San Jose Community College

San Jose, Malilipot, Albay

General Education 5
MODULE I (PRELIM)
Purposive Communication

This about writing speaking and presenting to different audiences and for
various purposes.

This subject develops students ‘ communicative competence and enhances

their cultural and intercultural awareness through multimodal tasks that provide them
opportunities for communicating effectively and appropriately to a multicultural audience
in a local or global context. It equips students with tools for critical evaluation of a variety
of texts and focuses on the power of language and the impact of images to emphasize the
importance of convey messages responsibly. The knowledge, skills, and insights that
students gain from this course may be used in their other academic endeavors, their
chosen disciplines, and their future career.

Learning Outcomes;

At the end of the lesson the students are expect to:

L O 1 Communication in the Now- where you are PC Students

1.1 Describe the communication process.
1.2 Identify verbal and non-verbal communication.

L O 2. The Nature of Communication : An Overview

2.1 Explain levels and different models of communication.
2.2 Appreciate the impact of communication in the society .

PRE-TEST:
 Select the correct answer from the group of words and phrases that are described by
writing letter only.

a. body language b. empathy c. feedback

d. Frame reference e. message f. nonverbal
communications
g. receiver h. response i. sender
j. verbal communication k. communication process

1. One who gives the message.

2. Perspective taken from one’s life experiences.
3. Person to whom message is sent.
4. Reaction that occurs when message is received.
5. Let the sender know that message was received.
6. Exchange of information from sender to receiver.
7. Communication with words.
8. Communication with signs and symbols.
9. Putting yourself in someone else’s shoes.
10. Nonverbal communication by the use of gestures.

INFORMATION SHEET
Communication is the process which involves a sender who is required to
compose a message that is clear and purposive in order to elicit his intended response. This
sender transfers his message in a formal intelligible to his intended audience which
necessitates him to figure out beforehand the type of his audience. For the same message
to be conveyed effectively, the method/s of sending it is as important as the message itself.
Methods or channels of communication may refer to face-to-face conversation, a
telephone call via a mobile phone or landline, to as modern as private chat message, or the
use of various online applications as Facetime, SnapChat, Viber, Kakaotalk, Wechat among
many others.
Decoding then is engaged by the person with whom you are communicating.
This is the stager where your intended audience tries to understand your messager with
whatever means he has decoding mechanism of some sort, for him to reply to you
accordingly. For the millenials, the decoding stage is where internet slang such as lol, brb,
ttyl, and 2day come in handy. But no matter what channel is used by the sender or the
sender or receiver, feedback is what completes the communication process. For its part,
feedback is more than just a part of the process as it completes the cycle of communication
that ideally should go to as far as participants being able to gauge the effectiveness of the
act of communicating.
Levels of Communication
Communication , like life, is a continuous process that we cannot possibly manipulate
or predict: it is also unrepeatable and irreversible, thus when we say communication is a
process, we mean that it is both dynamic and ever-changing:
1. The process of communication involves variable that affect the whole communication
system.
2. These variables should always be considered when negotiating meaning since
disregarding one of them would surely lead to communication breakdown.
3. The most basic of these factors are the speaker and the listener – the speaker is also
known as the encoder or the sender of the message while the listener is the decoder or the
receiver.
4. In an interaction, each person plays dual roles – that of a sender and a receiver of the
message because the receiver becomes the sender of the message when he/she respond to
what was said.
5. The message variable sent from the former to the latter is of equal importance; the
message ,which is sent through a channel.

Sender Message Channel

Feedback Receiver
a. Sender (speaker) the transmitter of verbal and non-verbal
messages.
b. Message this is the content which is organized and encoded in a language understood
by the speaker and then transmitted verbally or non-verbally through channels.
c. Channel = this is the medium used by the speaker in the encoding and decoding of
messages.
d. Receiver – decoder of the message sent by the speaker(..and transmit his/her response
back to the sender).
e. Feedback - the receiver’s response to the message sent by the speaker.

PRINCIPLES /TENETS/MAXIMS OF COMMUNICATION

1. Communication is a dynamic process… ever changing ever moving and in a state
of flux.
2. Communication is complex, that is if there are two persons speaking , in reality
there are several “persons” interacting vi a perception attached to the message
sent and received.
3. Messages are sent not meaning … this statement asserts that communication
does not consist of the transmission of meaning because it’s not transferrable – in fact,
meanings are in people NOT in words.
4. Communication is systematic .. it follows the basic flow of the message through the
different elements of communication.
5. Communication involve communications, not just speakers and listeners.
6. Communication is proactive because the communicators are capable of seeing,
perceiving analyzing and shaping situations.

BASIC MODELS OF COMMUNICATION

1. A model describes an object , events, process or relationship, it attempts to represent
the important features of what it models – thus, we could state that communication
model attempts to describe the process of communication and how it functions.
2. Moreover , a communication model provides a holistic picture of what actually happens
when one communicates in different circumstances.
3. In addition, it will help us understand how and why people communicate, and help
develop our own effective communications style and techniques.
DIAGRAMS/ GRAPHIC REPRESENTATIONS OF THE BASIC MODELS OF COMMUNICATION.
 a. Aristotelian Model
The Aristotelian Model was developed among the Greeks in ancient times.
It is the most simple and it has basic elements speaker, message and audience.

SPEAKER MESSAGE AUDIENCE

ONE – WAY PROCESS

b. The Lasswell Model

The Lasswell Model is one of the earlies models of communication which was
developed by Hrold Lasswell in 1948. It consists of five basic elements in a
pattern.

WHO SAYS WHAT in what channel TO WHOM

COMMUNICATION MESSAGE medium RECEIVER

In what effect

effect

C. The Shannon – Weaver Model

This is a model originally designed for telephone communication. It has five basic
elements: information source, transmitter, receiver, destination, and noise. Moreover, this
model describes communication as a one-way process of transmission and reception of
message. SIGNAL

Information Transmitter
Receiver Destination

NOISE

d. Schramm’s Model
 The highlight of Wilbur Schramm’s model of communication is the field of experience
“concept." This model assumed that every communicator(sender) has within himself past and

Present experiences that help him/her relate to other communicators. These experiences form a
“field of experiences” from which he draws meaning any point of communication knowledge,
attitudes, socio-cultural system and communication skills. The message on the other hand gives
emphasis on the element, structure, content treatment and coding. Likewise, the channels of
communication are focused on the five senses: seeing, hearing, touching , smelling and tasting.

Signal
messag
e

S
R
FIELD OF EXPERIENCE

E Berlo’s Model

The model of communication of David Berlo focuses on the speaker’s

Sources Message (M) Channel (C Receiver (R)

Communication Element Seeing Communication Skills

Skills Structure Hearing Knowledge
Knowledge Content Touching Attitude
Attitude Treatment Smelling Socio-Cultural System
Socio-Cultural Coding Tasting
System

The model of communication of David Berlo focuses on the speaker’s and receiver’s
knowledge, attitudes, socio-cultural system and communication skills. The message on the
other hand gives emphasis on the element structure, content treatment and coding.
Likewise, the channels of communication are focused on the five senses: hearing, touching,
smelling, and tasdting.
F. White’s Model
Eugene White focuses on the eight stages of oral communication .
1. Thinking – a desire, feeling, or an emotion provides a communicator or stimulus to
communicate.
2. Symbolizing – before the communicator can utter a sound/s, he/she has to know the
code of oral language with which to represent his/her ideas in order to make his/her
selection.
3. Expressing – the communicator use his/her vocal mechanism to produce the sounds of
language accompanied by his/her facial expression, gestures, anf body stance.
4. Transmitting – when sound waves spread at 1,000 ft. per second light waves travel at a
speed of 186,000 miles per second carry the speaker’s message to his /her listeners.
5. Receiving – when the sound waves make an impact to the listener’s ears after which the
resulting nerve impulse reach the brain via the auditory nerve; light waves strike the listener
eyes after which resulting nerve impulse reach th brain via opic nerve.
6. Decoding – the communicator interprets the language symbols he/she receives and
thinks further .
7. Feedbacking – the communicator may show overt behavior liked a nod, yawn or smile or
he/she may not show any behavior at all.
8. Monitoring – while the communicator watches signs or understanding of his/her message
among his/her liteners, he/she is also attuned to what is going on inside him/her; the
communicator is receiving and decoding messages about himself/herself from his/her
audience in order to adjust to the particular situation.

Basic Types of Communication

1. Intrapersonal Communication – it is the type of communication to ourselves; it rarely
occurs but happens in our head as we think through our choices, strategies and the possible
consequences of our actions this place subconsciously; this is similar to thinking when we
ponder on certain events, ideas and experience.
2. Interpersonal Communication – This is the most common type of communication – we do
this when we want to convey a message to another person; moreover, the target person is a
familiar person to us; this then distinguish her or him the other people we meet on the
street. This is the exchange of feelings and attitudes in the communication process.
 Expressing Ideas is either VERBAL or NON-VERBAL

Verbal Communication. Communicating with words is one method of exchanging ideas ,

information, thoughts, and feelings. A good vocabulary is an asset to the student who must
communicate verbally. He or she must use a vocabulary that receiver will understand. The
level of difficulty of the language used by the sender of a message must be geared to the
language of the receiver. The use of slang , in- correct grammar, or profanity detracts from
the students’ image.
Words spoken, whether they be formal or informal communication, should be sincere
and the voice friendly. Voice quality is important.
As cliché as it may be ,” words don’t mean, people mean” works all the time. Your
intonation, your facial expression and your over-all body language just have that power to
give meaning to you message expressed in words in more ways than one. Take for instance
when you say , “I have no words for how you ended your presentation.” while your arms
crossed and with a straight face compared to expressing the same sentence while smiling.
Certainly , your crossed arms body language paired with something you say would elicit a
much different reaction from your listeners or audience as you would if you will say it with a
smile.
There are nine other worst body language mistakes that professionals or those wanting
to appear like one commit, and these slip ups are:” Example of Non-verbal Communication”
 Excessive nodding – this undermines how focused we are by nodding like a bobble.
 Fidgeting – this is the so called “nervous energy”.
 Hands behind the back – this communicates unapproachability and closed-mindedness.
 Mismatched expression with face in deadpan
 Shifty eyes – this may suggest that you are lying or you are uncertain.
 Staring – too much of this can be interpreted as aggressive or worse, creepy.
 Chopping and pointing – this can mean you are cutting or chopping connections.
 Breaking eye contact – this expresses discomfort.
 Bad posture – leaning back can be translated as laziness; leaning forward may express
aggressiveness.

ACTIVITY I
Answer the following questions:
1. How does the content of the introduction of this module help in your development as a
communicator during your Senior High School years? Can you say that the additional two
years prepared you for more challenging activities in the art of communication?
2. From what specific English/Language course in your Senior High School did you learn the
most, the writing courses, the literature courses or the speech courses ? Explain your
answer.
3. Based from the lecture above , who are the participants in the communication process?
Explain step by step the communication process.
4. Compare and contrast the Berlo’s Model from Whie’s Model of communication.
5. When you really communicate with others , there are times when the messages sent or
received are easily understood by the listener, but there are also times when they are
misunderstood. Why does this happen? When is verbal messages sent successfully ,
When is it a failure? Explain .
6. Discuss the role of non-verbal communication in classroom discussion.
7. Example: The sender says, “ Your recipe needs to be improved.” The receiver answers ,
“ Ok. I will do it.” What type of basic communication is used? Explain your answer.