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Thurs Nov 29 - Photoelectric Effect
Thurs Nov 29 - Photoelectric Effect
Effect November 29, 2018
The Photoelectric Effect: When light shines
on a piece of metal, electrons can be freed
from the metal.
May 73:28 PM
The photoelectric effect apparatus:
Nov 287:53 PM
1
Photoelectric Effect November 29, 2018
Big Idea: The photoelectric effect shows that
light / EMR is made of a stream of particles
called photons.
The photoelectric effect can't be explained
using the wave theory of light!
May 75:23 PM
What is a photon?
A bundle or packet of light energy
A particle made of pure light energy
A particle that has no mass!
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2
Photoelectric Effect November 29, 2018
The energy carried by a single photon can be
calculated using:
Nov 287:30 PM
Radio
Microwave
Infrared
Visible
Ultraviolet
XRay
Gamma Ray
Nov 287:46 PM
3
Photoelectric Effect November 29, 2018
energy depends on intensity/brightness
light frequency depends on the number of
photons
Nov 2911:19 AM
Energy & Intensity Analogy:
• Consider a rain storm vs. a hail storm.
• Energy is related to the type of falling object
• Individual rain drops are low energy objects
• Individual hail stones are high energy objects
• Intensity is related to the number of things
falling from the sky
Light Rain Storm: low intensity, low energy
Heavy Rain Storm: high intensity, low energy
Light Hail Storm: low intensity, high energy
Heavy Hail Storm: high intensity, high energy
Again, energy & intensity are independent. (The
weather can change intensity without changing
energy i.e. it can rain harder without turning into
hail).
Nov 293:52 PM
4
Photoelectric Effect November 29, 2018
Visualize the Photoelectric Effect:
inc
om We only care about the
ing electrons on the surface
ph
oto of the metal.
n
e e e
piece of metal
Work Function (W):
Property of the metal (some metals are
"stickier" than others)
Minimum amount of energy needed to
remove one electron from the metal
Threshold Frequency:
The minimum frequency of incident light
that causes photoelectric emission
Nov 2911:31 AM
Suppose a particular metal has a work
function of 10 eV.
• What does it mean if W = 10 eV?
The electrons are stuck to the surface of the
metal. You have to give one electron 10 eV to
"unstick" it from the metal.
• So Ephoton must be at least 10 eV, or the
photoelectric effect will not occur.
W = minimum photon energy that causes electron emission
In general, photon energy = hf
The frequency associated with the minimum photon
energy is called the threshold frequency, fo.
W = minimum photon energy = hfo
W = hfo
Nov 294:00 PM
5
Photoelectric Effect November 29, 2018
The photoelectric effect is all or nothing:
If the photon has enough energy to free an
electron, the electron absorbs the photon. The
photon then disappears.
One electron is released per photon.
If the photon does not have enough energy
to free the electron, nothing happens.
Nov 2911:42 AM
Ephoton = W + Ek electron
The incoming photon has 12 eV of light energy. Of that
12 eV, 10 eV are used up to free the electron from the
metal (work function). 2 eV are left over. This 2 eV gets
transferred to the electron in the form of kinetic energy.
Physics Principle:
Nov 291:41 PM
6
Photoelectric Effect November 29, 2018
What happens if we increase the light
brightness, without changing frequency?
first: next: dim
• More electrons flow!
• Brighter light means more photons. Since
each photon can eject one electron, we will
get more electrons flowing through the
circuit.
• In other words, the photocurrent will
increase.
• Changing the brightness/intensity does NOT
change the kinetic energy/speed of the
ejected electrons (this is because brightness
has nothing to do with energy).
May 74:40 PM
What happens if we increase the light
frequency without changing intensity?
first: next:
• The electrons move faster since they have
more kinetic energy
• The photocurrent does not change (this is
because current depends on number of
electrons, and the number of electrons
didn't change).
May 74:40 PM
7
Photoelectric Effect November 29, 2018
from photoelectric handout
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Photoelectric Effect November 29, 2018
Nov 293:05 PM
Nov 292:04 PM