Power Electronics II

Lecture 5 – Part a
Cuk Converter

Prof. Dr. Mostafa I. Marei

1
Cuk regulators
Similar to the buck-boost regulator, the Cuk regulator provides an
output voltage that is less than or greater than the input voltage, but
the output voltage polarity is opposite to that of the input voltage.

2
Simplification of the Cuk converte:

One can see the Cuk converter as in the right

figure, hence:

Vs
Vc1  LC filer with load
1 k

Boost Converter

3
Also, we can see the Cuk converter as below:
For the Boost converter:

Vs
Vc1 
1 k

For the Buck converter: Buck Converter

Va  kVc1
kVs
Va  KVc1 
1 k
Boost Converter

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The circuit operation can be divided into two modes:

• Mode 1 begins when transistor Q1 is switched at t=0.

The current through the inductor L1 rises.

At the same time, the voltage of capacitor C1 reverse biases diode Dm

and turns it off. The capacitor C1 discharges its energy to the circuit
formed by C1, C2, the load and L2.

Mode 1
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• Mode 2 Begins when transistor Q1 is switched off at t=t1.

The capacitor C1 is charged from the input supply and the energy stored
in the inductor L2 is transferred to the load.

The diode Dm and transistor Q1 provide a synchronous switching action.

The capacitor C1 is the medium for transferring energy from the source
to the load.

Mode 2
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The waveforms for voltages and currents are shown below for
continuous load current.

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Assume the inductor L1 current rises linearly form IL11 to IL12 in time t1,
I L12  I L11 I 1  kVs
Vs  L1  L1  I 1  .............................1
t1 t1 fL1
And due to the charged capacitor C1, the current of inductor L1 falls
linearly from IL12 to IL11 in time t2,
I ( V  Vc1 )( 1  k )
Vs  Vc1   L1 1  I 1   s ..........................2
t2 fL1
Where Vc1 is the average voltage of capacitor C1,and ΔI1 = IL12 - IL11 .
From Eqs. 1 and 2,
kV  ( Vs  Vc1 )( 1  k ) .....................3
I 1  s 
fL1 fL1
The average voltage of capacitor C1 is,
Vs ................................................................4
Vc1 
1 k

Mode 1 Mode 2
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Assuming the current of filter inductor L2 rises linearly from IL21 to
IL22 in time t1,
I  I L 21 I 2 V  Va
Vc 1  Va  L2 L 22  L2  I 2  k c 1 .................5
t1 t1 fL2
And the current of inductor L2 falls linearly from IL22 to IL21 in time t2,
I 2 ( 1  k )Va
 Va   L2  2 I  ..............................................6
t2 fL2
Where ΔI2 =IL22 – IL21 . From Eqs. 5 and 6,
k ( Vc 1  Va ) ( 1  k )Va
I 2   ..................................................7
fL2 fL2

Mode 1 Mode 2 9
 The average voltage of capacitor C1 is,
Va
Vc1  ......................................................................................8
k
Equating Eq. 4 to Eq. 8, we find the average output voltage as
kVs ..................................................................................9
Va 
1 k

Assuming a lossless circuit, Vs Is = Va Ia = Vs Ia k / ( 1 – k ) and the average

input current is
kIa .............................................10
Is 
1 k
From Eqs (7) & (9), the peak-to-peak ripple current of inductor L2 is
( 1  k )Va kVs
I 2   .................................11
fL2 fL2

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The peak-to-peak ripple voltage of capacitor C1 is

Qc1 1 I L11  I L12 1 I t ……......................12

Vc1   t2  I L1t2  s 2
C1 C1 2 C1 C1 ic1
I
iL2 2

T
KT ΔQC1
The peak to peak voltage ripple of capacitor C2 is -iL1
QC 2 1 1 I 2 T I 2
Vc 2    .............................................13
C2 C2 2 2 2 8 fC 2
Substituting Eq 11 in 13, ic2
( 1  k )Va
Vc 2  ΔI2/2
8C2 L2 f 2
Hence the per unit voltage ripple
Vc 2 (1  k )

Va 8C2 L2 f 2 11
Condition for continuous inductor current and capacitor voltage.
For critical value of L1, the inductor ripple current ΔI1=2IL1. Using Eqs 1
and 10, we get
2
kVs 2 kI a  k  Vs ......................................14
 2 I L1  2 I s   2 
fLc 1 1 k  1 k  R
Which gives the critical value of the inductor Lc1 as
(1  k ) 2 R
Lc1  .............................................................................15
2kf
For critical value of L2, the inductor ripple current ΔI2=2IL2 . Using Eq
11, we get
kVs 2 va 2 kVs
 2I L2  2I a   .........................................16
fLc 2 R ( 1  k )R
Which gives the critical value of the inductor Lc1 as
( 1  k )R .............................................................................17
Lc 2 
2f 12
For critical value of the capacitor C1, the capacitor ripple voltage
ΔVc1=2Vc1. Using Eqs 8 and 12, we get
( 1  k )I s V .....................................................................18
 2Vc1  2 a
fCc1 k
Which, after substituting for Is from Eq 10, gives the critical value of the
capacitor Cc1 as
k2
Cc1  .............................................................................19
2 fR
For critical value of the capacitor C2 , the capacitor ripple voltage
ΔVc2=2Va. Using Eqs 9 and 13 , we get
kVs 2 kVs
 2Va 
8Cc 2 L2 f 2 1  k ................................................................20
Which ,after substituting for L2 from Eq. 17, gives the critical value of
the capacitor Cc2 as
1
Cc 2  ................................................................................21
8 fR 13
The Cuk regulator is based on the capacitor energy transfer. As a
result the input current is continuous.
The circuit has low switching losses and has high efficiency.
 When transistor Q1 (or diode Dm) is turned on, it has to carry the
current of inductors L1 and L2. As a result a high peak current flows
through transistor Q1 (or diode Dm) which is given by:
I1 I 2 I1 I 2
I max  I L1   I L2   Is   Ia 
2 2 2 2
Since the average voltage across the inductances = 0 
Vc1 = Vs +Va = Va /k
The voltage rating of the transistor or diode = Vc1 = Vs +Va

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Sheet 1: Q10
The input voltage of a Cuk converter shown below, Vs=12V. The duty
cycle k=0.25 and the switching frequency is 25kHz. The filter
inductance is L2=150μH and filter capacitance is C2=220μF. The
energy transfer capacitance is C1=200μF and inductance L1=180μH.
The average load current Ia=1.25A, Determine (a) the average output
voltage Va; (b) the average input current Is; (c) the peak-to peak ripple
current of inductor L1, ΔI1; (d) the peak-to-peak ripple voltage of
capacitor C1,ΔVc1; (e) the peak-to peak ripple current of inductor L2,
ΔI2;(f) the peak-to-peak ripple voltage of capacitor C2, ΔVc2 , and (g) the
peak current of the transistor.

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Solution:
Vs=12V, k=0.25, f=25kHz, L2=150μH, C2=220μF, C1=200μF, L1=180μH,
Ia=1.25A.
kVs 0.25  12
(a) Va   Va   4V
1 k 1  0.25

kIa 0.25 1.25

(b) I s    0.42 A
1 k 1  0.25

kVs 12  0.25
(c) I 1    0.67 A
fL1 25000  180  10 6

I s (1  k ) 0.42  (1  0.25)
(d) Vc1    63mV
fC1 25000  200  10 6
kVs 12  0.25
(e) I 2   6
 0.8 A
fL2 25000  150  10

I 2 0.8
(f) Vc 2   6
 18.18mV
8 fC 2 8  25000  220 10 16
 Solution:

I1 I 2
(g) I max  I s   Ia 
2 2
0.67 0.8
 0.42   1.25   2.405 A
2 2

In the design problem:

Never to use the expression of critical value if the ripple is given. This is because
that all the expression of critical values are derived at 200% ripple condition
ΔVc=2V or ΔI=2I

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 Sheet 1: Q11 (Cuk Converter Design)
A Cuk converter has an input of 12 V and is to have an output of 18 V
supplying a 40W load. Select the switching frequency, the inductor
sizes such that the change in inductor currents is no more than 10% of
the average inductor current, the output ripple voltage is no more than
1%, and the ripple voltage across C1 is no more than 5%.
Va k 18
   1.5  k  0.6
Vs 1  k 12
Higher switching frequencies result in smaller current
variations in the inductors. Let f = 50 kHz.
V k 12  0.6
L1  s   432 H Va2 182
fI1 50000  0.1 3.33 R   8.1
P 40
V k 12  0.6
L2  s   649 H
fI 2 50000  0.1 2.22
Average voltage across C1 = Vs +Va = 12+ 18 = 30 V (Note: VL1 average =0)
I (1  k ) 3.33  (1  0.6) I 2 0.1 2.22
C1  s   17.76F C2    3.08F
fVc1 50000  0.05  (30) 8 fVc 2 8  50000  0.0118
I 1 I 2
I max  I s   Ia   1.05( 3.33  2.22 )  5.83 A
2 2 18
The Single-Ended Primary Inductance Converter (SEPIC)

kVs
Vo 
1 k

Zeta DC/DC converter

kVs
Vo 
1 k

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