Supplemental Information Appendix 01 - Useful Equations r6

HVAC Equations,
Concepts, and Definitions

Presented By:
David Sellers
Senior Engineer; Facility Dynamics Engineering
A Few Acronyms and Definitions
Acronyms
• AFD – Adjustable Frequency Drive
•
• AHU – Air Handling Unit
AFD Acronym Definition • AFD Angwin Fire Department (Angwin, CA)
• AFD A Few Days • AFD Anticipatory Failure Determination
•
•
•
•
ASHRAE – American Society of Heating Ventilating and Air
AFD Abbreviated Functional Description
AFD Accelerated Freeze-Drying (food processing)
AFD Accident Free Discount (insurance)
•
•
•
AFD Apical Fibrobullous Disease
AFD Approved for Design
AFD Approximately Finite Dimensional
•
• Conditioning Engineers
AFD Acid Fractionator Distillate
AFD Acoustic Flat Diaphragm (electronics)
•
•
AFD April Fool's Day
AFD April Fools Day
• AFD Acrofacial Dysostosis • AFD Arc Fault Detection
•
•
• CV - Constant Volume
AFD Acrofacial Dysostosis, Catania Type
AFD Active Format Descriptor
•
•
AFD Arc-Fault Detection
AFD Architecture Flow Diagrams
• AFD Adaptive Flexible Defense • AFD Area Forecast Discussion (US National Weather Service)
•
•
• HVAC – Heating Ventilating and Air Conditioning
AFD Adaptive Flight Display
AFD Adjustable Frequency Drive
•
•
AFD Armed Forces Division
AFD Arming & Fusing Device
• AFD Advanced Full-screen Debugger • AFD Arming-Firing Device
•
•
• MOA – Minimum Outdoor Air
AFD African Development Foundation
AFD African Development Fund
•
•
AfD Articles for Deletion (Wikipedia)
AFD Ask for Details
• AFD Aft Flight Deck • AFD assign fixed directory (US DoD)
•
•
• Psych Chart – Psychrometric Chart
AFD Agence Française de Développement (French Development Agency)
AFD Air Force Depot
•
•
AFD Assistant Flight Director
AFD Association Franèaise des Diabétiques
• AFD Airfield Database • AFD Athletic Field Design
•
•
•
•
VAV – Variable Air Volume
AFD Airport Facilities Directory
AFD Alarm Format Definition
AFD Albany Fire Department
•
•
•
AFD Atlanta Fire Department
AFD Austin Fire Department (Texas)
AFD Autómata Finito Determinista
• VFD – Variable Frequency Drive

• AFD Alcohol Free Day • AFD Automated File Designator
• AFD Alexandria Fire Department • AFD Automated Forging Design
• AFD All Friggin' Day • AFD Automatic Fault Detection
• AFD Alt.fan.dragons (Usenet newsgroup) • AFD Automatic File Distribution
•
•
•
VFD – (Adjustable Frequency Drive)
AFD Alternative Forms of Delivery (Canada)
AFD Amarillo Fire Department (Amarillo, TX)
•
•
AFD Automatic Fire Detection
AFD Average Fade Duration
• AFD American Funds Distributors, Inc. • AFD Away from Desk
•
•
•
VSD – Variable Speed Drive
AFD Amsterdam Fire Department
AFD Ancillary Function Driver
•
•
AFD Axial Flux Density
AFD Axial Flux Difference
• AFD Active Format Description
• VFD – (Adjustable Frequency Drive) •
•
AFD Adaptive Forward Differencing
AFD Adjustable Frequency Drives
• AFD Asus Foundation Drivers
DEFINITIONS AND USEFUL EQUATIONS 2
AFA2D
Acronyms
• AFD – Adjustable Frequency Drive
• AHU – Air Handling Unit
• ASHRAE – American Society of Heating Ventilating and Air
Conditioning Engineers
• CV - Constant Volume
• HVAC – Heating Ventilating and Air Conditioning
• MOA – Minimum Outdoor Air
• Psych Chart – Psychrometric Chart
• VAV – Variable Air Volume
• VFD – Variable Frequency Drive (Adjustable Frequency Drive)
• VSD – Variable Speed Drive (Adjustable Frequency Drive)

AFA2D
Definitions
• Sensible energy, QS (Btu’s, Btu’s/lb)
Energy that causes a temperature change we can
feel
• Dry bulb temperature, Tdb (°F)
An indication of sensible energy measured by a
standard thermometer exposed to air; increasing
dry bulb temperature = increasing sensible energy

AFA2D
Definitions
• Latent energy, QL (Btu’s, Btu’s/lb)
Energy that is used to keep water in a vapor
state
• Wet bulb temperature, Twb (°F)
An indication of latent energy measured by a
standard thermometer with its bulb covered by a
wick that is saturated with water and exposed to
moving air; increasing wet bulb temperature =
increasing latent energy

AFA2D
Definitions
• Dew point temperature, Tdp (°F)
The temperature at which water will begin to
condense out of a given sample of air. Also an
indication of moisture content; increasing dew
point = increasing latent energy.
At saturation Tdp = Twb = Tdb

AFA2D
Definitions
• Enthalpy, h (Btu/lbdry air)
A measure of the total energy content of air including
both sensible and latent energy; increasing enthalpy
= increasing energy content

AFA2D
Definitions
• Relative humidity, RH (%)
The amount of water vapor in the air at a given
temperature relative to what it could hold at that
temperature; 100% = saturation; increasing
specific humidity = increasing moisture content,
increasing dew point, and increasing wet bulb
temperature.
In Antarctica, the relative humidity approaches
100% much of the time, just like in Florida after a
thunderstorm
AFA2D
Definitions
• Specific humidity, w (lbwater/lbdryair, grainswater/lbdryair)
The ratio of the mass of water to the mass of dry
air in a given sample of air; increasing specific
humidity = increasing moisture content, increasing
dew point, and increasing wet bulb temperature.
In Antarctica, the specific humidity at a relative
humidity of 100% is very low. In Florida, the
specific humidity at a relative humidity of 100% is
quite high relative to Antarctica.

AFA2D
Definitions
• Psychrometrics
The field of engineering concerned with the
determination of physical and thermodynamic
properties of gas-vapor mixtures.

AFA2D ALTITUDE: SEA LEVEL
BAROMETRIC PRESSURE: 29.921 in. HG
50 55
ATMOSPHERIC PRESSURE: 14.696 psia .025

 1.0 1.0 - 45
5000 0.8 .024
SENSIBLE HEAT Qs 2.0 -2000
TOTAL HEAT Qt 4.0
0.6
300
-8.0
-8 
-100
0 .02355
0.5
0
.0
40 80
-4 .0
-2
.0
0.4
85
-1.0
.022
-0
0.3
-0.4
-0.3
0
-0.2
-0.1
0
0.2
.5
0.1
20
0 0
.021
500
150
Definitions
0
1000
ENTHALPY h
HUMIDITY RATIO W 35 .020
75 .019
50
80
.018
• Psychrometric Chart 30
.017
HUMIDITY RATIO - POUNDS MOISTURE PER POUND DRY AIR

70 .016
75 .015
Scary, complicated 25
R
AI
.01445
Y
DR
65
F
O
.013
looking graph.
D
UN
20 70
.012
PO
R
60
PE
TU .011
65
-B
.010
90
15 40
PY
55
AL
.009
80
TH
DRY BULB TEMPERATURE - °F

%
25
60
EN
50 .008
70
10
.007
55
60
45
.006
0
40 550 %
15 .00535
5 35 40
45 Y
IDIT .004
30 HUM
40 30 VE
ATI
25 REL .003
35 8%
0
20 30 20
15 6% .002
10 25
5 20 10 4%
-5 0 15 .001
10
100
105
115
120
110
5 2% 30
10
15
20
25
30
35
40
45
55
60
70
75
85
90
50
65
80
95
0
-5
0 5 10 15 20 25
Chart by: AKTON PSYCHROMETRICS, www.aktonassoc.com
ENTHALPY - BTU PER POUND OF DRY AIR

AFA2D
Definitions
• Psychrometric Equations
The alternative to using the psych chart.

50 55

 1.0 1.0 - 45
5000 0.8 .024
TOTAL HEAT Qt 4.0
0.6
300
-8.0
-8 
-100
0 .02355
0.5
0
.0
40 80
-4 .0
-2
.0
0.4
85
-1.0
.022
-0
0.3
-0.4
-0.3
0
-0.2
-0.1
0
0.2
.5
0.1
20
0 0
.021
500
150
Definitions
0
1000
ENTHALPY h
75 .019
50
80
.018
.017

70 .016
75 .015
Graphical tool that allows the informed user to 25
R
AI
.01445
Y
DR
65
F
O
.013
determine multiple parameters like enthalpy, dew
D
UN
20 70
.012
PO
R
60
PE
.011
point, relative humidity, specific humidity, dry bulb
TU
65
-B
.010
90
15 40
PY
55
AL
.009
temperature and wet bulb temperature for a
80
TH

%
25
60
EN
50 .008
70
10
.007
sample of air if any two of them are know. 55
60
45
.006
0
40 550 %
15 .00535
5 35 40
45 Y
IDIT .004
30 HUM
40 30 VE
ATI
25 REL .003
35 8%
0
20 30 20
15 6% .002
10 25
5 20 10 4%
-5 0 15 .001
10
100
105
115
120
110
5 2% 30
10
15
20
25
30
35
40
45
55
60
70
75
85
90
50
65
80
95
0
-5
0 5 10 15 20 25

ALTITUDE: SEA LEVEL 50 55
 1.0 1.0 - 45
5000 0.8 .024
TOTAL HEAT Qt 4.
0.6
300
-8.0 0
-8 
-100
0 .02355
0 .5
0
.0
40 80
-4. .0
-2
0
0.4
85
-1.0
.022
-0
0.3
-0.4
-0.3
0
-0.2
-0.1
0
0.2
.5
0.1
20
00
.021
500
150
0
1000
ENTHALPY h
75 .019
50
80
.018
30
.017

70 .016
25 75 .015
R
AI
.01445
Y
DR 65
F
O
.013
D
UN
20 70
.012
PO
R
60
PE
.011
TU
65
-B
.010
90
15 40
PY
55
Increasing temperature
AL
.009
80
TH

%
25
60
EN
.008
50
and energy content
70
10
.007
55
60
45
.006
0
40 550 %
15 .00535
5 35 40
45 Y
IDIT .004
30 E HUM
40 30 ATIV
25 REL .003
35 8%
0
20 30 20
15 6% .002
10 25
5 20 10 4%
-5 0 15 .001
10
100
105
115
120
110
2% 30
5
Dry Bulb Temperature Axis and Lines
10
15
20
25
30
35
40
45
55
60
70
75
85
90
50
65
80
95
0
-5
0 5 1 1 2 0 5 0 25

 1.0 1.0 - 45
5000 0.8 .024
TOTAL HEAT Qt 4.
0.6
300
-8.0 0
-8 
-100
0 .02355
0 .5
0
.0
40 80
-4. .0
-2
0
0.4
85
-1.0
.022
-0
0.3
-0.4
-0.3
0
-0.2
-0.1
0
0.2
.5
0.1
20
00
.021
500
150
Specific Humidity Axis and Lines

0
1000
ENTHALPY h
75 .019
50
80
.018
30
.017

70 .016
25 75 .015
R
AI
.01445
Y
DR
F
Increasing
65 moisture and
O
.013
D
energy content
UN
20 70
.012
PO
R
60
PE
.011
TU
65
-B
.010
90
15 40
PY
55
AL
.009
80
TH

%
25
60
EN
50 .008
70
10
.007
55
60
45
.006
0
40 550 %
15 .00535
5 35 40
45 Y
IDIT .004
30 E HUM
40 30 ATIV
25 REL .003
35 8%
0
20 30 20
15 6% .002
10 25
5 20 10 4%
-5 0 15 .001
10
100
105
115
120
110
5 2% 30
10
15
20
25
30
35
40
45
55
60
70
75
85
90
50
65
80
95
0
-5
0 5 10 15 20 25

 1.0 1.0 - 45
5000 0.8 .024
TOTAL HEAT Qt 4.
0.6
300
-8.0 0
-8 
-100
0 .02355
0 .5
0
.0
40 80
-4. .0
-2
0
0.4
85
-1.0
.022
-0
0.3
-0.4
-0.3
0
-0.2
-0.1
0
0.2
.5
0.1
20
00
.021
500
150
0
1000
ENTHALPY h
75 Increasing.019
relative
50
30
humidity and
80
.018 energy
content
.017

70 .016
25 75 .015
R
AI
.01445
Y
DR 65
F
O
.013
D
UN
20 70
.012
Relative Humidity Lines
PO
R
60
PE
.011
and Saturation Curve
TU
65
-B
.010
90
15 40
PY
(100% RH) 55
AL
.009
80
TH

%
25
60
EN
50 .008
70
10
.007
55
60
45
.006
0
40 550 %
15 .00535
5 35 40
45 Y
IDIT .004
30 E HUM
40 30 ATIV
25 REL .003
35 8%
0
20 30 20
15 6% .002
10 25
5 20 10 4%
-5 0 15 .001
10
100
105
115
120
110
5 2% 30
10
15
20
25
30
35
40
45
55
60
70
75
85
90
50
65
80
95
0
-5
0 5 10 15 20 25

 1.0 1.0 - 45
5000 0.8 .024
TOTAL HEAT Qt 4.
0.6
300
-8.0 0
-8 
-100
0 .02355
0 .5
0
.0
40 80
-4. .0
-2
0
0.4
85
-1.0
.022
-0
0.3
-0.4
-0.3
0
-0.2
-0.1
0
0.2
.5
0.1
20
00
.021
500
150
0
1000
ENTHALPY h
75 .019
50
80
.018
30
.017

70 .016
25 75 .015
R
AI
.01445
Y
DR 65
F
O
.013
D
UN
20 70
.012
PO
Wet Bulb temperature

R
60
PE
.011
TU
65
Axis15 and Lines
-B
.010
90
40
PY
55
AL
.009
80
TH

%
25
60
EN
50 .008
70
10
.007
55
60
45
0 Increasing temperature
.006
40 550
1and energy content
5% .00535
5 35 40
45 ITY ID .004
30 E HUM
40 30 TIV
25 RELA .003
35 8%
0
20 30 20
15 6% .002
10 25
5 20 10 4%
-5 0 15 .001
10
100
105
115
120
110
5 2% 30
10
15
20
25
30
35
40
45
55
60
70
75
85
90
50
65
80
95
0
-5
0 5 10 15 20 25

50 55
Note that constant
ALTITUDE: SEA LEVEL
ATMOSPHERIC PRESSURE: 14.696 psia
45 .025
enthalpy and constant wet

5000
1.0
0.8
1.0 -
.024
SENSIBLE HEAT Qs
bulb temperature lines are

2.0 -2000
TOTAL HEAT Qt 4.
0.6
300
-8.0 0
-8 
-100
0 .02355
0 .5
0
.0
40 80
-4. .0
almost but not quite
-2
0
0.4
85
-1.0
.022
-0
0.3
-0.4
-0.3
0
-0.2
-0.1
0
0.2
.5
0.1
20
00
parallel .021
500
150
0
1000
ENTHALPY h
Increasing
75 enthalpy or .019
50
80
30 energy content .018
.017

70 .016
25 75 .015
R
AI
.01445
Y
DR 65
F
O
.013
D
UN
20 70
.012
PO
R
60
PE
.011
TU
65
-B
.010
90
15 40
PY
55
AL
.009
80
TH

%
25
60
EN
50 .008
70
10
.007
55
60
45
.006
0
40 550 %
15 .00535
5 35 40
45 Y
IDIT .004
30 E HUM
40 30 ATIV
25 REL .003
35 8%
0
20 30 20
15 6% .002
10 25
5 20 10 4%
-5 0 15 .001
10
100
105
115
120
110
5 2% 30
10
15
20
25
30
35
40
45
55
60
70
75
85
90
50
65
80
95
0
-5
0 5 10 15 20 25

50 55

 1.0 1.0 - 45
5000 0.8 .024
TOTAL HEAT Qt 4.0
0.6
300
-8.0
-8 
-100
0 .02355
0.5
0
.0
40 80
-4 .0
-2
.0
0.4
85
-1.0
.022
-0
0.3
-0.4
-0.3
0
-0.2
-0.1
0
0.2
.5
0.1
20
0 0
.021
500
150
Definitions
0
1000
ENTHALPY h
75 .019
50
80
.018
.017

70 .016
If you know the dry bulb temperature and relative 25 75 .015
R
AI
.01445
Y
DR
humidity entering and leaving a cooling coil, you can 65
F
O
.013
D
UN
20 70
.012
PO
plot those points on the chart and determine: TU
PE
R
60
.011
65
-B
.010
90
15
• The entering and leaving enthalpy (energy content)

40
PY
55
AL
.009
80
TH

%
25
60
EN
50 .008
70
• The load (how much energy was transferred) 10
55
.007
60
45
.006
0
40 550
• The amount of moisture condensed, if any
5 35 45 40
15
%
HUM
IDIT
Y
.00535
.004
30 VE
40 30 ATI
• The entering and leaving dew point temperature REL

25 .003
35 8%
0
20 30 20
15 6% .002
10 25
5 20 10 4%
0 15 .001
• The entering and leaving wet bulb temperature

-5 10
100
105
115
120
110
5 2% 30
10
15
20
25
30
35
40
45
55
60
70
75
85
90
50
65
80
95
0
-5
0 5 10 15 20 25

Learn More about Using a Psych Chart
HTML version at:

http://www.buildingcontrolworkbench.com
Downloadable .pdf at:
http://customer.honeywell.com/techlit/pdf/77-
0000s/77-E1100.pdf

AFA2D
Definitions
• Cooling
A process that removes energy. For a space,
this is often accomplished by circulating air
through it at a temperature below the required
set point. For an airstream, this is often
accomplished by passing it over a surface that is
below the required supply temperature. If the
surface is below the dew point of the air stream,
dehumidification (moisture removal) will also
occur.

AFA2D
Definitions
• Heating
A process that adds energy. For a space, this is
often accomplished by circulating air through it at a
temperature above the required set point. For an
airstream, this is often accomplished by passing it
over a surface that is above the required supply
temperature.

AFA2D
Definitions
• Freezing
A condition that occurs when water is cooled to the
point where it changes phase from a solid to a liquid.

AFA2D
Definitions
• Water Damage
A condition that occurs after frozen water contained
in a HVAC coil changes back to the liquid phase.

AFA2D
Definitions
• Expletive
A generic reference to the field terminology used to
describe and discuss water damage when it occurs.

AFA2D
Definitions
• Preheat
A process that heats a fluid stream to prepare it
for a subsequent HVAC process. In air handling
systems, this process is used to raise
subfreezing air above freezing to protect water
filled elements down stream from damage due to
freezing.
See the Functional Testing Guide (www.peci.org/ftguide) Air

Handling System Reference Guide Chapter 5 – Preheat, Table
5.1 to contrast preheat, reheat and heating applications

AFA2D
Definitions
• Reheat
A process that uses heat to warm air being delivered
to a zone to prevent over cooling. The temperature of
the air was set by the need to hit a dehumidification
target or by the requirements of another zone, so it
can not be raised at the central system. The volume
can not be reduced because it has been set to assure
proper ventilation (contaminant control). In the limit,
reheat will raise the supply temperature to the zone
temperature but not above it.

AFA2D
Definitions
• Economizer Process
An HVAC process designed to minimize the energy
required to cool a building

AFA2D
Definitions
• Constant Volume System
An air handling or pumping process that, in general
terms, is always moving the same amount of water
or air. Pump or fan energy is fairly steady state.
Supply and return temperature differences will tend
to vary with load. In water systems, the control
valves will tend to be three-way valves.

AFA2D
Definitions
• Variable Volume System/Variable Air Volume System
(VAV)
An air handling or pumping process that varies the
flow of water or air to match the requirements of the
load.. Supply and return temperature differences
will tend to hold steady regardless of load. In water
systems, the control valves will tend to be two-way
valves.

Benchmarks
Contrasting Utility Consumption with Your Peers

Average Daily Consumption Analysis
Contrasting Utility Consumption with Other Metrics
Peak electrical consumption may

be driven by the need to cool

Occupancy may also
be a driver for electrical
consumption, but
maybe not
FOCUSING OUR EFFORT 33

Gas consumption tends
to be driven by the
need to heat

Gas consumption seems to be
unrelated to occupancy, which is
not always true for a hotel due to
the domestic hot water loads

Interval Data Consumption Analysis
Looking at Variations in Hour by Hour Patterns

Sensible Heating or Cooling Loads

Where did the Units Conversion Constant
Come From?

Where did the Units Conversion Constant
Come From?

Specific Heat and Density of Air versus Temperature
Physical Properties can Vary …
0.260 0.24
0.250 0.20
Specific Heat, btu/lb-°F
Density, lb/cubic foot

0.240 0.16
0.230 0.12
0.220 0.08
0.210 0.04
0.200 0.00
-100 0 100 200 300 400 500
Temperature,°F
Specific Heat Density of Dry Air Density of Saturated Air

… so Conversion Constants Only are Valid
for a Range of Conditions
Versus 1.08 in
the equation in
common use

Virtually the
same as for
cold dry air

Versus 1.08 in
the equation in
common use

Significantly different
from hot saturated air
and the value in the
equation in common
Latent Load

Total Load

Water Side Load

The Relationship Between Flow and Velocity

The Relationship Between Velocity and
Velocity Pressure

Fan Power

Unit Conversions for Working with SI Units

Pump Power

Unit Conversions for Working with SI Units

Calculating Kw Into the Pump Motor

Calculating Kw Into the Pump Motor
(Continued)

Calculating Power Into the Fan Motor as kW

Calculating Energy Use
What can cause the load to vary?

• Changes in ambient conditions
• Changes in internal conditions
• Changes in a production process
Just About Everything!

The Square Law

Conservation of Mass and Energy
The Goes Inta’s gotta equal the Goes

Outa’s
Dr. Al Black
The tee where the building return

meets the bypass line is a node in the Re
Bypass Flow
at Bypass
system Temperature
‒ Energy into and out of the

Chiller Flow at Chiller Return Flow at
node must be equal Entering Temperature Return Temperature
‒ Mass flow into and out of the
node must be equal


Outa’s
Dr. Al Black

Bypass Flow
at Bypass
system Temperature

node must be equal
‒ This is a steady state, steady
flow process described by the
continuity equation


Outa’s
Dr. Al Black

Bypass Flow
at Bypass
system Temperature

node must be equal
‒ This is a steady state, steady
flow process described by the
continuity equation
‒ For a tee in the pipe, the
continuity equation can be
simplified

Doing the Algebra

Doing the Algebra

Doing the Algebra

Doing the Algebra

Doing the Algebra

Doing the Algebra

Doing the Algebra

Doing the Algebra

Doing the Algebra

Doing the Algebra

Doing the Algebra

Doing the Algebra

Supplemental Information Appendix 01 - Useful Equations r6

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Supplemental Information Appendix 01 - Useful Equations r6

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HVAC Equations,

Concepts, and Definitions

• VFD – Variable Frequency Drive

DEFINITIONS AND USEFUL EQUATIONS 3

DEFINITIONS AND USEFUL EQUATIONS 4

DEFINITIONS AND USEFUL EQUATIONS 5

DEFINITIONS AND USEFUL EQUATIONS 6

DEFINITIONS AND USEFUL EQUATIONS 7

DEFINITIONS AND USEFUL EQUATIONS 9

DEFINITIONS AND USEFUL EQUATIONS 10

ATMOSPHERIC PRESSURE: 14.696 psia .025

HUMIDITY RATIO - POUNDS MOISTURE PER POUND DRY AIR

DRY BULB TEMPERATURE - °F

DEFINITIONS AND USEFUL EQUATIONS 11

DEFINITIONS AND USEFUL EQUATIONS 12

ATMOSPHERIC PRESSURE: 14.696 psia .025

HUMIDITY RATIO - POUNDS MOISTURE PER POUND DRY AIR

DRY BULB TEMPERATURE - °F

DEFINITIONS AND USEFUL EQUATIONS 13

HUMIDITY RATIO - POUNDS MOISTURE PER POUND DRY AIR

DRY BULB TEMPERATURE - °F

DEFINITIONS AND USEFUL EQUATIONS 14

Specific Humidity Axis and Lines

HUMIDITY RATIO - POUNDS MOISTURE PER POUND DRY AIR

DRY BULB TEMPERATURE - °F

DEFINITIONS AND USEFUL EQUATIONS 15

HUMIDITY RATIO - POUNDS MOISTURE PER POUND DRY AIR

DRY BULB TEMPERATURE - °F

DEFINITIONS AND USEFUL EQUATIONS 16

HUMIDITY RATIO - POUNDS MOISTURE PER POUND DRY AIR

Wet Bulb temperature

DRY BULB TEMPERATURE - °F

DEFINITIONS AND USEFUL EQUATIONS 17

bulb temperature lines are

HUMIDITY RATIO - POUNDS MOISTURE PER POUND DRY AIR

DRY BULB TEMPERATURE - °F

DEFINITIONS AND USEFUL EQUATIONS 18

ATMOSPHERIC PRESSURE: 14.696 psia .025

HUMIDITY RATIO - POUNDS MOISTURE PER POUND DRY AIR

If you know the dry bulb temperature and relative 25 75 .015

• The entering and leaving enthalpy (energy content)

DRY BULB TEMPERATURE - °F

• The entering and leaving dew point temperature REL

• The entering and leaving wet bulb temperature

DEFINITIONS AND USEFUL EQUATIONS 19

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DEFINITIONS AND USEFUL EQUATIONS 20

DEFINITIONS AND USEFUL EQUATIONS 21

DEFINITIONS AND USEFUL EQUATIONS 22

DEFINITIONS AND USEFUL EQUATIONS 23

DEFINITIONS AND USEFUL EQUATIONS 24

DEFINITIONS AND USEFUL EQUATIONS 25

See the Functional Testing Guide (www.peci.org/ftguide) Air

DEFINITIONS AND USEFUL EQUATIONS 26

DEFINITIONS AND USEFUL EQUATIONS 27

DEFINITIONS AND USEFUL EQUATIONS 28

DEFINITIONS AND USEFUL EQUATIONS 29

DEFINITIONS AND USEFUL EQUATIONS 30

DEFINITIONS AND USEFUL EQUATIONS 31

Peak electrical consumption may

DEFINITIONS AND USEFUL EQUATIONS 32

FOCUSING OUR EFFORT 33