Abnormal psychology - study of psychology that deviates from what is considered

normal

Psychopathology - specifically the study mental illness, subset of abnormal

psychology

*mental illness - measurable, theres *physiological manifestation

mental disorder - no measures or proof

Continuum - normality and abnormality are presented on a continuum with the traits
and qualities found in average people in greater degree than in abnormal individual

*exteme = distinct abnormal

Norms of normality
-state of perfection
-level of adjustment
-reality resting
-behavior control
-self-worth
-self-awareness
-social relationships
-effective functioning

Creiteria for Abnormality - circumstances or context (ex. age/gender) sorrounding a

behavior influences whether the behavior is normal/abnormal.

1. social norm
-views that behaviors can only be abnormal relative to cultural norms (no universal
standards/rules)
- same sex relationships are taboo from a certain year/certain society
- this views (cultural standars) changes because of science

2. Statistical Frequency
- if behavior is rare in the population is considered abnormal

3. Maladaptive Behavior
- behvaior is considered abnormal or psychologically damaging if it interferes with
the individual's ability to function in their personal life/society
- the flaw is some individual who possess such behavior could be highly functional
in society too

4 D's Model of abnormality

1. Deviance
= extremly different, unusual or bizarre = abnormal (at least one)

2. Distress
- unpleasant and upsetting to the person or to people around them

3. Dysfunction
-interferes the ability to conduct daily activities for the person

4. Danger
- posing risk to self/others

*exibhiting such can be considered/basis to abnormality

Ethological Theories of Mental Disorder

3 General Theories of Etiology

1. Supernatural
- attribute mental illness through possession of evil, demonic spirits, displeasure
of gods, eclipses, planetary gravitation, curses and sin

2. Somatogenic
- physical disturbances results either illnesse, genetic inheritance etc

3. Psychogenic
- theories focuses on traumatic events, maladaptive

Trephination - an example of the earliest supernatural explanation for mental

illness, examination of prehistoric skulls from 6500 BC indentify surgical drilling
to the skull to treat mental disorders

Ancient Beliefs

Chinese
- concept of complementary positive and negative bodily forces or "Yin and Yang"
- somatogenic theory
- one must have a harmonious life that will allow proper balance

Hysteria
-Mesopotamian and Egytian
- Described women suffering from mental illness as a result of a wandering uterus
- employed smoatogenic treatment of strong smelling substances to guide uterus back
to its proper location

Classical Antiquity
- the return to supernational theories of demonic possession etc
- treatment ask god for forgiveness

Humorism
- Around 400 BC attempted to separate superstition and believed that a deficiency
or excess on the four essential bodily fluids (blood, yellow bile, black bile and
phlegm) was responsible for physical and mental illnesses
- Categories: Melancholic, Choleric, Phlegmatic, Sanguine (Humors)
- somatogenic explanation

Middle Ages

Witch Hunting
- 13th century, mentally ill especiallty women began to be persecuted as witches
who are possessed
- Malleus Maleficarum (1486) a manual to guode witch haunts
- Weyer and Scot tried to convince people that these women are not witches but
people who have mental illnesses and this is not due to demonic possession but to
daulty metabolism and disease

Asylums
- to hosue and confine the mentally ill
- also houses the poor, homeless, the unemployed and the criminal
- very inhumane, because they view people with mental health problems as incapable
of reasoning, no physical sensitivity, etc and treats them like animals
- animalism
- psychogenic approach
Contermporary Approaches

Moral Treatments
- humanitarian view of mental illness
- Chiarughi free the patients and encouraged them to attain good hygiene and
recreational and occupational training
- Pussin created a "traitement moral" the does likewise as Chiarughi
- Tuke established the York Retreat in 1796, patients were treated as guess
- Dix saw the neglegence of the asylyums in american and began to advocate

Mental Hygiene
- Beers published a memoir "A Mind That Found Itself"
- basis is germ theory

Mesmerism
- somatogenic vs psychogenic
- Mesmer influenced the belief that it is all caused by imbalances of magnetic
influids

Cathartic Method
- method of releasing strong emotion through catharsis

Psychotherapies
- psychoanalysis was the domiant psychogenic treatment for mental illness during
the first half of 20th century
- the efficacy in treating mental illness is due to shares factors among approaches

Psychotropic Medications
- in the mid 20th century
- restraints, electro-conclusive shock theraphy, and lobotomies continues to be
employed in american state institutions until 1970
- pharmaceutical companies come up ways to treat mental illnesses

Biopsychosocial Model
- explaining human behavior without the use of theories
- Sociocultural factors (sociopolitical or economic)

Diagnostic & Satistical Manual

- common language among researchers
classification systhem with agreed-upom definitions of psychological disorgers
-psychological disorders that centered arounf a pattern of symptoms suggesting of
an underlying psychological cause