LOGIC AND FORMALITY | Lesson 3.

welcome to
THE PRESENTATION OF GROUP 2

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LOGIC AND FORMALITY | Lesson 3.3

WHAT IS LOGIG?
Logic is the study of the principle of correct reasoning, one of the
principles in logic that is very much important to study is on how to
determine the validity of ones argument.

Studying mathematics is also studying theorems.

The proof of the theorem uses the principle of arguments in logic.
The language of mathematics is logic.
Mathematical statement is also a grammar.

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LOGIC AND FORMALITY | Lesson 3.3

FORMALITY
As stated by Heylighen F. and Dewaele J-M in the “Formality of
Language: Definition and Measurement”, an expression is
completely formal when it is context- independent and precise
(i.e. non-fuzzy), that is, it represents a clear distinction which is
invariant under changes of context. In mathematics, we are
always dealing in a formal way.

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LOGIC AND FORMALITY | Lesson 3.3

A. DEFINITION
One of the major parts of formality in mathematics is the definition itself.
Definition is a formal statement of the meaning of a word or group of
words and it could stand alone.

Example: Formal definition of a right triangle.

A right triangle consists of two legs and a hypotenuse. The two legs meet
at a 90° angle and the hypotenuse is the longest side of the right triangle
and is the side opposite the right angle.

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B. THEOREM
Another considered as a formal statement is the theorem. You will
encounter this word in all books of mathematics especially if it is pure
mathematics.

A theorem is a statement that can be demonstrated to be true by

accepted mathematical operations and arguments. In general, a
theorem is an embodiment of some general principle that makes it part
of a larger theory. The process of showing a theorem to be correct is
called a proof.

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EXAMPLE
PYTHAGOREAN THEOREM.
This is a very well-known theorem in mathematics that states the square of the
hypotenuse of a right triangle is equal to the sum of the squares of the other two
sides. If the hypotenuse (the side opposite the right angle, or the long side) is called c
and the other two sides are a and b, then this theorem with the formula a² + b² = c².
You will notice that the theorem is precise in a form of if-then statement. The if-then
statement is one of the statements in logic.

So, a statement could not be considered theorem unless it was proven true using
mathematical logic.
LOGIC AND FORMALITY | Lesson 3.3

C. PROOF
To be able to say that a theorem is true, it should be undergo on the
process of proving. But what do we mean by proof or a mathematical
proof. Proof is a rigorous mathematical argument which unequivocally
demonstrates the truth of a given proposition.

The different methods on proof are as follows:

1. Deductive 2. Inductive 3. Direct Proof 4. Indirect Proof
5. Proof by Counterexample 6. Proof by Contradiction

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D. PROPOSITION
When we say proposition, it is a declarative statement that
is true or false but not both. This statement is another major
part of formality since all types of proposition are precise
and concise. Different propositions that can be also said as
logical connectives are as follows:

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D. PROPOSITION | 1. NEGATION
How does the statement translate into its negation. Say, given any
statement P, another statement called the negation of P can be formed
by writing “It is false that ...” before P, or if possible, by inserting in P the
word “not”.

Example:
Original Statement : I am an engineer
Negation Statement : I'm not an engineer

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D. PROPOSITION | 2. CONJUNCTION
Another logical connective is what we called conjunction. If two
statements are combined by the word “and”, then the proposition is
called conjunction. In other words, any two statements can be combined
by the word “and” to form a composite statement which is called the
conjunction of the original statements.

Example: Statement 1: John eats rice. Statement 2: Maria drinks soda

Conjunction of the original statements: John eats rice and Maria drinks soda.

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D. PROPOSITION | 3. DISJUNCTION
Disjunction is another form of proposition. Any two statements can be
combined by the word “or” to form a new statement which is called the
disjunction of the original two statements.

Example:
Statement 1: “Life is beautiful”
Statement 2: “Life is challenging."
New combined statement: “Life is beautiful or life is challenging.”

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D. PROPOSITION | 4. CONDITIONAL
It is expressed by "If-then" statement.
The first statement would be the premise and the second statement
is the conclusion.

Example:
Statement 1: “X is positive”
Statement 2: “Its square is also positive"
Conditional statement: “If x is positive, then its square is also positive.”

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D. PROPOSITION | 5. BICONDITIONAL
It uses a connector for two statements "if and only if"
If your statement is in this form, then your statement is called
biconditional

Example:
Statement 1: “I will attend mass”
Statement 2: “Tomorrow is Sunday. "
Biconditional Statement: “I will attend mass if and only if tomorrow is
Sunday.”

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E. COROLLARY
It is also a proposition that follows with little or no proof required from
one already proven.

An example of this is it is a theorem in geometry that the angles

opposite two congruent sides of a triangle are also congruent. A
corollary to that statement is that an equilateral triangle is also
equiangular.

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F. LEMMA
It is also called a “helping theorem”
A short term used in proving a larger theorem
LEMMA is a precise statement

CONCRETE PRESENTATION FOR A LEMMA

Theorem 1.1 Let x be a function whose derivative exist in every point ,then f is a continuous function.

Theorem 1.2 (Pythagorean Theorem) This is a theorem about right triangles and can be summarize in the next
equation.
X2 + y2 = z2

And a consequence of Theorem 1.2 is the statement in the next corollary

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corollary theorem 1.2.1 There is no right triangle whose side measure 3cm, 4cm, 6cm

Lemma 1.3 Given two line segments whose lengths are a and b respectively there is a
real number r such that b=ra.

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G. CONJECTURE
Has neither been verified nor shown to be false.
It is synonymous or identical with hypothesis also known as educated
guess.

FOR EXAMPLE:
Let us say we have 75 different balls in a bingo urn labelled as 1 – 75. What
will be our conjecture? We could say that “All number in an urn is a
counting number from 1 to 75”.
Based on the previous discussion, you will observe that all of these statement follows
the characteristics of mathematics and that is they are all precise and independent.

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that's all
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