DRR REVIEWER

Geological Hazard
Geological Hazard- is an adverse geologic b. Sinkhole in front of a building an asphalt
condition capable of causing damage or loss of area
property or life. These hazards consist of sudden
phenomena and slow phenomena. Mitigation strategies to prevent loss of lives and
properties
*sometimes hazard is initiated by man through the  Resricting development in landslide-prone
careless location of developments in which the areas
conditions were not taken into account.  Codes for excavation, construction, grading
codes
Sudden phenomena  Protecting existing development
 Avalanche  Monitoring and warning systems
 Earthquake and earthquake-triggered  Landslide insurance and compensation for
phenomena like a tsunami losses
 Forest fire leading to deforestation
 Geomagnetic storms Volcanic Hazard
 Ice jams Volcano- is a mountain or hill, typically conical,
 Landslides having a crater or a vent, an opening for lava, rock
 Mudflows fragments, hot vapor, and gas being or have
 Pyroclastic flows erupted from the earth’s crust when pressure builds
 Rock falls, rock slides, and debris flows up.
 Torrents
 Volcanic eruptions, lahar and ash falls Eruptions- can cause lateral blasts (lateral
explosions), lava flows, mudslides, avalanches,
Slow phenomena falling ash and floods.
 Alluvial fans
 Caldera development An erupting volcano can trigger tsunamis, flash
 Geyser deposits floods, earthquakes, mudflows and rock falls.
 Ground settlement
 Ground subsidence, sags and sinkholes There are about 500 active volcanoes in the
 Liquefaction world.
 Sand dune migration
 Shoreline and stream erosion There are 24 active volcanoes in the Philippines.
 Thermal springs
Volcanic hazard – any potentially dangerous
Different Geological Hazards volcanic process
1. Rainfall-induced landslide
2. Sinkhole Volcanic risk – any potential loss or damage as a
result of volcanic hazard that might be incurred by
Rainfall-induced landslide persons, property or which negatively impacts the
Natural causes of landslide productive capacity of population
 Earthquake
 Heavy rainfall Various volcanic-related hazards
1. Lahar - an Indonesian term that describes a hot
Human causes of landslide or cold mixture of water and rock fragments that
 Clearcutting flows down the slopes of a volcano or a river
 Mining valley.

Sinkholes – can be natural due to erosion and
underground water, and man-made due to human
activities like drilling, mining, construction,
broken drain pipes, compacted soil after
excavation work or eve heavy traffic
Types of sinkholes
 Solution sinkhole
 Cover collapse sinkhole
 Cover subsidence sinkhole
Mt. Pinatubo eruption – June 15, 1991
2. Ash fall - a rain of airborne ash resulting from a
volcanic eruption
3. Pyroclastic flow – high-concentration density
flows that move down valleys and can move
beneath the water, to dilute flows that extend over
mountains and can move across water
Pyroclastic surge – low-concentration density that
can expand over hills and valleys like hurricanes

Effects of sinkholes Pyroclastic flows at St. Pierre Martinique in

 can change topography (inland) and divert 1902
streams of underground water(in oceans) 4. Tephra fall – consists of pyroclastic fragments
 Damage to life and property (heavy of any size and origin.
population)  Ash - <2mm
 Toxic chemicals beneath the earth may come  Lapilli – 2-64mm
up to pollute the groundwater  Blocks and bombs - >64mm

Flood Hazards – Jeddah in November 2009
Rockfall hazard – road closures and damage
infrastructure
a. Subsidence and tension cracks in an asphalt
area
Density varies depending on the material which
may be juvenile (formed of magma involved in the
eruption) or accidental (derived from pre-existing
rock)
Tephra fall and ballistic projectiles endanger
life and property by :
 Force of impact of falling fragments
 DRR REVIEWER

 Loss of agricultural lands

 Producing suspensions of fine-grained
particles in air and water
 Carrying of noxious gases, acids, salts, and
close to the vent heat
5. Volcanic gases – magma is molten rock
containing dissolved gases. The most abundant is
water vapor. Other important gases: carbon
dioxide, carbon monoxide, sulfur oxide, hydrogen
sulfide, chlorine, and fluorine

Volcanic gases in 1986 at Lake Nyos suffocated

over 1700 people in a single night

6. Lava flow – rarely threaten human life because

lava usually moves slowly.

Methods for controlling the path of lava flows:

1. Construct barriers and diversion channels
2. Cool advancing front with water
3. Disruption of the source of lava flow by
explosives

Different volcanic hazards

 Subduction volcanoes
 Rift volcanoes
 Hot spot volcanoes

Parameters used to monitor volcanoes:

 Ground deformation
 Seismic activity
 Gases
 Sensory observations

Signs of an impending volcanic eruption

1. Seismicity – volcanic earthquake serves as an
early warning sign
2. Steam activity
3. Crater glow
4. Ground swells
5. Localized landslide
6. Drying up of vegetation
7. Increased temperature
8. Variations in chemical content
9. Drying up od springs

Appropriate measures/ interventions Before,

During, and After a volcanic eruption