. It should identify the participants in the study
6. It should state the research site
Types of Research Questions (according to Creswell and
Clark, 2014)
1. Central Questions – the most general questions.
“ What is the meaning of/ what does it mean to (central
phenomenon) ”
2. Sub-questions – the subdivision of the central
question that specifies certain aspects of the problem to
be studied.
“ What (aspect) do ”
LESSON 5 : BACKGROUND OF THE STUDY AND CITING
SOURCES
WEEK 5 : BACKGROUND OF THE STUDY AND
CITING SOURCES
Study these terms
• Research Problem – the main topic or problem that
the research seeks to investigate
• Background of the Study – a composition that serves
as an introduction to the research.
• Citation – A citation is a formal reference to a
published or unpublished source that you consulted and
obtained information from while writing your research
paper.
• References – any information that has been used in
the study for a particular purpose.
• Resources – the source material of references in the
study.
BEGINNING OF THE RESEARCH
The first chapter of the research paper is entitled “The
Problem and Its Background”. Its purpose is to introduce
the problem and clarify important variables, its
delimitations, and its significance to the field of the
study. It has the following essential elements:
1. Background of the Study
2. Statement of the Problem
3. Scope and Delimitation
4. Significance of the Study
Background of the Study
This section is important in establishing the cognitive
setting of the research. The following questions can aid
the researcher in formulating the introduction:
1. What is the rationale of the problem?
– This question is answered by sharing the reasons why
the researcher decided to look for solutions to the
problem.
2. What is the setting of the problem?
– The setting forms part of the delimitation of the study.
It defines the geographic boundaries and certain
demographic characteristics of the research.
3. What is the basic literature foundation of the study?
– This is different from the review of related theories,
conceptual literature, and research literature. This part
seeks to provide the researcher clarity on the terms or
variables used in the study.
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4. How serious is the chosen research problem?
– The researcher is tasked to identify the intensity and
magnitude of the problem.
5. What is the general objective of the problem?
– This is the general statement of the problem or the
major tasks of the researcher to discharge and should
also be the basis of the enumerated statements of the
specific problems.
6. What is the overall purpose of the problem?
– It is important to note that the researcher must be
totally aware of the purpose of the research problem.
He or she must fully understand the implications of the
resulting findings of the study.
Citing Sources
A research paper must include references. It must be
consistent and simple to read across all articles. Citation
styles are predetermined styles that specify how they
should be formatted. One of these is the format
established by the American Psychological Association
(APA). Because of its simple and direct format, this is
commonly recognized as APA style and frequently
termed the author-date format.
Using In-text Citation
When you reference another source use an in-text
citation in the body of your paper.
Basic Format:
(Author's Last Name(s) or Organization, Year).
Direct Quotes
If you're quoting the exact words of someone else,
introduce the quote with an in-text citation in
parentheses.
Any sentence punctuation goes after the closing
parenthesis.
According to Brown (2019), "Direct quote" (p. 1021).
Brown (2019) found that "Direct quote" (p. 1021).
[Some other introduction] "Direct quote" (Brown, 2019,
p. 1021).
Paraphrasing or summarizing the main findings or
takeaways from a research article is the preferred
method of citing sources in an APA paper. Always
include the last name of the author(s) and the year of
the article, so your reader can find the full citation in the
reference list.
CITING A WORK WITH…
1 AUTHOR- You only need the author's last name and
the year. (Abrams, 2018)
2 AUTHORS -Connect both authors' last names with &
(ampersand) and include the year. (Wegener & Petty,
1994)
3 OR MORE AUTHORS - If there are 3 or more authors
use et al., which means "and others." (Harris et al.,
2018)
GROUP AUTHORS - First time with an abbreviation:
(Centers for Disease Control and Prevention [CDC],
2019)
Then all subsequent citations: (CDC, 2019)
Writing References
Include the complete citation at the end of your paper
in a references section. References are organized by the
author's last name in alphabetic (A-Z) order. Use an
hanging indent to separate each list item.
Basic Format: Author, A. A., & Author, B. B. (Date). Title
of the work. Source where you can retrieve the work.
URL or DOI if available.
WEEK 6 : SCOPE AND DELIMITATION AND
SIGNIFICANCE OF THE STUDY
Study these Terms
• Scope – topics to be explored in the relation to the
population and time-frame
• Delimitations – the factors and variables not included
in the study
• Significance of the study – this is where contributions
and who will benefit from it are written
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Scope and Delimitation of Study
The scope and delimitation of the study presents the
variables or subjects of the study, the extent to which
the research will cover, the possible factors or nuances
that will be given focus on the course of the study, the
possible challenges that the researcher might
encounter, and other things that might be related to the
topic but are beyond the control of the researcher. This
section is divided into two: the scope and the
delimitations.
Scope
The scope of the study is a section of a research paper
that explains what information or subject is being
analyzed. It covers the explanation as to up to what
extent the researcher would want to explore or
interpret in his or her research.
Ideas that should be included in a Research Scope
1. The description of each part of the research title - In
this part, the word structure in the research title is
implicated with reasons of the choice of words and why
a specific study is chosen whether it is
descriptive or correlational.
2. Major Research Variables - the independent and
dependent variables are described majorly on their
function on the research process of inquiry, data
accumulation and analysis.
3. Locus and Time Frame - the possible place of the data
collection and the period of the research process are
described based on observed gaps.
4. Description of the Respondents - the possible
respondents are described and the reasons are justified
based on the context of the research.
explaining the things you are not doing and why you
have chosen not to do them – the literature you will not
review (and why not), the population you are not
studying (and why not), the methodological procedures
you will not use (and why you will not use them).
Significance of the Study - This section explains the
purpose of the research. This should be written in a
manner that defines and specifies the benefit a
particular person or group of people would get from the
study. Each importance must be clear enough to address
the needs and wants of people to be
covered/affected/reached/benefited by the research
study. The contributions of the study to the general
body of knowledge in the field should also be stated in
this section.
Parts of the Significance of the Study
1. Contribution – specifies the fundamental importance
of a research in a particular purpose.
2. Context - specifies the target respondents and group
of people that can benefit or acquire practical ideas and
developmental insights in a certain study

Delimitation - The delimitation discusses why certain

aspects of a subject were chosen and why others were
excluded by the researcher.

Limitations vs. Delimitations - Limitations identify the

potential weaknesses of the study that the researcher
cannot control.

Delimitations are choices made by the researcher on

how a study will be narrowed in scope as it describes
the boundaries that you have set for the study by
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