CHAPTER 2

- Animal farm by George Orwell is an allegory for the russian revolution

- When chapter 2 begins we are informed that Old major has passed away in his sleep
approximately three days after giving his pivotal speech.
- The speech old major gave truly impacted the more intelligent animals-pigs- outlook on
life.
- The beliefs and practices of this idea were taught and maintained by the pigs, the most
notable being Napoleon, Snowball and Squealer.
- The three pigs elaborated on the teachings of old major and gave the system of beliefs the
name animalism(animalism alludes to communism)
- After Mr. Jones went to sleep, meetings were held to discuss and expound on the
teachings of animalism, but not every animal was on board with this new belief.
- Many animals questioned why they should care about what happens after they are dead
and others asked why they should go against Jones if he feeds them.
- George Orwell goes on to highlight the character Molly, a white mare who enjoys living
under the rulership of Jones as he provided her with sugar cubes and ribbons, luxuries
that wouldnt be provided onced animalism was instilled.
- The more loyal and devoted followers of animalism included the two cart horses(boxer
and clover). They certainly weren't the most intelligent animals and that made them more
susceptible to adapt and spread the beliefs of animalism.
- The rebellion that old major had dreamed of arose much sooner than the animals thought.
The turmoil commenced when the animals on the farm decided that they couldnt bare the
neglect of Mr. Jones anoy longer.
- They charged into the store-shed where they indulged in their meals. The next moment,
Jones and his four men were in a heated battle with the animals (man vs nature). Jones
and his men were so frightened that they fled. They had never witnessed animals
behaving in such a manner.
- The animals invaded the harness room where they took down harnesses, chains, whips
and any object that was previously used against the animal in an oppressive manner and
tossed them into a fire.
- When the ecstasy of the moment had died down, it had come to the animals senses that
the farmhouse was theirs to claim as well.
- But they didnt claim it. Even after touring the house, all the animals came to a decision
that it should serve as a museum and that no animal should reside in it.
- Afterwards, in commemoration of their victory, the name Manor Farm that was displayed
on the gate was painted out and replaced by Animal Farm. Snowball had the ability to do
this as he and the other pigs learned how to read and write over the past month.
- Snowball then painted seven commandments on a tarred wall. These 7 commandments
would now be inscribed on the wall, they would form an alternate law by which all the
animals on Animal Farm must abide.
 - The commandments were finished being painted and the animals were preparing to start
the harvest but there was an issue. The first dilemma of their new motion was posed. The
cows needed to be milked, which pigs did sufficiently. When the animals returned from
their labour, however, the milk was gone and no one knew where to. Although it was
only the first day of the animalism regime being instilled, a crime or a form of corruption
had already occurred.
THE SEVEN COMMANDMENTS- FOUR LEGS GOOD, TWO LEGS BAD
● Whatever goes upon two legs in an enemy
● Whatever goes upon all fours or has wings is a friend
● No animal shall wear clothes
● No animal shall sleep in a bed
● No animal shall drink alcohol
● No animal shall kill any other animal
● All animals are equal
CHARACTERS AND THE AFFILIATED HISTORICAL FIGURES
1. Old Major—-------> Karl Marx
- A prize middle white boar
- Gave a speech to the animals about a dream that he had that presented an ideal society
where animals were liberated from their human masters
- Passed 3 nights after his speech
2. Napoleon—--------> Joseph Stalin
- A large fierce looking berkshire boar
- Not the most brilliant talker
- Had a reputation for getting his way
3. Snowball—------> Leon Trotsky
- Vivacious
- Quick in speech
- Inventive
4. Squealer—------>Pravda (soviet propaganda)
- A small fat porky pig
- Had a shrill voice
- Was a brilliant orator
- Tends to skip side to side when arguing a difficult point.
- Readily able to persuade the animals
5. Mr Jones—-----> Nicholas Tsar 11
- Owner of manor farm
- Introduced as a drunkard
- Irresponsible
6. Boxer—-------> Easily persuaded working class
- A boxer is a powerful fighter, strong and upright
- Hardworking
 - Had a hard time thinking for himself which allows him to be easily persuaded by
whoever is deemed his superior
- Loyal
7. Mollie—------> Upper class(bourgeois)
-Benefited from Jones(Tsar’s) rule.

CHAPTER 3
Key events:
- The animals collected hay for the summer harvest
- The weekly sunday meetings
- Snowball creates committees
- The mystery of the missing milk is resolved

● George Orwell begins chapter 3 with the animals collecting hay for the summer harvest.
Even though the harvesting process was a challenge due to the use of equipment that
were design for human and not animals, with the intelligences and the supervision of the
pigs couples with cooperation of the animals, the yielding process was a success and the
harvesting was completed in a shorter time and was the largest yield the farm had ever
seen.
● The text describes the weekly Sunday meetings that are essential in the planning of the
upcoming weeks even. The meetings entail the rituals such as the routinely singing of the
beasts of england; the heated details between snowball and napoleon and the hoisting of
the flag made by snowball with mrs jones green table cloth, the text stated the hoof and
horns painted on the flag signifies the republic of animals rising up when humans are
overthrown and the green depicts the fields of england.
● The story states that snowball worked tirelessly to create committees with the reading and
writing classes coming out successfully. Many animals now knew the basics and were at
a certain level of literacy to be able to read the seven commandments. However, animals
like the sheep and ducks couldn’t understand anything past the letter “A”, so snowball
reduced the commandments to the maximum, “Four legs good, two legs bad” and it was
written in bold above the commandments. With the pigs being the most educated, they
decided the harness room as a headquarters for themselves and took books from the
farmhouse to study trades and arts.
● The text highlighted that the mystery of the missing milk in the previous chapter had
been clear and it was brought to light that it was being mixed in the pigs mash, at the
same time the apples were now ripened to be collected. The animals came to a consensus
that they were to be shared equally among themselves but the pigs announced the apples
should be brought to the harness room for them to consume. Squealer, who speaks on
behalf of the pigs, manipulated the animals into agreeing to reserve the milk and the
apples for the pigs by appealing to their negative emotions towards jones.
Turning Point
- The pigs start quietly but forcefully take control of the farm, with subtle indications that
they already think of themselves as superior to the other animals when squealer says:
“The whole management and organization of the farm depends on us” —> us being in
reference to the pig.
Literary Devices
- Irony —> “With the worthless parasitical human beings gone”
- Foreshadowing —> “The pigs set aside the harness room as headquarters for themselves-
They studied blacksmithing and carpeting from books that they had brought from the
farm house.”
- Rhetorical Question—> “Surely there is no one among you who wants to see mr jones
come back?”
Persuasive Techniques(used in squealers speeches)
1. Pathos(persuasion based on emotions) “Do you know what would happen if we pigs
failed our duty? Jones would come back”
2. Ethos(persuasion based on authority figure or credibility “The whole management and
organization of the farm depends on us”
3. Logos(persuasion based on the audience reasons) “Our sole object in taking these things
is to pressure our health. Milks and apples (proven by comrades) contain substances
necessary to the well being of pigs”

CHAPTER 4
By the end of summer, news of the Animal Farm had spread across half of the country by the
flights of pigeons that Napoleon and Snowball had sent out. Mr Jones lives in Willingdon and
spends most of his time complaining about his misfortune to Mr Pelkington and Mr Fredie from
the neighbouring farm. In October, Jones senses that the animals in the neighbouring farms are
beginning to get inspired by the rebellion at Manor farm and tries to take it back. Snowball turns
out to be an extraordinary tactician and with the help of the other animals, drives Jones and his
men away. The victory provides the animals to celebrate yet another victory against the humans,
in what they call, “The battle of the Cowshed”

(RELATION TO THE RUSSIAN REVOLUTION)

- This chapter extends the allegory of the Russian Revolution to Russia’s interwar period.
The spread of animalism to surrounding farms evokes the attempts by Leon Trotsky to
establish communism as an international movement.
- Trotsky believed, as did Karl Marx, that communism could only achieve its goal if
implemented on a global seale, and he devoted much of his intelligence and to setting off
what western leaders later called the “Domino Effect.” The domino effect/theory states
that the conversion of “fall” of a noncommunist state communism would start the fall of
other noncommunist governments in the nearby states.
LITERARY DEVICES
1. Irony
- In this chapter, Orwell makes masterful use of irony to illustrate the gap between what
the animals are fighting for and what they believe they are fighting for.
2. Symbolism
- Mr Jones' rifle that he dropped during “The Battle of the Cowsheds” is left as a trophy by
the flagstaff. The animals decide to fire this twice a year(on the anniversary of the battle
of the cowsheds and on the anniversary of the rebellion)
- The rifle is a symbol of the animals’ victory over their human masters' tyranny.

The chapter ends with the implication that animal farm is becoming a place grounded more in
military might than agrarian industry. The creation of military decorations, the name of the
battle, and the decision to fire Jones’ gun twice a year all suggest that animals love ceremony and
the slow but sure transformation of animal farms into place governed by martial law more than
the seven commandments of animalism.

CHAPTER 5
- Mollie goes missing from the farm. Later it is learned that she left after being bought by
ribbon for her mane by a neighbouring farmer
- The pigs' power on the farm continues to grow. Snowball and Napoleon argue over the
usefulness of a windmill and the need to amass military weapons.
- Napoleon uses the nine puppies, now ferocious dogs, to attack and chase snowball off the
farm. He then takes over and rules the farm with complete control.
- Ultimately, Napoleon decides to build a snowball's windmill, but has squealer run around
and tell everyone it was his idea from the beginning.
THEMES:
- Attitude to power and authority
- Oppression
- Inequality

Literary Devices:
- Personification
- Foreshadowing
- Symbolism

CONFLICT:
- Man vs Man —----------> Napoleon vs Snowball
 CHAPTER 6
- During the following year, the animals work harder than ever before. Building the
windmill is a laborious business and Boxer proves himself a model of physical strength
and dedication.
- Napoleon announces animal farm will begin trading with neighbouring farms and hires
Mr Whymper, a solicitor, to act as his agent. Other humans meet in pubs and discuss their
theories that the windmill will collapse and animal farm will go bankrupt.
- Jones gives up his attempts at retaking his farm and moves to another part of the county.
- The pigs move into the farmhouse and begin sleeping in beds which squealer excuses on
the grounds that the pigs need their rest after the daily straight of running the firm.
- That November, a storm topples the half finished windmill.
- Napoleon tells the animals that snowball is responsible for its ruins and offers a reward to
any animal who kills snowball or brings him back alive.
- Napoleon then declares that they will begin rebuilding the windmill that very morning.

- With the passing year, all of the animals(save Benjamin) have wholly swallowed
Napoleon's propaganda. Despite their working like “slaves”, the animals believe that
everything they did was for the benefit of themselves and “not for a pack of idle thieving
human beings”
- When Napoleon orders that animals will need to work on Sunday, he calls the work
“strictly voluntary” yet adds that any animal who does not volunteer will have his rations
reduced. Thus, Napoleon is able to foster a sense of unity(where animals volunteer) using
the threat of hunger.
- This transformation of obvious dictatorial practices(forced labour) into seemingly
benevolent social programs(volunteering) is another of Napoleon's methods for keeping
the animals working and docile.
- The effect of Napoleon's propaganda is also seen in Boxer’s unflagging devotion to the
windmill. Even when warned by clover about exerting himself, Boxer can only think, “I
will work harder” and “Napoleon is always right”. The fact that he can only think in
slogans reflect his inability to engage in any real thought at all. Slogans such as these are
powerful weapons for leaders like Napoleon, who want to keep their followers elevated,
docile and dumb.
- One of the most effective ways that Napoleon strengthens his rule is his use of the
politics of sacrifice.
- Sacrifice is an often repeated word in the novel, and Napoleon uses it to excuse what he
knows others will see as his blatant disregard for the Seven commandments of
Animalism.
- When ordering that Animal Farm will engage in trade with humans, Napoleon tells them
that they will not have to come in contact with any human beings since, “He intended to
take the whole burden upon his own shoulders”.
- Like the apples and milk- which the pigs pretended not to like in the first place-,
Napoleon masterfully recasts himself as an animal like Boxer(when of course the reader
sees that the pig and the horse are complete opposites in their selfishness and selflessness
- If any animal ever hints at seeing through Napoleon’s false humanity, they will be
greeted with the same combination of bleating and growls that faced snowball in chapter
5.

CHAPTER 7
- Faced with the realities of farming- and his own lack of planning for the winter-
Napoleon is forced to deal with a hungry populace and the potentially damaging leaks of
such news to the outside world. To surmount these problems, Napoleon metaphorically
assumes the role of director and mounts a theatrical production.
- In terms of this metaphor, Mr Whymper is the audience whom Napoleon must and fool
into believing in an illusion , the sheep are actors reciting lines about rations having been
increased, and the empty grain lines filled with sand are the props(or special effects)
- Whymper is fooled into thinking that Animal Farm is running smoothly, and Napoleon
again demonstrates his judicious use of deception.
- Ironically, this deceptive theatrically is exactly what squealer later accuses snowball of
having done with Jones at the battle of the cowshed.
- More deception occurs in the pernicious lies spread about snowball. Napoleon uses him
as a scapegoat for any of the farm's misfortunes, as hitler did with European jews as he
rose to power.
- Both leaders understand the public's desire to cast blame on an outside source for all their
troubles.
- Squealer claims that the pigs have found documents linking snowball to jones are an
appeal to the animal’s need for proof although the non existing documents are never
revealed to them on the grounds that the animals are unable to read them.
- Like the grain bin filled with sane, snowball’s “documents” are another ruse used by
Napoleon to manipulate the thoughts of those who could end his rule.
- The animals refused to believe that the thin walls of the windmill contributed to its
collapse, revealing the extent to which they subscribe to the snowball baiting ideology.
- Those who actually threaten Napoleon’s rule are dealt with in a brutal and swift fashion.
Napoleon calls a meeting of all the animals for the purpose of publicly executing
dissidents in order to make others understand what will happen to them should they
refuse one of his orders.
- When the four pigs who protested against Napoleon's decision to end the Sunday
meetings are called before him, they confessed to having been secretly in touch with
 Snowball, in the hopes of receiving clemency from Napoleon. Said technique was used
by the hens who were also slaughtered.
- The number of other animals who confess to snowball inspired crimes, however, suggests
the degree to which paranoia has gripped the animals, who now feel the need to confess
things as slight as stealing an ear of corn or urinating in the drinking water.
- The scene of the confessions echoes the Salem witch trails, where seemingly rational
people suddenly confessed to having comported themselves with satan as a way of
relieving their psychological torments. Afraid that their crimes will be discovered, the
animals confess them because they are unable to stand the strain of their guilt.
- The terrible atmosphere of fear and death that now characterizes animal farm is discussed
by boxer and clover at the end of the chapter.
- Boxer naturally concludes that he must work harder to atone for “some fault in
ourselves”; like the confessing animals, he wants to purge himself of non-existing evils.
- Clover, however, does gain a small amount of insight as she looks at the farm from the
knoll and considers that the terrors she has seen were not in her mind when Old Major
spoke of his dream. However since she lacked “the words to express” these ideas, her
possibly revolutionary thoughts are never brought out.
- With snowball gone, none of the animals are encouraged to read- for the same reasons
that slaves throughout history were similarly deprived.
- Napoleon’s outlawing “Beasts of England” is his next step in assuming total control.
- Fearful that the song might stir up the same rebellious feelings felt by the animals the
night major taught it to them, Napoleon replaces it with a decidedly blander song that
focuses on the responsibility of the animals to protect the farm, rather than to overthrow
its leaders.
- There was NO debate about this decision, since the sheep who accompany Squealer
effectively end all talk of it with their incessant bleating.
- NOTHING at animal farm will even be the same since the blood of animals has been
shed by their own kind.

CHAPTER 8
- The sixth commandment was altered to say “no animal shall kill any other animal without
cause”. The animals believed they simply forgot the ending point, and therefore believed
the killings were justified.
- The animals worked very hard to rebuild the windmill. This time the walls were twice as
thick.
- Napoleon separated himself from the public and has Squealer relaying his messages.
- Napoleon became the leader of the animals and was referred to as “our leader, comrade
Napoleon”.
- Napoleon was seen and praised as God. He was thanked and given credit for every good
thing that happened
 - Minimus composed a poem praising Napoleon, which was inscribed on the wall of the
big barn
- Squealer alters food production figures to convince the animals that the farm was more
successful under Napoleon rule.
- Napoleon named the newly built windmill “Napoleon Mil”
- Napoleon brokers deals with neaighbouring farmers such as Frederick to whom sells
timber, uses forged money to pay and Napoleon sentences him to death.
- The battle of the windmill occurs when Frederick and his men attempt to take control of
animal farm, however they were unsuccessful.
- Frederick blows up the windmill which causes animals to be enraged and run off the farm
- Pigs got drunk and were convinced Napoleon was dying
- Fifth commandment was changed to “NO ANIMAL SHOULD DRINK TO EXCESS”

INSTANCES OF MANIPULATION:
1. Squealer convinces the animals that they were remembering wrong and that snowball had
never received the order “animal hero first class”, also that he was a coward in the battle
of the cowshed.
2. The sixth commandment was changed without notifying the animals, so they believed
that their own faulty memory was to blame for not remembering the last part which was
added.
THEMES:
1. Corruption- laws were changed to suit the pigs
2. War- The battle of the windmill was fought against Frederick and his men.
3. Manipulation- Squealer used manipulation and gaslighting to convince the animals of
anything he wanted them to believe.
4. Propaganda- spread about snowball and frederick

CHAPTER 9
- After the destruction of the windmill, tired and weak animals set about rebuilding ,
especially a very injured Boxer whose main priority is seeing the windmill rebuilt before
his retirement.
- Even as his health and strength deteriorates, he continues to push as winter is coming.
When winter come, food became even more scarce and the rations of the animals(except
the pigs and dogs) had also decreased leaving them in a state of constant hunger and
Squealer explained with the “readjustments” the way they are fed now was way better
than how Mr. Jones had fed them, which the animals believed as they couldn't recall far
back.
- Now the harsh winter has passed and the spring comes, along with the arrival of thirty
one piglets assumed to be Napoleons and the pigs seem to flourish while the rest of the
animals are suffering.
 - Napoleon issued a school house to be built for the piglets despite the conditions of the
farm and that the piglets aren't allowed to play with other animals.
- Then a law that other animals should step aside for pigs and that on Sundays, piglets can
wear green ribbons in their tails to show their superiority
- The pigs also started drinking brew and now claimed all the barley for themselves.
- Napoleon then declares Animal Farm to be a republic and makes himself its president,
and mandates the animal to organize parades and write songs called spontaneous
demonstrations in his honour.
- Boxer is working as hard as ever when his strength eventually fails him and he collapses.
- The animals rush to tell squealer and he then announces that they will be sending boxer to
the hospital. When the cart arrived to take a weak boxer, Benjamin the donkey, reads the
label and sees that Boxer is not going to the hospital but to the glue factory to be
slaughtered.
- He then chases after the cart trying to warn Boxer but was too weak to break out of the
cart and the animals watched as the struggling Boxer was taken away
- Days later, squealer announces the death of Boxer, and that his last words states that they
should continue with the building of the farm and support Napoleon.
- Squealer also dismissed the rumors that Boxer was sent to a slaughter house to be killed.
- Napoleon also made a statement which appeased the animals. Later on, the pigs received
a delivery of whisky although they did not know where the pigs got so much money to
buy.
THEMES:
1. Attitude Towards Power and Corruption
- Napoleon uses his influence as “leader” of the farm to exploit the animals, using them to
do his bidding and continues to deal with humans going as far as selling his own comrade
2. Oppression
- Moses is brought on the farm to gain control over the animals, jeopardizing their
freedom.
3. Manipulation
- Squealer continues to manipulate the animals thoughts using his intelligence to trick them

CHAPTER 10
- Chapter 10 takes place multiple years into the future.
- Many of the animals who were present in the times of the rebellion had now passed and
with that, the teachings of the rebellion faded.
- It was clover who was now a stout mare, still get to retire, who taught the young and new
animals about what she could remember of the rebellion
- Many things had changed by this time: the windmill was completed and another
underway, the farm was enlarged and overall the farm was very organized and gaining
much more profit, however the working animals never felt the benefit of this profit, only
the dogs and pigs did.
 - Speaking of pigs, there is an easily noticed superiority that the pigs have over all the
other animals.
- School buildings were built to educate young pigs only.
- The young pigs were also encouraged by Napoleon to not mingle with other animals.
- More evidence of this superiority lays in the fact that a new rule stated that if a pig and
another animal were to cross paths, the lesser animal had to step out of the way and allow
the pigs to pass.
- It is also in this chapter that the pigs unveil their newest trick. They can walk on two legs
and were encouraged by the chanting of ‘TWO LEGS GOOD, FOUR LEGS BETTER’
bleed by the sheep.
- Of course the sheep didn’t come up with such a saying on their own. They were taught
this by squealer. The other animals were appalled by the sight.
- With the rampant changes on the farm, Clover had to check if one thing remained the
same.
- She asked Benjamin to read to her the seven commandments. Throughout the novel,
Benjamin refuses to read the commandments for anyone but in this instance he abides.
- He informs Clover that none of the original commandments remain, and instead have
been replaced by one single commandment: “ALL ANIMAL ARE EQUAL, BUT SOME
ANIMALS ARE MORE EQUAL THAN OTHERS”
- This abysmal chapter concludes with a dinner party hosted by eminent pigs of the farm.
- During the party Mr Pilkington, the owner of foxword, gave a speech congratulating the
pigs on their progress and expressed great admiration for the lack of pampering or the
workers.
- Then Napoleon responded with a brief speech in which he denied any allegations of
attempting to evoke rebellion on neighbouring farms.
- Napoleon also announces that he has changed the name of the farm back to Manor Farm.
- The pigs and men drank and played cards.
- The chapter ends in an uproar as during the same card simultaneously, which is simply
impossible unless there is another deck present, which would be cheating.

LIKE MAN LIKE PIG

1. Man was the only being that consumes without producing.-Neither the pigs nor the dogs
produced any food by their own labour but their appetites were always satisfied.
2. Man walk on two legs.-The pigs learned how to walk on their hind legs\
3. Mr Jones used whips to get the animals to obey him.-It was normalized for the pigs on
the farm to carry whips. The whips are a symbol of oppression.
4. Men wear clothes.-It was normal to see the pigs adorned in Mr and Mrs Jones clothes.
5. Human Tyrannize over their animals and hence evoke fear.- The pigs tyrannized the
animals. A sense of fear was evoked in the animals whenever in the presence of a pig.

THEMES:
1. Attitude towards Power and Authority
- At the beginning of the novel, the question “How will pigs react to having a position of
leadership?’ is posed. Gradually we are exposed to the pigs' tyrannical practices and their
often manipulation of laws in order to suit themselves.
- In this chapter, it is clear that the pigs have become exactly like the humans that used to
hate so much. The similar practices they share with their human predecessors would be
drinking, wearing clothes, sleeping in beds, killing other animals, controlling other
animals, being corrupt and manipulative.
2. Oppression
- Prolonged cruel or unjust treatment or exercise of authority.
- This was the only means by which the pigs could get the other animals under their control
- An example of this in chapter 10 would be the normalizing of pigs carrying whips.
- Whips are a tool of oppression as they are implements used to inflict pain upon other
animals in order to get them to abide by the master’s wishes.