STQM1223 ALJABAR LINEAR

Semester II Sesi 2022/2023

Jabatan Sains Matematik, Fakulti Sains dan Teknologi

Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia
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TUTORIAL 5: Answer all questions.

𝑎 𝑏
1. Let 𝑀2×2 = {( ) |𝑎, 𝑏, 𝑐, 𝑑 ∈ ℝ} be a set of 2 × 2 matrices with the standard addition and
𝑐 𝑑
scalar multiplication.

a) Find two examples of elements 𝐴, 𝐵 ∈ 𝑀.

b) Determine 4𝐴 + (−2)𝐵 for 𝐴 and 𝐵 given in (a).

c) Show that 𝑀 is a vector space.

2. Let ℘2 = {𝑎0 + 𝑎1 𝑥 + 𝑎2 𝑥 2 |𝑎0 , 𝑎1 , 𝑎2 ∈ ℝ} be a set of all polynomials of degree 2, with the

standard addition and scalar multiplication.

a) Find two examples of elements 𝑝, 𝑞 ∈ ℘2 .

b) Determine 4𝑝 + (−2)𝑞 for 𝑝 and 𝑞 given in (a).

c) Show that ℘2 is a vector space.

3. Let 𝐿 = {(𝑤, 𝑥, 𝑦, 𝑧) ∈ ℝ4|𝑤 + 𝑥 + 𝑦 + 𝑧 = 0} be a set of all vectors in ℝ4 2, with the standard

addition and scalar multiplication.

a) Find two examples of elements 𝐮, 𝐯 ∈ 𝐿.

b) Determine 4𝐮 + (−2)𝐯 for 𝐮 and 𝐯 given in (a).

c) Show that 𝐿 is a vector space.

4. Let 𝑉 = {𝑥 ∈ ℝ |𝑥 > 0} with addition and scalar multiplication given by 𝑥 + 𝑦 = 𝑥𝑦 and 𝑘𝑥 = 𝑥 𝑘

for any 𝑥, 𝑦 ∈ 𝑉 and scalar 𝑘 ∈ ℝ.

a) Find two examples of elements 𝑥, 𝑦 ∈ 𝑉

b) Determine 4𝑥 + (−2)𝑦 for 𝑦 and 𝑥 given in (a).

c) Show that 𝑉 is a vector space.

SCD 2023
 𝑎 1
5. Let 𝑀 = {( ) |𝑎, 𝑏, 𝑐 ∈ ℝ} ⊂ 𝑀2×2 be a space with standard addition and scalar multiplication
𝑏 𝑐
of matrices in 𝑀2×2.

a) Find two examples of elements 𝐴, 𝐵 ∈ 𝑀.

b) Determine 4𝐴 + (−2)𝐵 for 𝐴 and 𝐵 given in (a).

c) Show that 𝑀 is not a vector space.

6. Let ℘ = {𝑎0 + 𝑎1 𝑥 + 𝑎2 𝑥 2 |𝑎0 + 𝑎1 + 𝑎2 > 0} ⊂ ℘2 be a space with standard addition and scalar
multiplication of matrices in ℘2 .

a) Find two examples of elements 𝑝, 𝑞 ∈ ℘.

b) Determine 4𝑝 + (−2)𝑞 for 𝑝 and 𝑞 given in (a).

c) Show that ℘ is not a vector space.

7. Consider ℝ2 with standard addition on ℝ2 and scalar multiplication given by 𝑘𝐮 = 𝑘(𝑢1 , 𝑢2 ) =

(𝑘𝑢1 , 0) for any 𝐮 ∈ ℝ2 and scalar 𝑘 ∈ ℝ.

a) Find two examples of elements 𝐮, 𝐯 ∈ ℝ2 .

b) Determine 4𝐮 + (−2)𝐯 for 𝐮 and 𝐯 given in (a).

c) Show that ℝ2 with the given operations is not a vector space.

8. Consider ℝ2 with addition and scalar multiplication given by dengan 𝐮 + 𝐯 = (𝑢1 , 𝑢1 ) + (𝑣1 , 𝑣2 ) =
(𝑢1 𝑣1 , 𝑢2 𝑣2 ) and 𝑘𝐮 = 𝑘(𝑢1 , 𝑢2 ) = (𝑘𝑢1 , 𝑘𝑢2 + 1) for any 𝐮, 𝐯 ∈ ℝ2 and 𝑘 ∈ ℝ.

a) Find two examples of elements 𝐮, 𝐯 ∈ ℝ2 .

b) Determine 4𝐮 + (−2)𝐯 for 𝐮 and 𝐯 given in (a).

c) Show that ℝ2 with the given operations is not a vector space.

9. Consider ℝ3 with the standard addition and scalar multiplication. Determine whether the following
subset is a subset of ℝ3 or not.

a) {(𝑥, 𝑦, 𝑧) ∈ ℝ3 : 𝑥 = 4𝑦 + 𝑧}

b) {(𝑥, 𝑦, 𝑥) ∈ ℝ3 : 𝑧 = 0}

c) {(𝑥, 𝑦, 𝑧) ∈ ℝ3 : 𝑥 + 𝑦 + 𝑧 ∈ ℤ}

SCD 2023
 d) {(𝑥, 𝑦, 𝑥) ∈ ℝ3 : 4 + 𝑧𝑦 = 𝑥}

10. Consider 𝑀2×2 with the standard addition and scalar multiplication. Determine whether the
following subset is a subset of 𝑀2×2 or not.

a) {𝐴 ∈ 𝑀2×2 : det(𝐴) = 0}

b) {𝐴 ∈ 𝑀2×2 : 𝐴 + 𝐴𝑇 is a diognal matrix}

𝑎 𝑏
c) {( ) : 𝑎, 𝑏 ∈ ℝ}
−𝑏 𝑎

11. Consider 𝐶[−1,1] with the standard addition and scalar multiplication on functions. Determine
whether the following subset is a subset of 𝐶[−1,1] or not.

a) {𝑓 ∈ 𝐶[−1,1]: 𝑓(−1) = −𝑓(1)}

b) {𝑓 ∈ 𝐶[−1,1]: 𝑓(𝑥) ≥ 0 for any 𝑥 ∈ [−1,1]}

c) {𝑓 ∈ 𝐶[−1,1]: 𝑓(−1) = −2 and 𝑓(1) = 2}

12. Write the polynomial 𝑝(𝑥) as a linear combination of polynomials in the set 𝑄:

a) 𝑝(𝑥) = −1 − 3𝑥 = 3𝑥 2 and 𝑄 = {𝑝1 (𝑥), 𝑝2 (𝑥), 𝑝3 (𝑥)} where 𝑝1 (𝑥) = 1 + 2𝑥 + 𝑥 2 , 𝑝2 (𝑥) =

2 + 5𝑥, 𝑝3 (𝑥) = 3 + 8𝑥 − 2𝑥 2 .

b) 𝑝(𝑥) = −2 − 4𝑥 + 𝑥 2 and 𝑄 = {𝑝1 (𝑥), 𝑝2 (𝑥), 𝑝3 (𝑥), 𝑝4 (𝑥)} where 𝑝1 (𝑥) = 1 + 2𝑥 2 +

𝑥 3 , 𝑝2 (𝑥) = 1 + 𝑥 + 2𝑥 3 , 𝑝3 (𝑥) = −1 − 3𝑥 − 4𝑥 3 , 𝑝4 (𝑥) = 1 + 2𝑥 − 𝑥 2 + 𝑥 3 .

13. Show that the vectors 𝐯1 = (2, −1), 𝐯2 = (3,2) span ℝ2 . Hence, write the vector 𝐯 = (5, −7) as a
linear combination of 𝐯1 and 𝐯2 .

14. Show that the set of following vectors

{(1,2,3), (3,4,5), (4,5,6)}

does not span ℝ3 , but span a subspace of ℝ3 which consists of points in the plane 𝑥 − 2𝑦 + 𝑧 = 0.

15. Let 𝑆 ⊂ 𝑀2×2 be a collection of all 2 × 2 symmetric matrices. Show that 𝑆 is spanned by the
following matrices

SCD 2023
 1 0 0 0 0 1
𝐴1 = ( ), 𝐴2 = ( ), 𝐴3 = ( ).
0 0 0 1 1 0

16. Consider the following matrices

1 2 −2 1
𝐴1 = ( ), 𝐴2 = ( )
−1 3 1 −1
in 𝑀2×2 . Determine 𝑠𝑝𝑎𝑛{𝐴1 , 𝐴2 } and determine wheter the matrix

3 1
𝐵=( )
−2 4
is in 𝑠𝑝𝑎𝑛{𝐴1 , 𝐴2 }.

SCD 2023