UNIVERSITY OF THE FREE STATE QWAQWA CAMPUS BIOL2614 DEPARTMENT: ZOOLOGY & ENTOMOLOGY CONTACT NUMBER: 058 718 5127 EXAMINATION: First Opportunity June 2021 PAPER 1 ASSESSOR(S)/ 1. Dr. M. Ramoejane MODERATOR(S): 1. Ms Dipuo Mosea TIME: 3hours MARKS: 100 Question 1 — (8) Sickle-cell anemia is a model of evolutionary phenomenon in which natural selection confers survival and selective advantages to certain alleles under specific environmental conditions. a) ») 9 @ e) ‘What is the phenomenon called and which genotype typically experiences it? Qi What is the key implication of this phenomenon in terms of deleterious genes? 21 ‘Which specific mutation causes Sickle-cell anemia? i From which specific disease are those affected with Sickle-cell anemia protected against? {1] In which people's group is the Sickle-cell trait most common? a Question 2— (14) nz Mexican village where the human hosts ofa given mutation live in complete selection, the frequency of the recessive allele emanating from spontaneous mutations is about 0.01 per generation. With an initial frequency of 0.35, the recessive allele is expected to remain present in ‘the population for a lang time. al b) a Calculate the frequency {q) of the recessive allele emanating from spontaneous mutations alone after 20 generations 4) ‘What would be the total frequency of the recessive allele after 30 generations? (si Choose the right statement. R] ‘Mutations alone contribute: 1. More than 90% of the frequency of the recessive allele after 30 generations 2. Less than 10% of the frequency of the recessive aliele after 30 generations 3. Nothing to the frequency of the recessive allele after 30 generationsQuestion 3 — [15] Identify the types of selection represented in 1, 2 & 3 and state how they differ from one another. [ror i 1 e enn Bae 4 an PADD 2 face 2 * a Oy Question 4 — {20}, Table 1 presents genotype frequencies of males and females individuals in # human population. Some of these individuals are affected by or are carriers of a dominantly inherited condition. a} Is there any difference in genotype frequencies between males and females? a b) What does it say about the way the disease is distributed among males and females? (1) Gj Are these genotype frequencies inline with Mendelian predictions? Explain, Qi 4) Reproduce and fil in Table 1 by indicating the chance (frequency) of al-possible matings. (3) ee : Random Mating of individuals human population affected bya dominantly inherited condition.2) Ina classic Mendelian scheme, which one(s) of the three possible genotypes will be afflicted with the condition? 2 4) Ifthe condition were known to be lethal, which allele would be extremely rare in the population? 1 8) Excluding gene flow, which phenomenon would be expected to keep the rare allele present in this population 2) fh) Ifthe condition were known to be non-lethal, which genotype would be considered fit? [2] Question s — {5} 3}. Define mutation @ +b) Most mutations affect the building blocks of DNA, called nucleotides. Which type of alterations involving large parts of the chromosomes are known? @ )_ Which phenomenon {inked to these alterations is said to prevent the unnecessary expenditure of energy toward the development of organisms that are not lkely to survive. fi) Question 6 — (20) ‘The whole world is currently facing a common enemy called Corona virus (Covid 19}. This virus has evalved and produced several variants of itself, which are elther deadlier or more transmissible than the original form due to mutations. Using your understanding from lecture 1-5 and from listening to the news, answer the following questions 1, Name the five variants of the Covid 19 virus that you know and state where they occur. (8) 2. How were these variants formed? (6) 3. Why are they deadlier or more transmissible than their predecessor? (4) 4, Why is it important to vaccinate for this virus? 2 Question 7 — (10) a] How many types of cell divisions are known to exist? Define them by highlighting the main difference between them. (6) )_ Which one of the two types produces cells known to have a haploid or monoptoid number of chromosomes? 2 ‘c]_ What are these cells with a haploid/monoploid chromosome number called? {21 Question 8 — (2), Fitness has often been naively confused with physical or even athletic prowess. How should we measure true fitness and how does true fitness help understand the concept of natural selection?