LKM111 01 PDF

For the Purpose of Teaching and Learning LKM111 – Malay Language and Malaysia Culture
@School of Languages, Literacies and Translation USM
Course Objective
This pronunciation course will focus on helping students develop the ability to identify and
produce Malay language key sounds as well as to enhance the speaking abilities of LKM111
(Malaysian Culture And Malay Language) students. Increase self-confidence in the way you
speak and discover your own strengths and weaknesses with certain sound patterns due to the
influence of your native language.
Module outcomes
By the end of the course, we hope that you will be able to:
 gain a foundational understanding of the sound system of Malay language vowels and
consonants, including diphthongs, double vowels and consonant clusters.
 recognize the correspondences between Malay language spelling and pronunciation.
 apply the rules for linking and blending consonants and vowel sounds across words.
 use strategies to achieve comprehensible pronunciation in language and culture
contexts.
Materials
 This module should take about 3.5 hours to study.
 Four videos are included to review pronunciation techniques.
 Download reading material provided (only for reference to support and enhance your
learning experience).
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Introduction
There are some common features between the Malay language and English language. Firstly,
Malay language is a phonetic language and it is written in Roman characters. Secondly, all syllables
in the Malay language are pronounced almost equally and it is thus, considered as a non-tonal
language. In general, there are six (6) vowels and 21 consonants in Malay language.
BUNYI VOKAL
Vowel Sounds
There are six pure vowels in Malay language [a], [e pepet], [e taling], [i], [o] and [u]. In Malay
language all syllables are generally stressed equally.
The vowel [a] is pronounced as aa, as in far.

Malay word Malay Pronunciation English meaning
saya [sa + ya] I
nama [na + ma] name
apa [a + pa] what
tiga [ti + ga] three
anak [a +naʡ] child
bakul [ba +kul] basket
The vowel [e] in Malay language is problematic for a beginner because it has two distinct sounds
with no specific indication in writing system. Learners need to listen to Malay native speakers to
know which types of [e] should be use in every single word.
The vowel [e] in closed syllables i.e., the first sound is pronounced as err as in cinema, under,
father. This is the most common [e] sound in Malay language which is referred to as e pepet.
Malay word Malay pronunciation English meaning
emak [e + ma ʡ] mother
belut [be + lut] eel
petang [pe + tang] evening
empat [em + pat] four
kerja [ker + ja] work
enjin [en +jin] engine
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The vowel [e] in open syllables i.e., the second sound is pronounced as ay as in medical, memory,
bed. This is referred to as the e taling.

ekor [e + kor] tail
belot [be + lot] betray
meja [me + ja] table
enak [e + naʡ] delicious
beza [be+ za] different
kempen [kem +pen] campaign
From Module 2 to Module 3 an acute accent [é] will be used to indicate this second sound.
Note: An acute accent [é] is only used as a guide for learners of this course. You should never
use it in your writing and this accent does not mark stress in a word, as it does in some
languages.
Words in Malay language would also consist of both sounds of the vowel [e]. The first sound is e-
pepet and the second sound is e-taling.

bendera [ben +dé + ra] flag
kerenah [ke + ré + nah] behaviour
kereta [ke + ré + ta] car
mereka [me + ré + ka] they
sengketa [seng +ké + ta] conflict
The vowel [i] is pronounced as ee as in feet.

ini [i + ni] this
kiri [ki + ri] left
pipi [pi + pi] cheek
lima [li + ma] five
ikan [i +kan] fish
sikat [si + kat] comb
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The vowel [o] is pronounced as o as in no.

bola [bo + la] ball
boleh [bo + léh] can, may
roti [ro + ti] bread
otak [o + taʡ] brain
bomba [bom + ba] fireman
ombak [om +baʡ] wave
The vowel [u] is pronounced as uu as in zoo.

buku [bu + ku] book
itu [i + tu] that
bulan [bu + lan] moon / month
gula [gu + la] sugar
udang [u + dang] shrimp/prawn
satu [sa + tu] one
BUNYI KONSONAN
Consonant Sounds
Consonants are produced by pushing air up from the lungs and out through the mouth and/or
nose. Airflow is disrupted by obstructions made by various combinations of vocal articulator
movements, so that audible friction is produced.
They are described in terms of (1) voicing, (2) place of articulation and (3) manner of articulation.
Voicing refers to the presence or absence of vocal vibration during speech sound production. In a
voiced sound, there is vocal fold vibration and an audible 'buzzing' sound. In a voiceless sound,
there is no vocal fold vibration.
The place of articulation is the physical location in the vocal tract that a phoneme is produced in,
and the kinds of articulatory movements that are involved in producing a sound. Here is a diagram
of the vocal tract:
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The manner of articulation is related to the degree of closure (complete closure → close
approximation → open approximation).
The table below shows us the three ways of defining vowel sounds. For each cell, voiceless sounds
are on the left, and voiced sounds are on the right. The columns show the place of articulation,
and the rows show the manner of articulation.
Bilabial Labio Alveolar Palate- Hard Velar Uvular Glottal

dental alveolar palate
Plosive p b t d k g q ʡ
Fricative f v s z sy gh kh h
r
Approximant
l
Nasal m n ny ng
Affricate c j
Semi vowel w y
 Bilabial consonants are produced at the lips (e.g. [b]).

 Labio-dental consonants are produced with the lower lip and the upper teeth (e.g. [f]).
 Palate-alveolar consonants are produced with the tip of the tongue and the alveolar ridge
(the hard, bony ridge behind the teeth) (e.g. [s]).
 Hard palate consonants are produced when the tongue is placed between the teeth (e.g.
[sy]).
 Post-alveolar sounds are produced with the tip of the tongue and the roof of the mouth
(specifically, the area in between the alveolar ridge and the soft palate). (e.g. [c], [j]).
 Palatal sounds are produced between the tongue and the hard palate (e.g. [j]).
 Velar sounds are produced between the back of the tongue and the velum (e.g. [k], [g]).
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Generally, the pronunciation of Malay and English language consonants is quite similar with one
or two exceptions. In Malay all syllables are generally stressed equally.
PLOSIVE CONSONANT SOUNDS

Plosives involve a complete closure, where the vocal articulators fully meet, and air flow is stopped.
This creates the 'explosion' of sound when the closure is released, hence the name 'plosive'. The
plosive sounds in Malay language are: [p, b, t, d, k, g]. [b, d, g] are voiced consonants and [p, t, k]
are voiceless consonants.
Consonant [b] is pronounced as in bed.

baru [ba + ru] new
tiba [ti + ba] arrive
adab [a + dab] manners
How does the consonant [b] is produced?

i. The two lips are brought together to make a complete block on the flow of air from the
lungs to the oral cavity.
ii. The soft palate is raised to the back or to the wall of the throat cavity to create a barrier of
air from the lungs to the nasal cavity.
iii. The vocal cords are closed.
iv. Air from the lungs comes out through the mouth cavity by vibrating the vocal cords.
v. The restrictions on the two lips are released immediately.
vi. The sound produced is a consonant plosive of two voiced lips [b].
Consonant [p] is pronounced as in pop.

penat [pe + nat] tired
dapur [da + pur] kitchen
atap [a + tap] roof
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How does the consonant [p] is produced?

i. The two lips are brought together to make a complete block on the flow of air from the
lungs to the oral cavity.
ii. The soft palate is raised to the back or to the wall of the throat cavity to create a barrier of
air from the lungs to the nasal cavity.
iii. Vocal cords are stretched.
iv. Air from the lungs exits to the oral cavity without vibrating the vocal cords.
v. The restrictions on the two lips are released immediately.
vi. The sound produced is the consonant plosive of two voiceless lips [p].
Consonant [d] is pronounced as in dip.

dada [da + da] chest wall
pedang [pe + dang] sword
tekad [té + kad] will-power
How does the consonant [d] is produced?

i. The tip of the tongue is raised close to the gums to make a complete block on the airflow.
ii. The soft palate and the larynx are raised to the back or to the wall of the throat cavity to
close the flow of air to the nasal cavity.
iv. Air flow from the lungs exits through the oral cavity by vibrating the vocal cords.
v. Restrictions made by the tip of the tongue and gums are released immediately.
vi. The sound produced is a voiced gum blast consonant [d].
Consonant [t] is pronounced as in till.

tulis [tu + lis] write
datuk [da + tuʡ] grandfather
lembut [lem + but] soft
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How does the consonant [t] is produced?

i. The tip of the tongue is raised close to the gums to make a complete block on the airflow.
ii. The soft palate and the larynx are raised to the back or to the wall of the throat cavity to
close the flow of air to the nasal cavity.
iv. Air flow from the lungs exits through the oral cavity without vibrating the vocal cords.
v. Restrictions made by the tip of the tongue and gums are released immediately.
vi. The sound produced is a voiceless gum blast consonant [t].
Consonant [g] is pronounced as in good.

gigi [gi + gi] teeth
juga [ju + ga] too/also
monolog [mo + no + log] monologue
How does the consonant [g] is produced?

i. The back of the tongue is close to the soft palate to make a complete block on the airflow.
ii. The soft palate and larynx are closed to the throat cavity to block the flow of air from the
lungs to the nasal cavity.
iv. Air currents from the lungs coming out through the oral cavity vibrate the vocal cords.
v. The air barrier made by the back of the tongue is released immediately.
vi. The sound produced is a voiced soft palate plosive consonant [g].
Consonant [k] is pronounced as in kill with one exception.

kaki [ka + ki] foot
dekat [de + kat] near
bakat [ba + kat] talent
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How does the consonant [k] is produced?

i. The back of the tongue is close to the soft palate to make a complete block on the airflow.
ii. The soft palate and larynx are closed to the throat cavity to block the flow of air from the
lungs to the nasal cavity.
iv. The current of air coming out of the lungs through the mouth cavity without vibrating the
vocal cords.
v. The air barrier made by the back of the tongue is released immediately.
vi. The sound produced is a voiceless soft palate plosive consonant [k].
Exception: When consonant [k] occurs at the end of a word or is followed by a consonant, it is
always pronounced as a glottal stop [ʡ]. Thus, it is pronounced very lightly that it appears as if it is
not pronounced at all.

kakak [ka + kaʡ] elder sister
lemak [le + maʡ] fat/fatty
tidak [ti + daʡ] no
rakyat [raʡ + yat] populace
takraw [taʡ + raw] takraw
How does the glottis [ʡ] is produced?

i. The soft palate and larynx are raised to the back or the wall of the larynx cavity to create a
barrier of air from the lungs to the nasal cavity.
ii. The vocal cords are brought together as closely as possible.
iii. The air flow that comes out of the lungs is left stuck in the close part of the vocal cords.
iv. Air is blocked by the closure of the vocal cords without vibrating the vocal cords.
v. The sound produced is the glottis fiber [ʡ].
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AFFRICATE CONSONANT SOUNDS

There are two types of affricate consonants in the Malay language, the voiceless hard-gum palatal
burst [c] and the voiced hard-gum palatal burst [j].
Consonant [c] is pronounced as in cheap. It is never pronounced as the English [k].

cinta [chin + ta] love
cari [cha +ri] search
baca [ba + cha] read
kunci [kun + chi] key
Mac [mach] March
koc [koch] coach
How does the consonant [c] is produced?

i. The front of the tongue is raised close to the hard palate to create a barrier to airflow.
ii. The soft palate and larynx are raised back or against the wall of the throat cavity to create
a barrier against the flow of air from the lungs to the nasal cavity.
iv. Air flow from the lungs through the oral cavity without vibrating the vocal cords.
v. The air trapped by the front of the tongue with the hard palate is released slowly.
vi. The sound produced is a voiceless hard palate eruption consonant [c].
Consonant [j] is pronounced as in jail.

jalan [ja + lan] walk/road
hujan [hu +jan] rain
imej [i + méj] image
How does the consonant [j] is produced?

i. To produce the voiced gum hard palate burst consonant [j] is the same as producing the
voiceless gum hard palate burst consonant sound [c], the difference is:
ii. The vocal cords are closed.
iii. The air stream that comes out of the lungs passes through the mouth cavity by vibrating
the vocal cords.
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FRICATIVE CONSONANT SOUNDS

Fricatives involve a close approximation, where the vocal articulators do not fully meet, and air flow
is forced through a narrow passage. This creates the friction sound, hence the name 'fricative'. The
fricative sounds in Malay language are [f, v, s, z, sy, kh, gh]. Consonant [h] and consonant [s] are
originally from the Malay language and the rest are from other languages such as English and
Arabic.
Consonant [h] is pronounced as in hot.

hari [ha + ri] day
tahap [ta +hap] stage/level
bersih [ber + sih] clean
How does the consonant [h] is produced?

i. The consonant [h] is produced in the same way as the gum friction consonant [s] except
that the constriction is done on the glottis.
ii. The vocal cords are not vibrated.
Consonant [s] is pronounced as in son.

susu [su + su] milk
basuh [ba +suh] wash
malas [ma + las] lazy
How does the consonant [s] is produced?

i. The front of the tongue is raised to the gums to create a constriction in the air stream.
ii. The soft palate and uvula are raised to the back of the throat cavity to block the flow of air
from the lungs to the nasal cavity.
iv. Air flow from the lungs through the oral cavity without vibrating the vocal cords.
v. Air escapes through the narrow front of the tongue and gums to produce the voiceless gum
friction consonant [s].
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Consonant [f] is pronounced as in fat.

faham [fa + ham] understand
sifar [si +far] zero
huruf [hu + ruf] letters
How does the consonant [f] is produced?

i. The lower lip is close to the upper teeth to make a narrow.
ii. The soft palate and larynx are raised close to the back of the throat cavity to create a
barrier of air from the lungs to the nasal cavity.
iii. The vocal cords are stretched and not vibrated.
iv. The air stream that leaves the lungs through the mouth cavity is allowed to shift in the
narrow area.
v. The sound produced is the friction of the lips and teeth without sound [f].
Consonant [v] is pronounced as in vision.

vila [vi + la] villa
universiti [u + ni +ver + si + ti] university
How does the consonant [v] is produced?

i. To produce lip friction of voiced teeth [v] is the same as producing lip friction of unvoiced
teeth [f], the difference is:
ii. The vocal cords are closed and vibrated.
iii. The sound produced is the friction of the lips of the vocal teeth [v].
Consonant [z] is pronounced as in zone.

zaiton [zai + ton] olive
muzik [mu +ziʡ] music
kuiz [ku + wiz] quiz
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How does the consonant [z] is produced?

i. The tip of the tongue is raised and slightly touches the gum area.
ii. The soft palate and larynx are raised to the back of the throat cavity to block the flow of air
iii. The air stream that leaves the lungs exits through the oral cavity and passes through the
narrowing between the tongue and the gums.
iv. The vocal cords are vibrated.
v. The sound produced is the friction of the voiced gums [z].
APPROXIMANT CONSONANT SOUNDS

Approximants involve an open approximation, where the vocal articulators are still close but not
enough to create friction. The approximant sounds in Malay language are [r, l].
Consonant [r] is pronounced as in run.

rumah [ru + mah] house
keras [ke +ras] hard
lebar [lé + bar] broad/wide
How does the consonant [r] is produced?

i. The tip of the tongue is applied to the gums.
ii. The soft palate and the larynx are raised behind the nasal cavity.
iv. Air flow through the oral cavity vibrates the tip of the tongue.
v. The sound produced is a voiced gum vibration consonant [r].
Consonant [l] is pronounced as in tell.

lampu [lam + pu] lamp
kilat [ki +lat] lightning
pukul [pu + kul] hit/beat
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How does the consonant [l] is produced?

i. The tip of the tongue is raised to the center of the gum to create a barrier.
ii. The soft palate and larynx are raised to the back of the throat cavity to block the flow of air
iv. Air currents from the lungs exit through the oral cavity by vibrating the vocal cords.
v. Air flow is allowed to exit through the edge of the tongue only.
vi. The sound produced is a voiced gum lateral consonant [l].
NASAL CONSONANT SOUNDS

Nasal sounds are produced by air coming out through the nose and mouth. The nasal sounds in
Malay language are [m, n, ny, ng].
Consonant [m] is pronounced as in man.

makan [ma + kan] eat
timun [ti +mun] cucumber
salam [sa + lam] shaking of hands
How does the consonant [m] is produced?

i. The lower lip and upper lip are brought together to create a barrier to air flow.
ii. The soft palate and larynx are lowered to allow airflow from the lungs to the nasal cavity.
iii. Air flow from the lungs enters the oral cavity and continues to the nasal cavity.
iv. The vocal cords are closed to make vibrations.
v. Air flow is released slowly.
vi. The sound produced is a two-lip voiced nasal consonant [m].
Consonant [n] is pronounced as in nine.

nanas [na + nas] pineapple
panas [pa +nas] hot
lapan [la + pan] eight
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How does the consonant [n] is produced?

i. The tip of the tongue is raised to the gum(s) to create an air barrier.
ii. The soft palate or larynx is lowered to allow air flow from the lungs to the nasal cavity.
iv. Air flow from the lungs through the oral cavity directly to the nasal cavity.
v. Air flow is released slowly.
vi. The sound produced is a voiced gum nasal consonant [n].
SEMI-VOWEL CONSONANT SOUNDS

Semi-vowels are defined as independent vowel-glides in which the speech-organs start by forming
a close or fairly close vowel and immediately move to another vowel of greater prominence, the
initial vowel-position is not held on for any appreciable time. It is the rapid gliding nature of these
sounds, combined with the use of rather weak force of exhalation, that renders them consonantal.
In Malay language there exist two semivowels; they are represented phonetically by the letter [w]
and [y].
Consonant [w] is pronounced as in win.

warna [war + na] colour
lewat [lé + wat] late
ketawa [ke + ta + wa] laugh
takraw [taʡ + raw] takraw
How does the consonant [w] is produced?

i. Lips are rounded
ii. The back of the tongue is raised to the soft palate.
iii. The soft palate is raised to the back of the throat cavity.
iv. The vocal cords are vibrated and the tongue moves rapidly into position to produce the
middle vowel [ә].
v. The sound produced is a semi-vowel with two lips voiced [w].
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Consonant [y] is pronounced as in yes.

yoga [yo + ga] yoga
yatim [ya + tim] orphan
bayang [ba +yang] shadow
payah [pa + yah] *Have various meanings
How does the consonant [y] is produced?

i. The front of the tongue is raised high towards the gums.
ii. Lips are spread.
iii. The vocal chords are vibrated as the tongue moves quickly into position to produce the
middle vowel [a].
iv. The soft palate is raised to the back of the throat cavity.
v. The sound produced is a half-voiced hard palate vowel [y].
BORROWED CONSONANTS IN MALAY LANGUAGE

Consonant [q] is a voiceless uvular plosive consonant sound in Malay language. It sounds the same
as [k], only the tongue touches the uvula, not the soft palate. In Malay language, voiceless uvular
plosive [q] are borrowed from Arabic.
Consonant [q] is pronounced as in character.

al-Quran [al + kur + an] al-Quran
wuquf [wu + kuf] standing1
Consonant [x] only occurs in a few words borrowed from other languages. It is pronounce as the
same as the origin language.
xenon [zé + non] xenon
x-ray [eks + ray] x-ray
xilofon [zi + lo + fon] xylophone
1 On the first day of Hajj, pilgrims must circle around the Kaaba seven times, while praying and asking God for forgiveness. On the
second, Pilgrims perform 'Wuquf' (meaning standing in Arabic) as they venture to the mountain of Arafat and remain on their feet from
sunrise to sunset.
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BUNYI DIFTONG
Diphthong Sounds
Diphthong sounds are a combination of two vowels and pronounced as one syllable. There are only
three (3) diphthong sounds in Malay language [ai], [au] and [oi].
The diphthong [ai] is pronounced as ie, as in tie.

Malay English Pronunciation
misai moustache [mi + sai]
kedai shop [ke + dai]
pantai beach [pan+ tai]
The diphthong [au] is pronounced as ou, as in cow.

pulau island [pu + lau]
hijau green [hi + jau]
kemarau drought [ke +ma +rau]
The diphthong [oi] is pronounced as oy, as in toy.

amboi wow [am + boi]
boikot boycott [boi + kot]
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BUNYI VOKAL GANDA

Double Vowel Sounds
Double vowel sounds are when two vowel letters [a, e, i, o, u] sit side by side in a word, but the
pronunciation is separated based on their syllabic sounds.
Double Vowel Malay word Malay pronunciation English meaning

maaf [ma + af] sorry
aa
taat [ta +at] loyal
air [a + yir] water

ai
baik [ba + yiʡ] fine/good
laut [la + wut] sea

au
daun [da +wun] leaf
piano [pi + ya + no] piano

ia
mutiara [mu + ti + ya + ra] pearl
biola [bi +yo +la] violin

io
radio [ra + di +yo] radio
cium [ci + yum] kiss/kisses

iu
periuk [pe + ri + yuʡ] saucepan/cooker
dua [du +wa] two

ua
puan [pu + wan] madam
duit [du +wit] money

ui
buih [bu +wih] bubble
From Module 2 to Module 4 words with double vowels will be underlined to distinguish it from
the diphthong words.
Note: The underlined words are only used as a guide for learners of this course. You should
never use it in your writing and this accent does not mark stress in a word, as it does in some
languages.
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BUNYI DUA KONSONAN

Consonant Cluster Sounds
There are five consonant clusters of [gh, kh, ng, ny, and sy] in Malay language with each
combination symbolises a consonant sound.
The consonant cluster [gh] is pronounced as in ‫( غ‬ghayn) as in Arabic or Paree (Paris) as in French.
In Malay, words containing the letter [gh] are Arabic loanwords.
ghazal [gha + zal] the rhythm of Malay songs that
have elements of Arabic music
loghat [lo + ghat] twang/dialect
baligh [ba + ligh] puberty
How does the consonant cluster [gh] is produced?

i. The vocal cords are vibrated.
ii. The sound produced is the friction of the soft voiced palate.
The consonant cluster [kh] is pronounced as in ‫( خ‬Ḫāʾor Khā) in Arabic, or as in loch in Scots, or
as in bach in German. In Malay, words containing the letter [kh] are Arabic loanwords.
Khamis [kha + mis] Thursday
ikhlas [ikh + las] sincere
syeikh [syei + kh] Arab chief, Muslim leader
or scholar
How does the consonant cluster [gh] is produced?

i. The back of the tongue is raised and brought closer to the throat cavity to create a
constriction.
ii. The soft palate and larynx are raised into the throat cavity to create a barrier for air from
the lungs to enter the nasal cavity.
iii. The air stream coming out of the lungs is allowed to shift in the narrow area behind the
tongue and soft palate.
iv. The vocal cords are not vibrated.
v. The sound produced is a voiceless soft palate friction.
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The consonant cluster [ng] is pronounced as in sing or long in English. The ‘g’ is not pronounced
separately as in English ‘longer’ [long-ger]
ngeri [nge + ri] horrify
bunga [bu + nga] flower
dulang [du + lang] tray
How does the consonant cluster [ng] is produced?

i. The back of the tongue is attached to the soft palate to create a barrier to airflow.
ii. The soft palate and the larynx are lowered to allow air from the lungs to enter the nasal
cavity.
iii. The vocal cords are closed and vibrated.
iv. Air flow from the lungs through the oral cavity and directly into the nasal cavity
v. Air currents blocked by the back of the tongue and soft palate are released slowly.
vi. The sound produced is a soft-voiced nasal nasal consonant.
The consonant cluster [ny] is pronounced as in onion or canyon in English.

nyanyi [nya + nyi] sing
sunyi [su+ nyi] silence
How does the consonant cluster [ny] is produced?

i. The front of the tongue is raised and closes to the hard palate to block the airflow.
ii. The soft palate and the larynx are lowered to make way for the airflow from the lungs to
the nasal cavity.
iii. The voice box is closed and vibrated.
iv. Air flow from the lungs through the oral cavity and directly into the nasal cavity.
v. Air trapped by the front of the tongue and hard palate is released slowly.
vi. The sound produced is a nasal hard palate consonant voiced gum.
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The consonant cluster [sy] is pronounced as in ‫( ش‬sheen) in Arabic or as in shoes in English. In

Malay, most of the words containing the letter [sy] are Arabic loanwords.
syarat [sya + rat] terms/conditions
isytihar [isy+ ti + har] declare/promulgate
How does the consonant cluster [ny] is produced?

i. The front of the tongue is raised between the gums and the hard palate to create a
constriction.
ii. The soft palate and larynx are raised close to the back of the throat cavity to block the flow
of air from the lungs to the nasal cavity.
iii. The air stream that comes out of the lungs through the mouth cavity is allowed to shift in
the narrow front of the tongue and the gums of the hard palate.
iv. The vocal cords are not vibrated.
v. The sound produced is a voiceless hard palate friction [sy].
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Latihan Sebutan ~ Pronunciation Exercises
Awal Tengah Akhir

Abjad
(Front) (Middle) (End)
a / da ka / dar na / ma
a
have rate name
ba / pa cu / ba ar / kib
b
father try archive
cu / ci ba / ca mac
c
wash read march
da / da la / da kad
d
chest pepper card
e / nam pe / nat au / tis / me

six tired autism
se / le / pas se / te / lah se / be / lum

e pepet [e]
after after before
se / ge / ra men / te / ri
instant minister
é / kor lé / hér sa / té
tail neck satay
e taling [é]
ré / méh té / rés sé / ngét
trivial terrace aslant
fa / ham daf / tar draf

f
understand sign up / regsiter draft
gi / gi per / gi beg
g
teeth go bag
gha / ib [gha + yib] magh / rib mu / ba / ligh

gh
unseen / vanish maghrib (dawn) missionary
har / ta sa / ha / bat pa / tah

h
property friend broken
i / kan pi / lih i / ni
i
fish select this
22
Awal Tengah Akhir

Abjad
ja / lan ra / ja ko / lej
j
road/street/walk king college
ka / ki bu / ku a / nak
k
feet / foot / leg book child
khas a / khir ta / rikh

kh
special last / end date
la / gu ba / lik bo / tol
l
song go back bottle
ma / ta lam / pu de / mam
m
eyes lamp fever
na / si ta / nah a / ma / ran
n
rice land / ground / soil warning
un / gu ta / ngan bu / jang
ng
purple hand(s) single / bachelor
nya / muk ba / nyak ta / nya

ny
mosquito many ask
o / rang to / long té / ko
o
people help teapot
pa / gi lu / pa a / sap
p
morning forget smoke
qa / ri taq / wa fa / laq
quranic readers piousness, fear of God, The daybreak
q
(men). love for God, and self-
restraint
ru / mah bi / ru pu / dar
r
house blue fade
su / su sak / si [saʡ + si] pe / das

s
milk witness spicy
sya / bas ma / sya / ra / kat sku / asy [sku + wash]

sy well done / community / society squash
congratulation
23
Awal Tengah Akhir

Abjad
ti / ga ga / tal bu / kit
t
three itch(ing) hill
u / bat bu / lat ra / bu
u
medicine round wednesday
vitamin si / vik
v -
vitamin civic
wang a / wan tak / raw [taʡ + raw

w
money cloud kick volleyball2
yu / ran ka / ya pa / yung
y
fees rich umbrella
za / man la / zat la / faz

z
period /age delicious pronunciation
ai / sing lai / ci ke / dai

ai
icing lychee shop
au / dit sau / da / ra li / mau

au
audit relatives lime
boi / kot kon / voi

oi -
boycott convoy
ma / af ta /at sa / at
aa
sorry loyal second/moment
main [ma + yin] paip [pa + yip] cair [ca + yir]

ai
play pipe melt
jauh [ja + wuh] daun [da + wun] laut [la + wut]

au
far leaf sea
piano [pi + ya +no] mutiara [mu + ti + ya +ra] siapa [si + ya +pa]

ia
piano pearl who
biola [bi + yo + la] radio [ra + di + yo]

io
violin radio
2 A ball game originates from South Asia. It use of a rattan ball, played by three players in a team. In this game, two teams will kick a
ball back and forth over a net using their feet, knee, chest and head to touch the ball.
24
Awal Tengah Akhir

Abjad
suami [su +wa + mi] jual [ju + wal] cuaca [chu+ wa + cha]
ua
husband sell weather
kuil [ku +wil] buih [bu +wih] duit [du +wit]

ui
temple bubble money
25
CARTA SUKU KATA KV

_a _i _u _é _e _o
b ba bi bu bé be bo
c ca ci cu cé ce co
d da di du dé de do
f fa fi fu fé fe fo
g ga gi gu gé ge go
gh gha ghi ghu ghé ghe gho
h ha hi hu hé he ho
j ja ji ju jé je jo
k ka ki ku ké ke ko
kh kha khi khu khé khe kho
l la li lu lé le lo
m ma mi mu mé me mo
n na ni nu né ne no
ng nga ngi ngu ngé nge ngo
ny nya nyi nyu nyé nye nyo
p pa pi pu pé pe po
q qa qi qu qé qe qo
r ra ri ru ré re ro
s sa si su sé se so
sy sya syi syu syé sye syo
t ta ti tu té te to
26
CARTA SUKU KATA KV

_a _i _u _é _e _o
v va vi vu vé ve vo
w wa wi wu wé we wo
y ya yi yu yé ye yo
z za zi zu zé ze zo
27

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For the Purpose of Teaching and Learning LKM111 – Malay Language and Malaysia Culture

@School of Languages, Literacies and Translation USM

The vowel [a] is pronounced as aa, as in far.

Malay word Malay pronunciation English meaning

Malay word Malay pronunciation English meaning

The vowel [i] is pronounced as ee as in feet.

The vowel [o] is pronounced as o as in no.

The vowel [u] is pronounced as uu as in zoo.

Bilabial Labio Alveolar Palate- Hard Velar Uvular Glottal

 Bilabial consonants are produced at the lips (e.g. [b]).

PLOSIVE CONSONANT SOUNDS

Consonant [b] is pronounced as in bed.

How does the consonant [b] is produced?

Consonant [p] is pronounced as in pop.

How does the consonant [p] is produced?

Consonant [d] is pronounced as in dip.

How does the consonant [d] is produced?

Consonant [t] is pronounced as in till.

How does the consonant [t] is produced?

Consonant [g] is pronounced as in good.

How does the consonant [g] is produced?

Consonant [k] is pronounced as in kill with one exception.

How does the consonant [k] is produced?

Malay word Malay pronunciation English meaning

How does the glottis [ʡ] is produced?

AFFRICATE CONSONANT SOUNDS

Consonant [c] is pronounced as in cheap. It is never pronounced as the English [k].

How does the consonant [c] is produced?

Consonant [j] is pronounced as in jail.

How does the consonant [j] is produced?

FRICATIVE CONSONANT SOUNDS

Consonant [h] is pronounced as in hot.

How does the consonant [h] is produced?

Consonant [s] is pronounced as in son.

How does the consonant [s] is produced?

Consonant [f] is pronounced as in fat.

How does the consonant [f] is produced?

Consonant [v] is pronounced as in vision.

How does the consonant [v] is produced?

Consonant [z] is pronounced as in zone.

How does the consonant [z] is produced?

APPROXIMANT CONSONANT SOUNDS

Consonant [r] is pronounced as in run.

How does the consonant [r] is produced?

Consonant [l] is pronounced as in tell.

How does the consonant [l] is produced?

NASAL CONSONANT SOUNDS

Consonant [m] is pronounced as in man.

How does the consonant [m] is produced?

Consonant [n] is pronounced as in nine.

How does the consonant [n] is produced?

SEMI-VOWEL CONSONANT SOUNDS

Consonant [w] is pronounced as in win.

How does the consonant [w] is produced?

Consonant [y] is pronounced as in yes.

How does the consonant [y] is produced?

BORROWED CONSONANTS IN MALAY LANGUAGE

Consonant [q] is pronounced as in character.

The diphthong [ai] is pronounced as ie, as in tie.

The diphthong [au] is pronounced as ou, as in cow.

The diphthong [oi] is pronounced as oy, as in toy.

BUNYI VOKAL GANDA