- Affirm – to give validation

- Collective Identity – a shared identity of a group

- Collective Rights – rights guaranteed to certain groups in Canadian history for historical
and constitutional reasons – Aboriginal, First Nation, Metis, Francophone, Anglophone;
confirms collective identity
- First Nations – the name used to describe all Aboriginal people
- Indians – name given to First Nations by the Europeans
- Sovereignty – right to self-governance
- Treaties – written agreements between states or nations
- Annuity – an annual payment
- Reserve – land set aside for First Nation people
- Entrench – something that may not be removed without permission
- Patriate – to return to the owner
- Assimilate – to become part of a different cultural group
- Ethnocentrism – the belief that one culture is superior
- Indian Act – a federal legislation that allows gov to control the rights of ‘status Indians’
- Status Indian – a First Nation’s person who is registered with the gov
- Indian Agents – officials for First Nation reserves
- Residential School – schools to assimilate First Nation children
- Anglophone – a person whose first language is English
- Francophone – a person whose first language is French
- Bilingualism – the ability to speak multiple languages
- Official Language Community – a group in Canada that speak one of Canada’s official
languages – English or French
- Official Language Minority – a group in Canada that speaks the official language that is
not the major language in their province/territory
- Publicly Funded – funded by taxes; provided by gov
- Inherent Rights – rights with fundamental justice origins
- Scrip – a document Metis people could exchange for land
- Autonomy – authority to make decisions
- Bill 101 – recognizes French as Quebec’s only official language
- Harvesting Rights – Metis rights to hunt, trap, and fish year-round in Alberta
- Haultain Resolution – established English as the language of the Northwest Territories
- Manitoba Schools Act – an act passed in 1890 that abolished French as an official
language in Manitoba
- Metis – Aboriginal people of mixed First Nation and European descent
- Northwest Resistance – and unsuccessful uprising of Metis in Saskatchewan in 1885 –
led by Louis Riel
- British North American Act (BNA) – established Canada as a bilingual country in 1867
- Red River Resistance – a movement by Metis in the Red River colony in 1869 that led to
the formation of Manitoba

Numbered Treaties
- Roots in the Royal Proclamation of 1763; made after the end of the 7 Year War
- Between the First Nations and the Queen
- FN agreed to share lands and resources in return for education, reserves, annuities, etc.
 o Each treaty was slightly different
- Sacred to the First Nations
- Canadian gov believe FN gave up their land; FN believe the land wasn’t theirs to give up
- Recorded in oral histories by FN and writing by gov
- 11 treaties signed between 1871-1921
- Treaties 6, 7, and 8 apply to Alberta

The Indian Act of 1876

- An attempt to recognize the collective rights of First Nations
- Made without their consultation
- Defines who may be a ‘status Indian’
- Originally aimed to assimilate First Nations
o Specified how First Nations must run their governing
o Restricted rights to travel, take political action, wear traditional dress, and take
part in traditional ceremonies
o Required FN to give up legal identity and treaty rights to gain right to vote until
1960
- Has been revised multiple times

Official Languages
- French and English
- Official Language Community - a group in Canada that speak one of Canada’s official
languages
- Official Language Minority - a group in Canada that speaks the official language that is
not the major language in their province/territory
- BNA - established Canada as a bilingual country in 1867
- Section 16-20 of the Charter establish bilingualism
- Section 23 of the Charter allows official language minorities to have publicly funded
schools
- John A. MacDonald and George Etienne Carter established the Francophone-Anglophone
alliance in 1867
- Manitoba Schools Act - an act passed in 1890 that abolished French as an official
language in Manitoba
- Haultin Resolution – established English as the language of the Northwest Territories;
proposed by premier Frederick Haultin

Metis

Timeline

Important People