87

Characteristics Of Rice Value Chain Actors: A Case Study Of

Kano River Irrigation Project (KRIP) Kano State, Nigeria

I. Y. Ilu
National Agricultural Extension and Research Liaison Services
Ahmadu Bello University, Zaria, Nigeria

Nigerian Journal of Agricultural Extension, Vol. 21, Number 4, December 2020

ABSTRACT

Nigeria adopted the value chain development approach to implement the agricultural transformation
agenda, to tackle the problem of poverty. For the approach, to work effectively, it requires the full
participation of the value chain actors in market activities. Hence the need to study the socio-economic
characteristics of the actors to facilitate their full integration into the value chains. The study was
conducted in Kano River Irrigation Project in Kano State, using primary and secondary data,
collected using qualitative and quantitative techniques. Results showed input dealers were male and
relatively young, with an average age of 43 years. They were well educated. Majority of the farmers
were men, within the productive ages of 45 to 50 years. About 60 percent of the farmers had post-
secondary level education. Paddy marketers were also male in their mid-forties. Majority (73%) only
had primary education. Parboiling business is dominated by women (85%) in the area. They were the
least educated, with only 20 percent having primary education. The millers were relatively younger,
with mean age 38 years. All the milled rice marketers interviewed were male with an average age of 47
years. They had lower formal education compared to millers. Less than 50 percent of the marketers had
primary education. Price was the major factor influencing the choice of domestic over imported rice.
The capacity of all value chain actors should be built to manage business associations and run modern
businesses. Introduce appropriate technologies along the value chain.
INTRODUCTION right direction, at the most opportune time. The
Nigeria is one of the largest countries in Africa. It value chain approach is aimed at satisfying a
accounts for 20% of the population of Sub- market demand. It involves not only, addressing
Saharan Africa (SSA) and is projected to be the major constraints and opportunities faced by
third most populous country in the world with producers, but also those faced by processors,
over 400 million people by 2040. It is a lower- traders, and other businesses at different levels
middle income country that is large and richly along the value chain. The process also includes,
endowed. Yet, it hosts more of the world's extreme facilitating a wide range of activities such as:
poor today than any other country (World Bank access to inputs, strengthening the delivery of
2019). Poverty alleviation and curbing youth business and financial services, enabling the flow
unemployment has remained an important of information, facilitating improved linkages
challenge in Nigeria's economic development between actors and higher-value markets, and
efforts since the 1980s. Several interventions infrastructural development. All these activities
were implemented. The cumulative effect led to are potential sources of income generation and
an impressive economic growth of about 6.9 employment creation for both skilled and
percent and an agricultural growth of 8.2 percent unskilled labour. The combined effect of these
(FMAWR, 2008), but failed to reduce poverty and activities put together lead to income generation
youth unemployment to any appreciable level. and hence poverty reduction.
The Millennium Development Goals (MDGs), It is important to note that value chain
adopted the fight against poverty as the first goal development is a demand driven approach. It is
and set “the target of reducing the incidence of different from the traditional “supply-push”
absolute poverty by half by the year 2015”. This approach, whose emphasis is production oriented.
provided an additional impetus to the Federal Under the traditional approach, producers are
Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Development encouraged and supported to improve
to adopt the value chain approach as the productivity using improved seeds, fertilizer, and
operational strategy for the implementation of the improved husbandry practices. This is the
agricultural transformation agenda (ATA) function which the Nigerian agricultural sector
(FMARD, 2011). evolved over the years to perform. The
Adopting the value chain approach is a step in the institutional settings and basic training and
Nigerian Journal of Agricultural Extension, Vol, 21, Number 4, December 2020
knowledge of majority of the work force are
strategically structured to perform this traditional
function. The same is true for the rice value chain
actors. Their attitude, knowledge, skill, and
behavior have been attuned, over the years, to
survive under the traditional “supply push”
approach. One of the most common features of
the approach is information asymmetry that is
“hoarding” of information among business
partners, which is legitimized and referred to as a
“business secret”.
In contrast, the value chain approach is a strategic
network of independent organizations and
businesses, who recognize their mutual need for
one another, to work together to identify strategic
objectives and are willing to share the associated
risks and benefits, and will invest time, energy,
and resources to make the relationship work
(Amanor-Boadu, 2009). The process involves
high level of trust between parties to the alliance.
There is therefore no room for an adversarial
attitude toward business partners. Hording of
information or competition for prices and more
advantageous delivery conditions is not among
actors within the alliance, but rather with other
producers, processors, or distributors outside the
value chain. Since value chain actors are expected
to change their way of doing business and
embrace new ones, it is important to have clear
understanding of their socio-economic and
demographic characteristics. Because
socioeconomic and demographic characteristics
are known to influence behavior and attitude of
human beings. The overall objective of the study
is to identify the socioeconomic and demographic
characteristic of the rice value chain actors to
guide the design of appropriate sensitization
campaign to integrate the actors into the alliance.
The specific objectives are.
· To i d e n t i f y t h e s o c i o e c o n o m i c
characteristics of rice value actors.
· To i d e n t i f y t h e d e m o g r a p h i c
characteristics of rice value chain actors.
· To identify factors that influence
consumers' choice of domestic rice.
METHODOLOGY
The study was carried out in Kano River
Irrigation Project located between latitudes 130 N
0 0 0
and 11 S and longitude 8 W and 10 E in Kano
2
State. It has an area of 20,760km , with an average
annual rainfall is 700mm, and a mean daily
maximum and minimum temperatures of 350and
0
19 Celsius, respectively. Kano River Irrigation
Project (KRIP) has potential for irrigating 62,000
88
hectares of land, but only the first phase (KRIP1),
with an irrigable area of 25,606 ha, has been
completed. This area covered Kura, Bunkure and
Garun mallam local government areas, and is
known for rice activities and is referred to as
Kura-Kano rice corridor (PropCom 2007).
A total of six rice value chain actors; input dealers,
producers, traders, processors (par boilers and
millers) marketers and consumers were involved
in the study. A combination of stratified and
probability random sampling techniques were
used to select respondents. A total of 10 input
suppliers, 550 rice farmers, 20 paddy traders, 20
parboilers, 10 millers, 3 milled rice whole sellers,
30 milled rice retailers, 50 individual and 10
institutional consumers were selected. Data
collection, including the reconnaissance survey
was carried out in 2014/2015 and 2015/2016
growing seasons. Primary and secondary data
were used in the study. A combination of
qualitative and quantitative techniques was used
to collect the relevant data. Key informant
interview, focus group discussion, and structured
questionnaires were used.
The analytical techniques employed include
Conjoint analysis, descriptive statistics, and
commodity chain analysis. Conjoint analysis
(Bilyana et al, 2010) was used to measure local
rice attributes that appealed to consumers. The
relative importance of product attributes was
calculated using the part-worth utility values from
the ordered probit model (Harrison et al., 1998,
Yen 2006). Equation 3.1 was used for the
estimation.
89 Characteristics Of Rice Value Chain Actors: A Case Study Of Kano River Irrigation Project (KRIP) Kano State, Nigeria
RESULT AND DISCUSSION
There are many value chain stakeholders that
carry out different activities along the rice value
chain. Some of them generate tangible products
such as seed, fertilizer, paddy, and milled rice.
Others provide services, such as parboiling,
milling, transportation, research, and extension.
In addition, there is also a complex lateral and
vertical relationship between the stakeholders.
The value Links manual (GTZ 2007), classified
value chain stakeholders into three categories,
value chain actors, supporters, and promoters.
Actors are at the center of the chain activities.
They take risk of ownership of the commodity in
All the input dealers interviewed were male. They
were well educated. More than 27 percent of them
had passed through some form of post- secondary
education. Kura local government area had the
highest number of traders that had passed through
question. Supporters provide essential services
needed for the successful business operation of
actors, but do not take control or ownership of the
commodity. The promoters guarantee an enabling
environment for businesses of the actors and
supporters to get established and flourish. This
paper dwell more on some of the socio-economic
and demographic characteristics of the value
chain actors in relation to the functions
performed.
Input dealers.
Input dealers are sometimes considered the
beginning of the rice value chain. They provide
essential services and sell modern inputs to rice
farmers (Sahel 2014). The socio-economic
characteristics of the input sellers are shown in
tables 1, 2 and 3. Input dealers are relatively
young, with an average age of 43 years. It
appeared they started the business at an early age,
as the average length of time spent in the business
by most of them was about 15 years (Table1).
post-secondary school. About 50 percent had
some form of secondary education. More than 70
percent had passed through primary school (Table
2).
Nigerian Journal of Agricultural Extension, Vol, 21, Number 4, December 2020
This might be due to the intellectual requirement
of selling modern inputs which requires sound
educational background to decode and interpret
technical information and instructions. This is
similar to the findings of Ogunlade et-al (2012),
who, concluded that the high level of literacy of
these dealers point to the fact that they could
easily read and correctly interpret manufacturers'
instructions and precaution in English Language.
Majority (87%) of the respondents indicated that
trading was their main occupation. Farming was
the second main occupation. The major inputs
sold include, but not restricted to, fertilizer, seeds,
agrochemicals, water pumps and sprayers.
Majority of them (40%) are involved in the sales
of all the listed inputs. About 27 percent were
engaged in selling fertilizer only, 17 percent were
90
primarily concerned with the sales of seeds.
About three percent each were engaged in the
sales of water pump and sprayers.
Majority of the traders (70%) belong to one form
of association or another. However more than half
(60%) admitted receiving little or no benefit from
the associations (Table 3). The few that benefited
indicated; credit, market information, bulk
marketing, and training as the major areas they
benefited from. In view of the high educational
level attained by the input dealers, it is surprising
that they do not derive tangible benefits from their
associations. This finding is similar to that of
Dimelu et al (2014). There is therefore the need to
introduce business development association and
build the capacities of the traders to manage it for
their own benefit.
91 Characteristics Of Rice Value Chain Actors: A Case Study Of Kano River Irrigation Project (KRIP) Kano State, Nigeria
Farmers
Farmers combine various inputs, seed, fertilizer,
labour, water, and managerial skill to produce
paddy. The injection of paddy into the rice value
chain initiates the major activities in the chain.
Majority of the farmers interviewed were men,
within the productive ages of 45 to 50 years (Table
4). This finding is similar that of Ayoola et-al
(2011) and Kebbeh et-al (2003). Kebbeh found
that the average age of rice farmers in Kaduna and
Niger States, Nigeria was 47 years. The result also
indicated that 98 per cent of the respondents were
married, similar to the findings in Ethiopia, where
90 percent of the rice producers were married
(Tsega et al., 2005).
Majority (60%) of the farmers had post-
secondary level education, while 21 percent and
13 percent had some form of secondary and
primary education respectively. In total, more
than 95 percent of the rice producers were found
to be educated. This result contrast with the
findings of Tsega et al (2005), Khattak and
Hussain (2008) who found a high level of
illeteracy among rice farmers. Kebbeh et al.,
(2003) also found that about 29 percent of rice
farmers in Kaduna and Niger State of Nigeria did
not have any form of formal education. More than
70 percent of the rice farmers belong to farmer-
based organization. This was similar to the
findings of Ayoola etal. (2011). However, despite
their level of education, majority (88%) of the
farmers reported deriving little or no benefit from
the associations. Even those that reported
obtaining some benefits indicated that the benefits
were intangible and infinitesimal. This raises
series of questions on the viability, functionality,
and responsiveness of the associations to their
members' needs. There is therefore the need to
intensify efforts to build the capacities of farmers
to manage famer based business associations such
as cooperatives and producer associations.
Nigerian Journal of Agricultural Extension, Vol, 21, Number 4, December 2020
The average farm holding in the area was 2.6
hectares and more than half of it is devoted to rice
production, in all the three local government areas
(Table 4.5). Thus, majority of the farmers in the
area are small scale farmers. The classification of
farms into either large or small scale depends on
the agricultural system settings, the geographical
area and to a large extent the type of enterprise.
Federal Ministry of Agriculture and Rural
development classified farms in Nigeria into three
categories small, medium, and large scale. Small
scale farms are those with less than 5 hectares,
medium scale farms are those with between 5 and
92
20 hectares and large-scale farms those with more
than 20 hectares (FMARD, 2010). This
classification was adopted in this study.
The mean family size of rice producers in the area
was 9 persons per family and an average of two
families in a household (Table 5). Similarly,
Khattak and Hussain (2008) found an average
family size of 9 persons per rice-farming
household in India. However, the average output
of rice obtained by farmers in the survey area of
about 2.9 tons/ha, was extremely low compared
with the findings of Singh et al. (1997) of an
average yield of 4.6 tons per year.
93 Characteristics Of Rice Value Chain Actors: A Case Study Of Kano River Irrigation Project (KRIP) Kano State, Nigeria
Akpokodje et-al. (2001), found similar result and
recommend increased productivity in order to
enhance competitiveness of Nigeria rice. More
than 75 percent of the farmers belong to
association (Water User Association (WUA)).
But the benefits derived are mainly related to
market price information (table 6). Similar result
was found by Babatunde et-al (2019) in a study on
Paddy rice marketers
Paddy rice marketers perform an important
function of assembling and making paddy
available to other actors in the rice value chain.
They buy paddy rice from farmers and other
traders from the irrigated area, as well as, from
other local government areas. The marketers were
young energetic male in their mid- forties (Table
7). They travel to different places, both within and
outside the irrigated perimeter. They travel to
Makarfi, Soba, Zaria and Saminaka in Kaduna
state to buy paddy rice. Majority of the traders
(73%) only had primary education. Less than 4
percent had gone beyond secondary school (Table
Post-Harvest Losses along the Rice Value Chain
in Kwara State, Nigeria. But Aku et-al (2018) in
their evaluation of the effect of market accessed
through farmer organizations on household
income in Babati District, Tanzania found that
market access has a significant positive and robust
effect on farm income.
7). The major occupation of the traders is rice
trading. Despite their low level of educational
most of them (75%) belong to association. The
major benefits obtained were linkage to agencies,
access to price information and credit. A few of
them (7%) engaging in rice milling. About 35
percent are engaged in selling milled rice, in
addition to selling paddy. Taru et-al (2010) in their
study of structural analysis of paddy markets in
southern part of Taraba State, Nigeria found that
there were more female (62.63%) than male
(37.37%) in paddy trading. They also found that
there were more young and middle-aged traders
(63%) in the business than the old traders (37%).
Nigerian Journal of Agricultural Extension, Vol, 21, Number 4, December 2020
Parboilers
Parboiled rice is the most preferred rice in Nigeria
(USAID MARKETS 2010). This made
parboiling one of the most important processing
operations besides milling. The process is
dominated by women, who use traditional
techniques to parboil rice. The parboiling process
consists of soaking paddy in hot water in a local
drum, followed by a rapid exposure of the soaked
paddy to steam and a gradual drying and cooling
for at least one day. The use of local drums
allowed the women to monitor the boiling
temperature of the paddy. The earlier technique of
soaking paddy in cold water for two days, and
then heating until the grains show signs of
splitting, was abandoned due to increased number
of broken grains on milling. Parboiling business
is dominated by women (85%) in the area.
Perhaps because parboiling is an act of cooking,
this is usually associated with women in the
Hausa land. Most of the women are in their mid-
94
forties and are married (table 8). More than 90
percent of them had put in about fifteen years in
parboiling. Similar results were found by
PrOpCom (2007) in a baseline Survey of the Kano
Rice Value Chain. The findings indicated that
parboiling is a women-dominated enterprise,
except in Tudun Wada and Dawanau market
where private male parboilers were found in
significant numbers. But more than 80 percent of
the women parboilers interviewed were married
and operated their parboiling business at home.
More than half of the parboilers in all the clusters
are within the age range of 26 – 45 years, with a
modal range of 36-45 years. Baou (2009) found
similar results in Kaduna, where majority of the
parboilers (64 percent) were in their active ages
(less than 46 years). Forty percent of the female
parboilers indicated they had no formal
education; 36 percent had some primary school;
22 percent had some secondary school; and 2
percent indicated more than secondary school
education.
95 Characteristics Of Rice Value Chain Actors: A Case Study Of Kano River Irrigation Project (KRIP) Kano State, Nigeria

Education as a means of acquiring knowledge and
skills essential for the improvement of livelihood
through efficient utilization of resources has
eluded majority (80%) of the parboilers. The few
(20%) that were educated did not pass beyond
primary education. Most of the women were
taught the art of parboiling at early age by their
parent. Parboiling was also the major source of
employment, as well as income for the women
(Table 9).
Nigerian Journal of Agricultural Extension, Vol, 21, Number 4, December 2020
Millers
Rice milling in Nigeria is a cottage industry,
dominated by medium size workshops with a
processing capacity of 150 to 300 kg/hr. and
small-scale workshops that process less than 50
kg per hour (Lançon et al., 2003). Nigerian rice
millers use simple Engleberg type rice mills. The
mills are typically operated by a single individual
and have a 500 kg per hour or less capacity. The
millers operated on a custom mill basis. They mill
the rice for one customer at a time. The fee for
milling is predetermined and fixed by the miller
and does not vary for custom milling jobs (Bayou,
2009). Although rice mills are mainly owned by
men, the workshop areas are usually surrounded
by women, old and young, providing cleaning
services such as winnowing and removal of stones
and other unwanted debris. The millers were
generally male and most of them (90%) were
married. But Bose et al (2018) in their study on
assessment of small-scale paddy rice processing
and marketing in Dass local government area,
Bauchi state found that majority (60%) of the
Source: Survey data 2015
96
respondents were female. Similarly, Ibitoye et-al
(2014) in their study of economics of rice
processing in Bassa local government Kogi state,
found that there are more female (84.4 %) than
male in rice processing and marketing. This
difference can be attributed to the cultural
difference between the two communities. Millers
are more educated than the farmers. More than
half of them had secondary education and about 7
percent had tertiary education. Majority (60%) of
the millers were involved in farming in addition to
milling. Ninety percent of the millers belong to
association. But fifty percent indicated not
receiving any form of benefit from the
association. The 10 percent that benefited,
reported accessing loans with the help of the
association. Another 10 percent of the respondent
indicated that training was the major benefit they
obtained from the association. About 30 percent
of the respondents indicated 'having access' to
inputs as the major benefit obtained from the
association (Table10)
97 Characteristics Of Rice Value Chain Actors: A Case Study Of Kano River Irrigation Project (KRIP) Kano State, Nigeria
The millers are relatively younger than other rice
value chain actors. Their mean age varies from 33
to 43 years. But they have been in milling business
for about 6 to 8 years (Table 11). The average
family size of between 5 to 8 persons per
household is also relatively small, compared to
what used to obtain in the area. Perhaps this is
related to their age, educational attainment, and
Milled rice marketers
The milled rice marketers were also engaged in
marketing paddy rice (Table 12), as paddy rice
marketers were also reported to be engaged in
selling milled rice. All the marketers interviewed
were male with an average age of 47 years. The
marketers had lower formal education compared
to millers. Less than 50 percent of the marketers
had primary education. Unlike the paddy sellers
about 7 percent of them had secondary education.
Kura had the highest number of educated
marketers, as 70 percent of them had primary
education. The results agree with that of Usman
the income of less than one million naira
generated annually. This finding is similar to that
of Omoare and Oyoleke (2017), who found that
more than forty percent of their respondents were
between 30 – 40 years of age, predominantly male
(80.3%), married (83.1%), had relatively large
household size (6 people) and were formally
education (80.6%).
(2009) and Zalkuwi (2019).
The major occupation of the milled rice
marketers is selling milled rice (67%). But 30
percent of them are engaged rice milling and
about 13 percent engaged in farming. More than
75 percent of the milled rice marketers belong to
associations. About 20 percent indicated linkages
to government agencies as the benefit derived
from the association. About 40 percent indicated
getting price information as the benefit derived.
About 7 percent said they secured loan from Bank
of Agriculture with the assistance of the
association.
Nigerian Journal of Agricultural Extension, Vol, 21, Number 4, December 2020
Consumers
The consumers consist of individual households
and institutions such as hotels, schools and
restaurants who patronize local rice. The
information collected from the consumers was
used to identify factors that influence their
preference for domestic rice. Fourteen attributes
that influence consumer preference were
identified. Nine out of the fourteen variables were
found to be significant at one percent and two
were significant at 5 percent. However, ease of
cooking, minimal use of ingredients and grain
98
shape were not significant at one and five percent
levels.
A one unit increase in price would lead to a
decrease in quantity preferred by 4.3 units (Table
13). The results were like the findings of USAID
(2010) were factors that influence consumer's
choice of imported or domestic rice were
identified and compared. Cleanliness, swelling
capacity, taste and ease of preparation influenced
the choice of imported rice. Price differential
between imported and domestic rice appeared to
be the major factor influencing the choice of
domestic over imported rice.
99 Characteristics Of Rice Value Chain Actors: A Case Study Of Kano River Irrigation Project (KRIP) Kano State, Nigeria
CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATIONS
I. Result of the survey indicated that input
dealers were relatively young, with an
average age of 43 years and all of them are
male. They were well educated, with more
than one quarter of them having passed
through some form of post-secondary
education. More than 70 percent had passed
through primary school. Most of them
(70%) belong to association, but a large
percentage (60%) admitted receiving little
or no benefit from the associations.
ii. Majority of the farmers were men, within
the productive ages of 45 to 50 years. About
60 percent of the farmers had post-
secondary level education. More than 95
percent of the rice producers were found to
be educated. About 70 percent belong to
farmer-based organization but receive little
or no benefit from the associations. The
average farm holding is 2.6 hectares. The
mean family size is 9 persons per family and
an average of two families per household.
iii. The paddy marketers were young energetic
male in their mid- forties. But they were less
educated than input marketers and the
farmers. Majority (73%) only had primary
education. Despite their low level of
education most of them (75%) belong to
association. The major benefits obtained
were linkage to agencies, access to price
information and credit.
iv. Parboiled rice is the most preferred type of
rice in Nigeria. But parboiling business is
dominated by women (85%) in the area.
Most of the women are in their mid-forties
and are married. More than 90 percent of
them had put in about fifteen years in the
business. However, they are the least
educated. It is only about 20 percent of them
that had gone through primary education.
v. The millers are relatively younger than
other rice value chain actors, with an
average age of 33 to 43 years. They have
been in milling business for about 6 to 8
years. The average family size is between 5
to 8 persons per household. About 20
percent had passed through secondary
education About 90 percent belong to
association, but with little or no benefit.
vi. All the milled rice marketers interviewed
were male with an average age of 47 years.
The marketers had lower formal education
compared to millers. Less than 50 percent of
the marketers had primary education.
Unlike the paddy sellers about 7 percent of
them had secondary education.
vii. The consumers consist of individual
households and institutions such as hotels,
schools, and restaurants. Factors that
influence consumer preference for domestic
rice were evaluated. Price differential
between imported and domestic rice
appeared to be the major factor influencing
the choice of domestic over imported rice.
Based on the findings of the study the following
recommendations are advanced
I. Most of the rice value chain actors are
reasonably educated apart from the
parboilers. The local government councils
and community leaders should jointly
initiate an adult literacy programs to assist
women acquire some form of education to
allow them to lead an enlightened and
educated life. Thereafter improved
parboiling practices and business
arrangements should be introduced to
them.
ii. All the rice value chain actors indicated
belonging to business associations.
However, all the rice value chain actors
complained of not reaping the benefits of
their membership to the association. There
is therefore the need to mount a serious
campaign to educate rice value chain
actors on management of business
associations. This should be followed with
the capacity building and empowerment of
the association to perform their functions
effectively.
iii. Marketers should also be facilitated to reap
the benefit of their business associations.
This could be arranged by development
agents and NGOs to encourage joint
marketing activities and ownership of
common assets, such as drying slabs and
warehouses. This would improve quality,
economy of scale and improve earnings. It
will also reduce the number of people on
the selling points along the streets.
iv. Since price is the most important variable
that influenced consumer preference,
attention should be focused on efforts to
reduce cost of doing business along the
value chain, by ensuring that all value
chain participants contribute to value
addition to the commodity. Technologies
that reduce cost at production, marketing,
processing, and retailing should also be
introduced.
Nigerian Journal of Agricultural Extension, Vol, 21, Number 4, December 2020 100
Farmers' Cooperative in Rice Innovation
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