Aly Designation: C29/C29M - 09 Standard Test Method for Bulk Density (“Unit Weight”) and Voids in Aggregate’ “This andar isied erte ed destion C2 them nme lowing the designation intrest your of ttl lpn he an a evs, the es at evo, A een eines eae te ye bt apa A “epee ects ltl cng ice he trv or apg 1s standard as Ben erie for By ance he Dare ef Dee 1. Scope LLL This test method covers the determination of bulk density Cunit weight”) of aggregate in a compacted ot loose condition, and calculated voids between panicles in fine, jours, of mixed aggregates based on the same determination, This test mothod is applicable to aggregates not excoeding 125 ‘mm (5 in] in nominal maximum size ‘Nowe Unit weighs the tata ermiology wie to describe the preety dated by his tes mets which s weigh pun vlame {omore cme. mis per unk volume or densi) 1.2 The values stated in ether SI units or inch-pound units are to be regarded separately as standard, as appropriate for a specification with which tis test method is used, An exception is with regard to sieve sizes and nominal size of aggregate, in which the SI values are the standard as stated in Specification EIL. Within the text, inch-pounel units are shossn in brackets, The values stated in each system may not be exact equivalents; therefore, each system shall be used independently ofthe other. Combining values from the two systems may result in non- conformance with the standard 1.3 This standard does not purport to adddvess all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with is use. Tr Is the responsibilty of the user ofthis standard to establish appro- priate sajery and health practices and determine the applica- bility of regulatory limitations prion 0 use. 2. Referenced Documents 2.1 ASPM Standards? C125 Terminology Relating to Concrete and Concrete Ag- aregates 127 Test Method for Density, Relative Density (Speci Gravity), and Absorption of Coarse Aggregate Conc nd Conte Areas an the Sie responsi sf Sabon 160020 e9 wma! Woh Asse ‘Caren eon sped Ds. 208, Pabised our 2010, Oily spond La pcs hn pond 207 CCIM DOL yt AST Cane Si wa A ok A THe ASTM wot, C128 Test Method for Density, Relative Density (Specific Gravity), and Absorption of Fine Aggregate CIB8/CI38M Test Method for Density (Unit Weight Yield, and Air Content (Gravimetric) of Concrete €670 Practice for Preparing Precision and Bias Statements {or Test Methods for Construction Materials, C702. Practice for Reslucing Samples of Aggregate to Test ing Size 75 Practice for Sampling Agerezates D128 Terminology Relating to Textiles E11. Specification for Woven Wire Tes Sieve Cloth and Test, ‘Sieves 2.2 AASHTO Standard: TIO/I9M Method of Test for Unit Weight and Voids in Agaregate™ 3. Terminology 3.1 Definitions Definitions are in accordance with Termi- nology C125 unless otherwise indicated 3.1.1 bulk density. n—of agaregate, the mass of & unit volume of bulk aggregate material, in which the volume includes the volume of the individual particles and the volume ‘of the voids between the particles. Expressed in kg/m? [Ibi] 3.1.2 unit weigh, n—weight (mass) per unit volume. (Dep: recated term used-preferred term bulk density.) 3.1.2.1. Discussion—Weight i equal tothe mass ofthe body rnultiplied by the acceleration due to gravity. Weight may be ‘expressed in absolute units (newton, poundals) or in gravita- tional units (kgf Ib) for example: on the surface of the earth, a body with a mass of 1 kg has @ weight of | kgf (appro. rately 9.81 N), or a body with a mass of | Ib has @ weight of 1 Ibf (approximately 4.45 N or 32.2 poundals). Since weight is ‘equal (0 mas times the acceleration due to gravity, the weight ‘of a body will vary with the location where the weight is ‘determined, while the mass ofthe body remains constant. On ‘the surface of the earth, the force of gravity imparts toa body is free to fall an acceleration of approximately 9.81 mvs? [322 fs". pis vale fom American Acton of Sate Highway and Tanspnaton vt (AASHTO), 444. Cap St NW, Se 235, Wanting, De 20 hapten casper, "A Summary of Changes section appears atthe ed ofthis standard Ca AST trata 60 aH DFO Bat 7, We Coote, PA SE8 280, Unt Sa,Ay c2arc2em - 09 3.2 Definitions of Terms Specific to This Standant: 32.1 voids, n—in unit volume of aggregate. the space between particles in an aggregate mass no occupied by solid ineral matter. 32.11 Discussian—Voids within particles, either perme- able or impermeable, are not included in voids as determined by this test method, 4. Significance and Use 4.1 This test method is often used to determine bulk density values that are necessary for use for many methods of selecting proportions for concrete mixtures 42 The bulk density also may be used for determining ‘mass/volume relationships for conversions in purchase agsee- us. However, the relationship between degree of compac- tion of aggregates in a hauling unit or stockpile and that achieved in this test method is unknown, Further, aggregates in hauling units and stockpiles usually contain absorbed and surface moisture (the ltter affecting bulking), while this test ‘method determines the bulk density on a dry basis, 443. A procedure is included for computing the percentage of void between the aggrezate particles based on the bulk density determined by this test method, 5. Apparatus 5.1 Balonce—A balance or scale aeurate within 0.1 % of the test load at any point within the range of use, graduated to at Teast 0.05 g [0.1 Th]. The range of use shall he considered to extend fom the mass of the measure empty tothe mass of the measure ps is contents at 1920 kfm [120 lv 2 Tunping Rod—A round, straight steel ro, 16 mm [% in] in diameter and appeoximaiely 600 mm [24 in] in length, having the tamping end, or both ends, rounded ta hemispher cal tip, the diameter of which is 16 mm [in 5.3 Measure—A cylindrical metal measure, preferably pro- vided with handles. Te shall be watenigh, wih the 1p and boston tr and even, and sulcently rigid to retain its form under rough usage. The measuze shall have & height approx satly equal to the diameter, but in no cas shall the height be less than 80% nor more than 150% of the diameter. The capacity ofthe measure shall conform tothe limits in Table | for the aggregate size o be tested. The thickness of metal inthe measure shall be as described in ‘Table 2. The top rim shall be Smooth and plane within 0.25 mm {001 in, and shall be Paallel to the hotiom within 0.8" (See Note 2). The interoe ‘wall ofthe measure shall bea smooth and continuous surface ‘TABLE 1 Capacity of Measures SS ‘Capen a eoure* om © == 125 ve OmtzaRE) Bo : Soecatea) as bs bower E 5) Coe pa) 06 + coop} ie 5 __croo fro, The nsed aie of mance sal be uae ow aaregeies oa none treasure val vo a est 955 oe nial volume Ins ‘TABLE 2 Requirements for Messures nn ee te Wien 50mm 80mm 80mm ore 80L tt bam nm Samm Sera isbrd Bon tenn Eom Oawetsk id bam ade, are Surgepiomind osm 090% azo, 7h wad thease wpe porn of ho wal hay be cand BY plac arrferceg band cand ht to meas Nowe 2—The top rim is saisctonly plane if a .25-mm (001-in) fecler gage canot be inserted between the rim and 2 piece of 6mm [Vein o hicker plate glass lid over the measure. Te top and hotom ae stsatoily parallel if the slope between pices of plate glass in ‘ntl wt the top and botom dees no exc 0.87% nny etn, 5.3.1 If the measure is to also be used for testing for bulk density of freshly-mixed concrete according to Test Methad CISS/CIS8M, the measure shall be made of steel or other suitable metal not readily subject 0 attack by cement paste Reactive materials, such as aluminum alloys are permitted, ‘where as a consequence ofan initial eaetion, a surface film is formed which protects the metal against Turther corrosion 5.3.2 Measures larger than nominal 28 L [1 1") capacity shall be made of steel for rigidity, or the minimum thicknesses ‘of metal listed in Table 2 shall be suitably increased, 5.4 Shovel or Scoop—A shovel or scoop of convenient size for filling the measure with aggregate 35 Calibration Equipment 55.1 Plate Glass—A piece of plate glass, atleast 6 mm [1 jn thick and atleast 25 mum [1 in] larger than the diameter of the measure to he calibrated. 5.5.2 Grease—A supply of water-pump, chassis, or similar ‘erease 3.5.3 Thermometer—A thermometer having a range of at Teast 10 to 32 °C [50 to 90 °F] and that is readable to at Feast 05°C [1 "Fh 554 Balance—A balance as described in 5.1. 6. Sampling. 6.1 Obiain the sample in accordance with Practice D7S, and reduce to test sample size in accordance with Practice C702 7. Test Sample 7.1. The size of the sample shall be approximately 125 10 200 % of the quantity required to fill he measure, and shall be handled in a manner to avoid segregation. Dry the aggregate sample to essentially constant mass, preferably in an oven MO = 5 °C [230 = 9 °F} ‘8. Calibration of Measure 8.1 Measures shall be recalibrated at least once a year or Whenever there is reason to question the accuracy” of the calibration. 82 Determine the mass of the plate glass and measure the nearest 0.05 kg. [0.1 Ib.@Qy c2siczen—08 83 Place a thin layer of grease on the rim of the measure prevent leakage of water from the measure 8.4 Fill the measure with water that is at room temperature and cover with the plate glass in such a way as to eliminate bubbles ane! excess water. Remove any water that may have ‘overflowed onto the measure of plate glass. 85 Determine the mass of the water, plate glass, and measure 10 the nearest 0.05 kg [0.1 Ib] 8.6 Measure the temperature of the water 0 the nearest 05 °C [1 °F] and determine its density from Table 3, imexpolating if necessary. 8.7 Caleulae the volume, V, of the measure, Alternatively calculate the facto, , forthe measure Now 3Forthe calculation of balk deity; the volume ofthe measare in ST units should be expresied in cubic mete, othe factor a Ie Hoover, for comeniene the size ofthe measite may he expres in lites, 9, Selection of Procedure 9.1 The shoveling procedure for loose bulk density shall be used only when specifically stipulated. Otherwise, the compact bulk density shall be determined by the rodding procedure for aggregates having a nominal maximum size of 37.5 mm [1% in. 0€ less, or by the jigging procedure for agoregates hhaving a nominal maximum size greater than 37.5 mm [19 in, and not exceeding 125 mu [5 ia. 10, Rodding Procedure 10.1 Fill the measure one-third full and Jevel the surface with the fingers. Rod the layer of aggregate with 25 strokes of the tamping rod evenly distibuted ver the surface. Fill the measure two-thirds full and again level and rod as above Finally, fil the measure to exerflowing and rod again in the ‘manner previously mentioned. Level the surface of the aggre- gate with the fingers or a straightedge in such a way that any slight projections ofthe larger pieces of the coarse aggregate approximately balance the larger voids inthe surface below the top of the measure, 10.2 In rodding the first layer, do not allow the rod to strike the bottom of the measure forcibly. In rodding the second and third layers, use vigorous effort, but not more foree than t0 cause the tamping rod t penetrate to the previous layer of agaregate. Nowe 4a wdding the lng ies of couse agargat it may nee be posible to pence the Iyer being comida especialy with angler !gsrepates The inet ofthe procedure will be accomplished if vigorous ifr is sed TABLE 3 Density of Water oe som von 20 Re core ame ar % 650 wz En Ss 89 ese 10,3 Determine the mass of the measure plus its contents, tnd the mass ofthe measure alone, and record the values to the nearest 0.05 kg [0.1 Ib). 11 Jigging Procedure 1 Fillthe measure in three approximately equal layers as described in 10.1, compacting cach layer by placing the measure on u firm base, such as a cementeonerete floor, rising the opposite sides alternately about 50 mm [2 in, and allowing the measure to drop in such a manner as to it with a sharp, slapping blow. The aggregate particles, by this proce- dure, will amange themselves in & densely compacted cont tion. Compact each layer by dropping the measure 50 times in the manner described, 25 times on each side. Level the surface ‘of the aggregate withthe fingers or a straightedge in such a way that any slight projections of the larger pieces of the coarse aggregate approximately balance the larger voids in the surface below the top of the measure, 11.2 Determine the mass of the measure plus its contents, andthe mass ofthe measure alone, and record the values to the nearest 0.05 kg [0.1 Ib]. 12, Shoveling Procedure 12.1 Fill the measure to overflowing by means of a shovel ‘0 scoop. discharging the aggregate from a height not to exceed 50 mm [2 in.) above the top of the measure. Exercise care (0 prevent, so far as possible, segregation of the particle sizes of Which the sample is composed. Level the surface of the ageregate with the fingers ofa straightedge in such a way that any slight projections of the larger pieces of the coarse ‘aggregate approximately balance the larger voids in the surface below the top of the measure 12.2 Determine the mass of the measure plus its contents, and the mass ofthe measure alone, and record the values to the nearest 0.05 kg [0.1 Ih 13, Calculation 13.1. Budk Density Calculate the bulk density for the rod ding jigging, or shoveling procedure as follows: MGW o M=G-nxF a where: M~ = bulk density of the aggregate, kg {vf G__ = mass of the aggregate plus the measure, kz [ibl, T= mass of the measur, ky [Ib] V_ = volume of the measure; m* [f° ), and P= factor for measure, m= [i 1.11 The bulk density determined by this test method! is for aggregate in an oven-dry condition. Ifthe bulk density in terms of saturated-surface-dry (SSD) condition is desired, use ‘the exact procedure in this tet method, and then calculate the SSD bulk density using the following formula Mend ~ + (A/00)) ° where: -Msso = bulk density in SSD condition, kg/m [Ibi], andlp c2srczem- 09 4 % absorption, detmiined in accordance with Test Method C127 of Test Method C128, 13.2. Void Content—Calculate the void content in the agere- gate using the bulk density determined by either the roxding, jigging, or shoveling procedure, as follows Voids 1eD|S % W) ~ AS W) o where AM = bulk density ofthe aggregate, kg/m’ [Ib/t"), S- = bulk specific gravity’ (ry basis) as determined in accordance with Test Method C127 or Test Method 128, and W_= density of water, 998 kav’ (62.3 Ib) 133 Volume of Measure—Calcuate the volume of @ mea- sue as follows: v-or- ayo o F=puw-M o whee: V = volume of the measure, m? [f°] W = mass ofthe water, plate slass, and measure, kg [Ib] ML = mass ofthe plate glass and measure, ky [1b] D_ = density of the water for the measured temperature, kg/m? {lb}, and F = factor for the measure, 1m [10°] 14, Report 14.1 Report the results for the bulk density tothe nearest 10 kgim (1 Ib] as follows: 14.11 Bulk density by rodding, or 14.12 Bulk density by jigging, or 14.1.3 Loose bulk density. 142 Report the results for the void content to the nearest 1% as follows: 14.2.1 Voids in aggregate compacted by rodding, %, or 142.2 Voids in aggregate compacted by jigging, %, or 142.3 Voids in loose agarepate,‘. 15, Precision and Bias 15.1 The following estimates of precision for this test method are based oo resulis from the AASHTO Materials Reference Laboratory (AMRL) Proficiency Sample Program, \with testing conducted using this test method and AASHTO. Method T I9/TIOM. There are no signiticant differences be- tween the two test methods. The data are based on the analyses fof moze than 100 pated test results from 40 to 100 laborato- 182 Coarse Aggregate (bulk density): 152.1 Single-Operaior Precision—The_single-operator standard deviation has been found tobe 14 Keyes [0.88 Ib/] (is). Therefore results of to properly conducted tess by the same operator on similar material should not differ by more than 40 kgf [25 Bt] 2s), 152.2 Mulilaboraiory Precsion—The maliilaboratory standard deviation has boen found to be 30 ke/im’ [1.87 Ih] (1s). Therefore, results of two properly conducted tests from two different laboratories on similar material should not differ by more than 85 kglm’ [5.3 Ivf} (2). 15.2.3 These numbers represent, respectively, the (1s) and (02s) limits as deseribed in Practice C670. ‘The precision estimates were obiained from the analysis of AMRL. profi- siency sample data for bulk density by rodding of normal ‘weight aggregates having a nominal maximum aggregate size ‘of 25.0 mim [1 in, and using a 14 [| measure, 153 Fine Agaregate (bulk density): 15.3.1 Single-Operaior Precision—The single-operator standard deviation has boen found to be 14 ken” [0.88 Ih] (Is). Therefore, results of to properly conducted tess by the same operator on similar material should not differ by more than 40 kgs’ (2.5 Bf’} (2s), 153.2 Mubilaboraiory Precision—The multlaboratory standard deviation has been found be 44 kyr’ [2.76 Ih (is). Therefore, reslls of two properly conducted ess fom two different laboratories on similar material should not differ by more than 125 kg/m’ [78 Ibvt](€2s) 15.33 These numbers represent, respectively, the (Is) and (42s) limits as described in Practice. C670, ‘The precision estimates were oblined from the analysis of AMRL profi- ciency sample data for loose bulk density from laboratories using a 28-4 [Yo-t] measure. 184 No precision data on void content are availble However, as the void content in aggregate is calculated from bulk density and bulk specific gravity, the precision of the voids content reflets the precision of these measured param- ters given in 15.2 and 15.3 of this test method and in Test Methods C127 and C128, 155 Bias —The procedure in this test method for measuring bulk density and void comtent has no bias because the values for bulk density and void content can be defined only in terms ‘ofa test method. 16. Keywords 16.1 aggregates; bulk density; coase aggregate; density; fine aggregate; unit weight: voids in aggregateslp c2vrczem—o9 SUMMARY OF CHANGES Committee C09 has identified the location of selected changes 10 this test method since the last issue, (€29/C29M = 07, that may impact the use of this test method. 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