1. a) Cohesion: attractive forces between the same molecules.

For example, hydrogen bonding

between water molecules.
b) Adhesion: attractive forces between different types of molecules: For example, water
molecules attracted to glass.

c) Surface tension: The cohesive forces between liquid molecules are responsible for the
phenomenon known as surface tension. The molecules at the surface do not have other like
molecules on all sides of them and consequently they cohere more strongly to those directly
associated with them on the surface.
d) Heat of fusion: the energy per mol (KJ/mol) required to melt a substance. Equal in value to
the heat of solidification (freezing) but freezing releases energy.
e) Heat of vapourization: the energy per mol (KJ/mol) required to vapourize a substance. Equal
in value to the heat of condensation but condensing releases energy.
f) Specific Heat Capacity: the energy required to change 1 gram of a substance 1 degree
Celsius. (J/g ͦ C)
g) Conduction: energy transfer through solids – always hot to cold
h) Convection: energy transfer through liquids and gases – hot rises, cool takes its place, created
a convection current.
i) Radiation: transfer of heat by waves of radiant energy.
j) Angle of Inclination: the tilt of the Earth’s axis t 23.5 ͦ causing the Earth’s Seasons
k) Angle of Incidence: angle at which the sun’s rays hit the surface of the earth – depends of
latitude
l) Biosphere: the thin layer around the Earth that supports life: lithosphere, atmosphere and
hydrosphere – all three components interact
m) Net Radiation Budget: Incoming radiation – outgoing radiation = stays balanced on the
Earth
n) Land Breeze: at night – water is warmer as it has a higher heat capacity than land and
warmed all day. Heat is released causing a convection current.

o) Sea Breeze: during the day – land is warmer as it has a low heat capacity and quickly heats
up. The heat is released quickly and causes a convection current.
2. Biomes of Canada:
Tundra: arctic, low biodiversity, permafrost, low precipitation (10-20 cm), winters long and cold,
polar bear and lichens and mosses
Boreal Forest (Taiga): 50% of Canada’s land mass, rapid temperature ranges, more precipitation
(>40 cm), acidic soil, poor nutrients, conifers, mosses, ferns, moose, deer
Temperate Deciduous: south of Boreal, central and eastern Canada, long growing season, plenty
of rain (100 cm), more biodiversity, many species of birds and animals.
Grasslands: southern prairies, moderate precipitation (25-75 cm), thick fertile soil with plenty of
nutrients, low biodiversity, plenty of herbivores, grasses and suitable for agriculture.
3. Oceans, rocks, corals and anything that photosynthesizes.
4.
5.

6. Albedo is the degree to which material reflects solar radiation. High albedo: snow, ice, water and
clouds. Low albedo: soil, dark rocks, forests.
7.

8. Unusual properties of water: high surface tension, most dense as a liquid, all three states can
exist at the same time, high melting and boiling points, high specific heat capacity, high heat of
fusion and vapourization.

9. Q = nHfus
= 0.50mol x 6.01 KJ/mol
= 3.0 KJ

10. Q = mcΔt
4500 J = 500 g x 4.19 J/g ͦC x Δt
Δt = 2.15 ͦC
Final temperature = 28 ͦC + 2.15 ͦC = 30.15 ͦC

11. Q = mcΔt
2300 J = m x 4.19 J/g ͦC x 50 ͦC
m = 11 g

12. The spinning of the Earth causes the deflection in the motion of the winds and the oceans
causing air and water currents.
13. Ice core samples, pollen, tree rings,

14. It is the same as the heat of vapourization – but the energy is released as condensation is
exothermic. The value is 40.65 KJ/mol

15.
Find each heat section and add them all together:
Q = mcΔt = 5 g x 2.00 J/g ͦC x 15 ͦC = 150 J
Q = nHfus = ( 5 g/18.02 g/mol) x 6.01 KJ/mol = 1668 J
Q = mcΔt = 5 g x 4.19 J/g ͦC x 100 ͦC = 2095 J
Q = nHvap = ( 5 g/18.02 g/mol) x 40.65 KJ/mol = 11279 J
Q = mcΔt = 5 g x 2.02 J/g ͦC x 20 ͦC = 202 J

Total = 15394 J