Letter

http://pubs.acs.org/journal/aelccp

Tailoring Regioisomeric Structures of

π‑Conjugated Polymers Containing
Monofluorinated π‑Bridges for Highly Efficient
Polymer Solar Cells
Baobing Fan,# Meijing Li,# Difei Zhang,# Wenkai Zhong, Lei Ying,* Zhaomiyi Zeng, Kang An,
Zhenqiang Huang, Linrui Shi, Guillermo C. Bazan, Fei Huang,* and Yong Cao
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sı Supporting Information

ABSTRACT: Fluorine substitution has been vital to the molecular design

of π-conjugated polymers toward highly efficient polymer solar cells
because it results in improved intermolecular contacts. However, the
understanding of how regioselectivity impacts relevant optoelectronic
properties in nonsymmetric fluorinated systems remains poorly developed.
In response, we herein incorporated a single fluorine atom onto the π-
bridge of [1,2,3]triazolo[4,5-f ]isoindole-5,7(2H,6H)-dione (TzBI)-poly-
mers to construct two regioisomeric donors, denoted as PTzBI-dF and
PTzBI-pF, and investigated how these subtle structural details impact the
bulk properties of solar cells. We found that the fluorine substituent
position has a profound effect on molecular conformations and thus the
aggregated morphology, leading to notably different optical absorption and
charge transport. The resulting polymer PTzBI-dF, with fluorine atom
distal to the TzBI core, exhibited a power conversion efficiency of up to
17.3% that obviously outperforms the regioisomeric counterpart. These findings highlighted the strategic superiority of
materials design toward high-performance solar cells.

P olymer solar cells (PSCs) have achieved great progress

by combining the development of new materials,
rational device engineering, and delicate control of
film morphology.1−7 However, most high-performance PSCs
reported to date are based on a limited category of π-
conjugated electron-donating polymers, whereas much effort
has been devoted to designing electron-acceptors, such as
nonfullerene molecules with relatively low bandgap that can
utilize near-infrared light.8−13 The incorporation of fluorine
atoms onto π-conjugated polymers would be a technological
success to expand the family of high-performance polymer
donors, because it can enhance the intermolecular contacts,
and ultimately improve light absorption and increase charge
transport ability.14−18 Moreover, the fluorine substituents in
the electron-rich moieties of donor materials usually decrease
the energy levels of frontier molecular orbitals, thereby
affording larger open-circuit voltages (VOC) in solar cell
devices.19,20
The majority of fluorine substitution precedents focus on
placements on the aromatic core units that make up the
backbone of polymeric donors.21,22 This local modification
strategy is synthetically challenging for certain fragments, such
as the benzo[1,2-c:4,5-c′]dithiophene-4,8-dione and [1,2,3]-
triazolo[4,5-f ]isoindole-5,7(2H,6H)-dione (TzBI) systems.23
Fluorination on π-bridges, however, offers strategic oppor-
tunities to explore conjugated polymer derived therefrom.24,25
Judicious modification of the π-bridge can also be expected to
serve as a relevant design handle to tailor the optoelectronic
properties of the materials26,27 and to simplify achieving
regiochemically precise targets.28,29 Novel synthetic entries
into regiochemically precise fluorinated polymer donors should
be a focus for enabling the design of organic semiconductors
given that nonrandom structures favor aggregation30 and
because the photovoltaic performance of bulk-heterojunction
Received: April 29, 2020
Accepted: May 26, 2020
Published: May 26, 2020

© 2020 American Chemical Society https://dx.doi.org/10.1021/acsenergylett.0c00939

2087 ACS Energy Lett. 2020, 5, 2087−2094
ACS Energy Letters http://pubs.acs.org/journal/aelccp Letter

Scheme 1. Synthesis of PTzBI-pF (a) and PTzBI-dF (b)

Figure 1. 1H NMR spectra in CDCl3 for M1 (a) and M2 (b). The blue stars indicate the aromatic proton peaks.

PSCs is largely determined by the morphologies of their
constituent polymers.31−33
In view of comments in the preceding paragraphs, we
investigated how the chemical environment of a monofluori-
nated π-bridge in donor−acceptor (D-A) type conjugated
polymers affects the photovoltaic performance of correspond-
ing PSCs. This objective was performed by designing two
TzBI-based polymeric donors containing the regioisomeric
monofluorothiophene π-bridge, namely, PTzBI-pF and PTzBI-
dF (Scheme 1), where “p” and “d” refer to the fluorine atom in
the thiophene π-bridge being “proximal” and “distal” relative to
the central TzBI unit, respectively. These two polymer donors
2088
were accessed by modifying the connection positions on 3-
fluorothiophene.
Direct coupling of the (3-fluorothiophen-2-yl)-
trimethylstannane (1) with 4,8-bibromo-6-octyl-5H-[1,2,5]-
thiadiazolo[3,4-f ]isoindole-5,7(6H)-dione (2) resulted in the
fluorine atom of the product 4,8-bis(3-fluorothiophen-2-yl)-6-
octyl-5H-[1,2,5]thiadiazolo[3,4-f ]isoindole-5,7(6H)-dione (3)
being proximal to the electron-withdrawing core unit (Scheme
1a). Subsequent conversion from thiadiazole to triazole,
alkylation on the triazole core, and bromination on the π-
bridge yielded the monomer 4,8-bis(5-bromo-3-fluorothio-
phen-2-yl)-2-(3-ethylheptyl)-6-octyl-[1,2,3]triazolo[4,5-f ]-
isoindole-5,7(2H,6H)-dione (M1). Further Stille copolymer-
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ACS Energy Lett. 2020, 5, 2087−2094
ACS Energy Letters http://pubs.acs.org/journal/aelccp Letter

Figure 2. Dihedral angle (deg) and side view for the model compound of the dimer (TzBI-pF)2 (a) and (TzBI-dF)2 (b) obtained from DFT
calculations at the B3LYP/6-31G(d) level of theory. (c) Normalized UV−visible absorption for polymers in solution and as films. (d)
Absorption coefficient for blends of PTzBI-pF:Y6 and PTzBI-dF:Y6. Insets are the corresponding photographs of these blend films. (e)
Energy level alignments for all components of solar cells.

ization of M1 with (4,8-bis(5-(2-ethylhexyl)-4-fluorothiophen- (NMR) spectroscopy are summarized in the Supporting

2-yl)benzo[1,2-b:4,5-b′]dithiophene-2,6-diyl)bis-
(trimethylstannane) (M3) produced the target copolymer
PTzBI-pF.
To attain the target regioisomeric monomer 4,8-bis(5-
bromo-4-fluorothiophen-2-yl)-2-(3-ethylheptyl)-6-octyl-
[1,2,3]triazolo[4,5-f ]isoindole-5,7(2H,6H)-dione (M2), which
has the fluorine atoms in the π-bridge distal to the TzBI core
unit, we used triisopropylsilyl to protect the 2-position of 3-
fluorothiophene (Scheme 1b). By treating the product 6 with
trimethyltin chloride, we obtained the intermediate (3-fluoro-
5-(trimethylstannyl)thiophen-2-yl)triisopropylsilane (7),
which was then coupled with the dibromo compound 2 to
give compound 4,8-bis(4-fluoro-5-(triisopropylsilyl)thiophen-
2-yl)-6-octyl-5H-[1,2,5]thiadiazolo[3,4-f ]isoindole-5,7(6H)-
dione (8). The subsequent multistep reactions, similar to those
for the synthesis of M1, provided the regioisomeric compound
M2 in a reasonable yield. The target PTzBI-dF is obtained by
Stille copolymerization of M2 with the bis-stannylated
compound M3. Specific synthetic details and the correspond-
ing structure confirmation by nuclear magnetic resonance
2089
Information.
The 1H NMR spectra of M1 and M2 show that the site of
fluorination exerts a strong influence on the magnetic shielding
ability in these compounds (Figure 1). Note that the chemical
shift of the thiophene proton in M1 (δ = 7.03 ppm, Figure S1)
was substantially upfield of that in M2 (δ = 8.03 ppm, Figure
S2). These observations agree with the trend observed in
simulated 1H NMR spectra obtained from Gaussian calcu-
lations (Figure S3 and S4). The 13C NMR spectra also confirm
the structural difference of these two monomers (Figures S5
and S6). To further confirm the fluorination position, we used
1
H−1H correlated spectroscopy (COSY) to examine com-
pounds 5 and 9 with F atoms proximal or distal to the central
electron-withdrawing unit, respectively (Figures S7 and S8).
COSY correlations for the chemical shifts of 7.02 and 7.52
ppm in compound 5 demonstrate strong correlation between
the two aromatic protons, and as these correlations were
absent in the spectrum of compound 9, we surmised that these
two protons are on isolated positions in 9, consistent with the
structures depicted in Scheme 1.
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ACS Energy Lett. 2020, 5, 2087−2094
ACS Energy Letters
Table 1. Optoelectronic Properties of PTzBI-pF and PTzBI-dF
polymer λmax,sol (nm) λmax,film (nm) Eg,opt (eV) EOX (V)
PTzBI-pF 485 505 2.09 1.26
PTzBI-dF 602, 636 600, 642 1.72 1.14
a
Determined by cyclic voltammetry. bDerived from HOMO energy level and Eg,opt. cObtained from density functional theory calculations.
Figure 3. (a) J−V characteristics for optimized PSCs based on PTzBI-pF:Y6 and PTzBI-dF:Y6. (b) EQE spectra and relevant calculated JSC.
(c) PL responses for PTzBI-pF, PTzBI-dF, and corresponding blends excited at 500 and 600 nm. (d) EQEEL for solar cells based on PTzBI-
pF:Y6 and PTzBI-dF:Y6, with the injected current density representing the JSC of each device. (e) J−V characteristics and (f) histogram of
efficiency of PSCs based on PTzBI-dF:PC71BM:Y6 (1:0.2:1, wt:wt:wt).
Density functional theory (DFT) calculations at the B3LYP/
6-31G(d) level were used to understand molecular structure
conformations for model dimers of the repeating units of
PTzBI-pF and PTzBI-dF. The dimer of (TzBI-pF)2 presents a
twisted skeleton with dihedral angles between the π-bridge and
electron-withdrawing core as large as ∼42° (Figure 2a), while
those for (TzBI-dF)2 are <3.5° (Figure 2b). This difference is
consistent with the 1H NMR spectra of M1 and M2 (Figure
1), where the aromatic proton signal for the former is more
upfield chemical shift than that for the latter, as the deshielding
effect of the electron-withdrawing core in the former would be
weakened by such large dihedral angles. PTzBI-pF has a
slightly lower highest occupied molecular orbital (HOMO)
energy level (−5.67 eV) than that of PTzBI-dF (−5.55 eV), as
evaluated from the oxidation potential measured by cyclic
voltammetry (Figures 2e and S9a), which is consistent with
that obtained from DFT calculations (Table 1). These deep
HOMO energy levels are favorable for obtaining high VOC in
PSC devices.34
The absorption spectra of the two copolymers are
remarkably different (Figure 2c). PTzBI-pF shows a single
absorption peak at 485 nm in chloroform solution, which is
red-shifted to 505 nm in the thin films. This is different from
the profile of PTzBI-dF, which exhibits dual peaks in
chloroform (Figure 2c) with a shoulder at the peak at ∼640
nm and for which one notes little change when transitioning to
the solid state. These results are consistent with PTzBI-dF
being preaggregated in chloroform (CF) solution. Overall,
http://pubs.acs.org/journal/aelccp Letter
HOMOa (eV) LUMOb (eV) HOMOc (eV) LUMOc (eV) μh (cm2 V−1 s−1)
−5.67 −3.58 −5.30 −2.83 2.14 × 10−7
−5.55 −3.83 −5.18 −3.18 1.06 × 10−2
PTzBI-dF displays a narrower optical band gap (Eg,opt) (1.72
eV) relative to PTzBI-pF (2.09 eV), as estimated from the
absorption edge (Figure S9b, Table 1). Such a large difference
in Eg,opt is attributed to the different geometries and
aggregation tendencies (Figure 2a,b). When combined with a
non-fullerene acceptor (named Y6, molecular structure shown
in Figure S10), the PTzBI-dF-based blend film exhibits more
pronounced complementary absorption in the long-wavelength
region beyond 550 nm, presenting a deep blue film that is very
different from the brown-yellow of the PTzBI-pF:Y6 blend
(Figure 2d).
To examine the photovoltaic response of PTzBI-pF and
PTzBI-dF, we fabricated PSCs based on a conventional
configuration comprising ITO/PEDOT:PSS/active layer/
PFNDI-Br/Ag, where ITO, PEDOT:PSS, and PFNDI-Br
represent indium tin oxide, poly(3,4-
ethylenedioxythiophene):poly(styrenesulfonate), and poly-
[(9,9-bis(3′-((N,N-dimethyl)-N-ethylammonium)propyl)-2,7-
fluorene)-alt-5,5′-bis(2,2′-thiophene)-2,6-naphthalene-1,4,5,8-
tetracaboxylic-N,N′-di(2-ethylhexyl)imide]dibromide, respec-
tively. According to the optimization results of PTzBI-dF:Y6-
devices (Figures S11−S13 and Tables S1−S3), we used the
optimized conditions of incorporating 0.3 vol % chloronaph-
thalene (CN) and then thermally annealing at 110 °C for 10
min for all the devices discussed below. From the J−V plots in
Figure 3a, we observe PCEs of 1.4 ± 0.1% for the PSCs based
on PTzBI-pF:Y6 blend, with VOC of 0.79 ± 0.01 V, short-
circuit current density (JSC) of 4.90 ± 0.18 mA cm−2, and fill
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ACS Energy Lett. 2020, 5, 2087−2094
ACS Energy Letters
Table 2. Photovoltaic Parameters for Optimized PSCs Based on Donor:Y6
JSC,EQE
donor VOC (V) JSC (mA cm−2) (mA cm−2)
PTzBI-pF 0.80 (0.79 ± 0.01) 4.88 (4.90 ± 0.18) 4.40
PTzBI-dF 0.85 (0.85 ± 0.01) 26.33 25.96
(26.28 ± 0.27)
a
Measured under simulated AM 1.5G, 1 sun illumination with the average values obtained from 24 individual devices.
Figure 4. 2D GIWAXS patterns for neat films of (a) PTzBI-pF, (b) PTzBI-dF, and blend films of (c) PTzBI-pF:Y6 and (d) PTzBI-dF:Y6, in
optimized conditions. (e) Line-cuts of GIWAXS for relevant neat and blend films; the solid and dashed lines represent the out-of-plane and
in-plane directions, respectively.
factor (FF) of 35.3 ± 0.7%. In contrast, the PTzBI-dF:Y6
device shows a PCE of 16.7 ± 0.2%, with a higher JSC of 26.28
± 0.27 mA cm−2 and an FF of 74.8 ± 0.5% (Table 2). The
decent performance highlights the value of upfront investment
in chemical design and synthesis. The high and flat external
quantum efficiency (EQE) spectrum at 450−850 nm for the
PTzBI-dF:Y6-based PSCs validated the obtained JSC of these
devices (Figure 3b).
To understand the much lower JSC and FF observed for the
PTzBI-pF:Y6 devices compared with those of their PTzBI-
dF:Y6 counterparts, we initially considered the charge
generation in these devices. Photoluminescence (PL) spectra
of pure donors and relevant blends, excited around the donor’s
absorption maximum, show weak emission quenching of
PTzBI-pF by Y6 (Figure 3c), consistent with a modest
electron-transfer efficiency. Space-charge-limited current
(SCLC) measurements reveal a major difference in hole
transport abilities of PTzBI-pF and PTzBI-dF (Figure S14).
Thus, the more planar polymer PTzBI-dF has a hole mobility
(μh) of 1.06 × 10−2 cm2 V−1 s−1, while that of PTzBI-pF is 5
orders of magnitude lower (2.14 × 10−7 cm2 V−1 s−1, see Table
1). The hole mobility shows the same trend in the blends
(Figure S15), being 1.90 × 10−7 and 1.72 × 10−3 cm2 V−1 s−1
for PTzBI-pF:Y6 and PTzBI-dF:Y6, respectively (Table 2).
Although comparable electron mobility (μe) of ∼5 × 10−3 cm2
V−1 s−1 is found for these two blends (Figure S16), the large
imbalance between μh and μe for the PTzBI-pF:Y6 blends
might account for the lower FF of the PSC devices containing
this copolymer. The fitted VOC−light intensity (Plight)
characteristics gives a much larger slope of 6.57 kBT/q for
PTzBI-pF:Y6 cells, while that for PTzBI-pF:Y6 counterparts is
http://pubs.acs.org/journal/aelccp Letter
μh μe ΔVoc,nr
FF (%) PCEa (%) (cm2 V−1 s−1) (cm2 V−1 s−1) (V)
36.5 (35.3 ± 0.7) 1.4 (1.4 ± 0.1) 1.90 × 10−7 5.86 × 10−3 0.23
75.5 (74.8 ± 0.5) 16.8 (16.7 ± 0.2) 1.72 × 10−3 4.58 × 10−3 0.21
very close to kBT/q (Figure S17), implying the more
pronounced trap-assisted monomolecular recombination in
PTzBI-pF:Y6 devices.
Electroluminescence (EL) measurements were used to
analyze VOC losses of these PSCs. It can be seen from Figure
S18 that pure films of PTzBI-pF and PTzBI-dF exhibit EL
peaks at 604 and 724 nm, respectively, consistent with the
peaks obtained from PL spectra (Figure 3c). Blends of PTzBI-
pF:Y6 and PTzBI-dF:Y6 show an EL peak at approximately
935 nm (Figure 3d), which is very close to the emission of Y6
(Figure S18), indicating the absence of charge-transfer (CT)
emission. Moreover, by using the radiative efficiency (termed
the electroluminescence external quantum efficiency, EQEEL)
obtained by applying an injecting current density equivalent to
the JSC of the solar cell devices, we evaluated the nonradiative
VOC loss (ΔVOC,nr) using the well-established relationship
ΔVOC,nr(T) = −(kBT/q) ln(EQEEL), where kB is Boltzmann’s
constant, q is the elementary charge, and T is temper-
ature.35−37 As summarized in Table 2, the ΔVOC,nr values
calculated for PTzBI-pF:Y6 and PTzBI-dF:Y6 are 0.23 and
0.21 V, respectively. Through determination of the band gap
(Eg) for each blend system from the EQE spectra (Figure
S19),38 we quantify the detailed VOC losses in Table S4 and
note that PTzBI-dF:Y6 has a slightly higher radiative limit VOC
(VOC,rad) of 1.06 V compared with that of PTzBI-pF:Y6 (1.03
V). These lower nonradiative and radiative VOC losses account
for the larger VOC of 0.85 V for the PTzBI-dF:Y6 cells relative
to that of 0.80 V for the PTzBI-pF:Y6 counterparts (Table 2).
A ternary strategy was further utilized to explore the
efficiency potential of PTzBI-dF in solar cells, while
maintaining the optimized processing conditions as for binary
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ACS Energy Letters http://pubs.acs.org/journal/aelccp
devices. The impact of different loading of the third
component, [6,6]-phenyl C71 butyric acid methyl ester
(PC71BM), on the device performance is illustrated in Figure
S20a. We note that 20% loading of PC71BM gives the best
performance with obviously increased FF of 76.6%, resulting in
a preferable efficiency of 17.3% (Figure 3e and Table S5),
while the same ratio of PTzBI-pF ternary cells corresponds to
an almost unchanged efficiency with respect to the binary case
(Figure S20b). The VOC−Plight characteristics for PTzBI-dF-
based binary and ternary cells indicate weak charge
recombination in both devices (Figure S17), we thus surmise
that the improvement of ternary cells might be attributed to
the extended electron transport channel enabled by fullerene-
induced hierarchical morphology.33 The efficiency histogram
of devices based on PTzBI-dF:PC71BM:Y6 (1:0.2:1) demon-
strates the excellent repeatability and reliability of the device
performance (Figure 3f), highlighting the value of upfront
investment in chemical design and synthesis.
The molecular packing and aggregation morphology were
investigated by grazing-incidence wide-angle X-ray scattering
(GIWAXS) and atomic force microscopy (AFM). The two-
dimensional GIWAXS patterns for the neat films clearly
demonstrate the significantly weaker π−π stacking of PTzBI-
pF (Figure 4a), as compared with PTzBI-dF (Figure 4b). In
addition, the q vector of the (010) scattering peak for PTzBI-
pF (q = 1.59 Å−1) is much lower than that for PTzBI-dF (q =
1.74 Å−1), corresponding to a large (010) d-spacing of 3.95 Å
for PTzBI-pF (Figure 4e). This observation appears to reflect
the twisted-chain skeleton of PTzBI-pF demonstrated by DFT
calculations (Figure 2a). Moreover, the PTzBI-pF neat film
displays a much lower conjugated coherence length (CCL) in
both (010) and (100) directions (Table S6) with respect to
PTzBI-dF, further revealing the substantially different crystal-
lization abilities of these two isomers.
For the blend films, the (010) scattering peak in the PTzBI-
dF:Y6 system is greatly reinforced (Figure 4d) as compared
with the PTzBI-dF neat film, which is ascribed to the
crystallinity of Y6.39 However, the trend is different in the
PTzBI-pF:Y6 system, where weak molecular stacking is
exhibited by both PTzBI-pF and Y6 (Figure 4c). Similar to
the observations in neat films, we also find a lower (010) CCL
of 18.27 Å for the PTzBI-pF:Y6 blend relative to that of 23.78
Å for the PTzBI-dF:Y6 blend. In addition, PTzBI-pF:Y6 blend
films exhibited a lumpy-aggregation distributed morphology as
revealed by AFM images, while PTzBI-dF:Y6 presented a
continuous fibrous-cluster distribution across the entire film
(Figure S21). These results are consistent with the much better
photovoltaic performance of the PSCs based on PTzBI-dF:Y6.
In summary, we designed and synthesized two [1,2,3]-
triazolo[4,5-f ]isoindole-5,7(2H,6H)-dione (TzBI)-based poly-
meric donors containing regioisomeric fluorothiophene
bridges, namely, PTzBI-pF and PTzBI-dF, where “p” and “d”
refer to the fluorine atom in the π-bridge “proximal” and
“distal” to the TzBI unit, respectively. The position of the
fluorine atom has pronounced effects on the light-absorption
profiles and charge carrier mobility of the polymers,
attributable to the distinct molecular conformations and
aggregation morphologies of the polymers, as verified by the
correlation between theoretical calculations and grazing
incidence wide-angle X-ray scattering measurements. As a
result, the planar polymer, PTzBI-dF, exhibited a much greater
power conversion efficiency of 16.8% when combined with the
nonfullerene acceptor Y6, compared with that of 1.4%
2092
Letter
obtained from its twisted counterpart PTzBI-pF. Further
ternary strategy in PTzBI-dF devices renders a milestone
efficiency of up to 17.3%, demonstrating the strategic utility of
tailoring the positions of halogen substitution in conjugated
polymers to enable their incorporation into highly efficient
PSCs.
■
*
ASSOCIATED CONTENT
sı Supporting Information
The Supporting Information is available free of charge at
https://pubs.acs.org/doi/10.1021/acsenergylett.0c00939.
General synthesis and characterization, fabrication and
characterization of polymer solar cells, 1HNMR and
COSY spectra of relevant monomers, CV plots of
polymers, SCLC characteristics for single-carrier devices,
EL response for neat films, VOC loss quantification, and
GIWAXS fitting parameters (PDF)
■
AUTHOR INFORMATION
Corresponding Authors
Lei Ying − Institute of Polymer Optoelectronic Materials and
Devices, State Key Laboratory of Luminescent Materials and
Devices, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou
510640, China; orcid.org/0000-0003-1137-2355;
Email: msleiying@scut.edu.cn
Fei Huang − Institute of Polymer Optoelectronic Materials and
Devices, State Key Laboratory of Luminescent Materials and
Devices, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou
510640, China; orcid.org/0000-0001-9665-6642;
Email: msfhuang@scut.edu.cn
Authors
Baobing Fan − Institute of Polymer Optoelectronic Materials
and Devices, State Key Laboratory of Luminescent Materials
and Devices, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou
510640, China
Meijing Li − Institute of Polymer Optoelectronic Materials and
Devices, State Key Laboratory of Luminescent Materials and
Devices, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou
510640, China
Difei Zhang − Institute of Polymer Optoelectronic Materials and
Devices, State Key Laboratory of Luminescent Materials and
Devices, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou
510640, China
Wenkai Zhong − Institute of Polymer Optoelectronic Materials
and Devices, State Key Laboratory of Luminescent Materials
and Devices, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou
510640, China
Zhaomiyi Zeng − Institute of Polymer Optoelectronic Materials
and Devices, State Key Laboratory of Luminescent Materials
and Devices, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou
510640, China
Kang An − Institute of Polymer Optoelectronic Materials and
Devices, State Key Laboratory of Luminescent Materials and
Devices, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou
510640, China
Zhenqiang Huang − Institute of Polymer Optoelectronic
Materials and Devices, State Key Laboratory of Luminescent
Materials and Devices, South China University of Technology,
Guangzhou 510640, China
Linrui Shi − Institute of Polymer Optoelectronic Materials and
Devices, State Key Laboratory of Luminescent Materials and
https://dx.doi.org/10.1021/acsenergylett.0c00939
ACS Energy Lett. 2020, 5, 2087−2094
ACS Energy Letters http://pubs.acs.org/journal/aelccp
Devices, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou
510640, China
Guillermo C. Bazan − Institute of Polymer Optoelectronic
Materials and Devices, State Key Laboratory of Luminescent
Materials and Devices, South China University of Technology,
Guangzhou 510640, China; Departments of Chemistry and
Chemical Engineering, National University of Singapore,
Singapore; orcid.org/0000-0002-2537-0310
Yong Cao − Institute of Polymer Optoelectronic Materials and
Devices, State Key Laboratory of Luminescent Materials and
Devices, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou
510640, China
Complete contact information is available at:
https://pubs.acs.org/10.1021/acsenergylett.0c00939
Author Contributions
#
B.F., M.L., and D.Z. contributed to this work equally.
Notes
The authors declare no competing financial interest.
■
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS
This work was financially supported by the National Key
Research and Development Program of China (No.
2019YFA0705901) funded by MOST, the National Natural
Science Foundation of China (Nos. 21520102006, 21905103,
and 21822505), Guangdong Major Project of Basic and
Applied Basic Research (No. 2019B030302007), and China
Postdoctoral Science Foundation (No. 2019M660200).
■
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ACS Energy Lett. 2020, 5, 2087−2094