MODULE 2

ORGANIZATION OF DATA

I. Organize Data into Frequency Distribution

Frequency distribution .. Refers to the grouping of data organized into

categories showing the number of observations in each mutually exclusive
category. A summary of data presented in the form of class intervals and
frequencies.

Example 1.

Table 1.1 60 years of unemployment Data (Raw Data)

2.3 7.0 6.3 11.3 9.6

2.8 7.1 5.6 10.6 9.1
3.6 5.9 5.4 9.7 8.3
2.4 5.5 7.1 8.8 7.6
2.9 4.7 7.1 7.8 6.8
3.0 3.9 8.0 7.5 7.2
4.6 3.6 8.4 8.1 7.7
4.4 4.1 7.5 10.3 7.6
3.4 4.8 7.5 11.2 7.2
4.6 4.7 7.6 11.4 6.8
6.9 5.9 11.0 10.4 6.3
6.0 6.4 12.0 9.5 6.0

Steps in Organizing Data into a Frequency Distribution.

Step 1. Determine the range

Range is the difference between the highest and the lowest number in a
set of data. Based from Table 1.1, the range is (12.0 – 2.3) = 9.7

Step 2.Determine the number of classes it will contain. One rule of thumb
is to select between 5 and 15 classes. To approximate the class width or
size, divide the range by the desired number of classes.

Example, if we decide to have 6 classes, we divide the range by 6,

such as:

9.7 /6 = 1.6; round off the class size to the nearest whole number, such
as, 1.6 is rounded to 2. Therefore the class size of the frequency
distribution will be 2.
Step 3. Tally. The following table summarizes the raw data or the
ungrouped data into a frequency distribution.

Table 1.2 Frequency distribution

Class Interval Tally Frequency
2–3 //// 4
4–5 /////-/////-// 12
6–7 /////-/////-/// 13
8–9 /////-/////-/////-//// 19
10 – 11 /////-// 7
12 - 13 ///// 5
Total 60

Class Midpoint it is the midpoint of each class or sometimes called

as class Mark. It is the value half-way across the class interval and
can be calculated as the average of the two class endpoints:

Example: the class mark of the class 2 – 3 is (2+ 3)/2 = 2.5; the
class mark of the class 4 – 5 is (4 + 5)/2 = 4.5, etc.

Table 1.3 Sample class mark or class midpoint

Class Interval Class Mark (M) Frequency
2–3 2.5 4
4–5 4.5 12
6–7 6.5 13
8–9 8.5 19
10 – 11 10.5 7
12 – 13 12.5 5
Total 60

Relative Frequency is the proportion of the total in any given class

interval in a frequency distribution. Example: the relative frequency
of the frequency 4 is 4/60 or .0667; the relative frequency of 12 is
12/60 = .2000, etc.
 Table 1.4 Example of class mark, Relative frequency and
cumulative frequency
Class Relative Cumulative
Class Frequenc Mark (M) Frequency Frequency
Interval y
2–3 4 2.5 .0667 4
4–5 12 4.5 .2000 16
6–7 13 6.5 .2167 29
8–9 19 8.5 .3167 48
10 – 11 7 10.5 .1167 55
12 – 13 5 12.5 .0833 60
Total 60

The cumulative frequency is a running total of frequencies

through the classes of frequency distribution. Example: based from
table 1.4, the cumulative frequency is 4 + 12 = 16. 16 + 13 = 29;
29 + 19 = 48; 48 + 7 = 55; 55 + 5 = 60.

Example2.

Table 1.5 The average weekly mortgage interest rates for a 40-week
period. (ungrouped data)
7.29 7.23 7.11 6.78 7.47
6.69 6.77 6.57 6.80 6.88
6.98 7.16 7.30 7.24 7.16
7.03 6.90 7.16 7.40 7.05
7.28 7.31 6.87 7.68 7.03
7.17 6.78 7.08 7.12 7.31
7.40 6.35 6.96 7.29 7.16
6.97 6.96 7.02 7.13 6.84

Construct a frequency distribution for these data. Calculate and display

the class midpoints, relative frequency, and cumulative frequency.

Solution:
How many classes should this frequency distribution contain? The
range is (7.86 – 6.35) = 1.33. If 7 classes are used, each class width is
approximately :

Range 133
Class width = = = 0.19
Number of classes 7
 Round off the class width to .20. The first class endpoint or lower
boundary must be a value equal to the smallest value or lower to include
the smallest value. The last endpoint must be equal to or higher to include
the highest value in the set of data.

Table 1.6 Sample of class mark, Relative frequency and cumulative

frequency (based from table 1.5)

Table 1.5. Example of Class Mark, Relative Frequency and Cumulative

Frequency
Class Frequenc Class Mark Relative Cumulative
Interval y (M) Frequency Frequency
6.30 – 6.49 1 6.40 .025 1
6.50 – 6.69 2 6.60 .050 3
6.70 – 6.89 7 6.80 .175 10
6.90 – 7.09 10 7.00 .250 20
7.10 – 7.29 13 7.20 .325 33
7.30 – 7.49 6 7.40 .150 39
7.50 – 7.69 1 7.60 .025 40
Total 40

Lesson 2. Graphical Method

Histogram

Histogram. A graph in which the classes are marked on the horizontal

axis and the class frequencies on the vertical axis. The class frequencies
are represented by the heights of the bars, and the bars are drawn
adjacent to each other.
Table 1. Frequency Distribution Showing the Selling Prices of 80 Vehicles
Selling Prices (Php thousands) Frequency
15 - 18 8
18 - 21 23
21 - 24 17
24 - 27 18
27 - 30 8
30 - 33 4
33 - 36 2

Figure 1. Histogram Showing the Selling Prices of 80 Vehicles

 Chart Title
25

20

15

10

0
15 up to 18 18 up to 21 21 up to 24 24 up to 27 27 up to 30 30 up to 33 33 up to 36

It can be seen from the graph that the following information can be easily
explained.
a. The lowest selling price is Php15,000 and the highest is about
Php36,000
b. The largest number of cars sold is 23 with the selling price ranges from
Php18,000 to Php21,000
c. About 58 out of the 80 vehicles had a selling price between
Php18,000 and Php27,000.
d. There are 22 cars whose selling price ranges between Php27,000 and
Php 36,000.

Pie Graph
Table 1. 2 Selling Prices of 80 vehicles
Selling Prices Frequency Percentage
(Php000)
15 up to 18 8 10
18 up to 21 23 29
21 up to 24 17 21
24 up to 27 18 23
27 up to 30 8 10
30 up to 33 4 5
33 up to 36 2 3

Figure 3. Pie Graph of the Selling Prices of 80 Vehicles

 Selling Prices of Vehicles
2(3%)

4(5%)

( 8(10%)
10(8%)

23(29%
18(23% )
)

17(21%
)

15-18 18-21 21-24 24-27 27-30 30-33 33-36

This Pie Graph illustrates the breakdown of the prices and number of
vehicles sold. It shows the number and corresponding percentage of
vehicles sold in a given price range. This pie graph clearly shows the
relative share of its component and can easily be compared.

Frequency Polygon
Table 3. Selling Prices of 80 Cars
Selling Price Midpoint Frequency
(Php Thousands)
15 up to 18 16.5 8
18 up to 21 19.5 23
21 up to 24 22.5 17
24 up to 27 25.5 18
27 up to 30 28.5 8
30 up to 33 31.5 4
33 up to 36 34.5 2
 Selling Price (Php000)
25

20

15

10

0
13.5 16.5 19.5 22.5 25.5 28.5 31.5 34.5

Figure 2. Frequency Polygon of the Selling Prices of 80 Vehicles