‫ﺳﻠﺴﻠﺔ "ﻛﻴﻒ ﻳﻌﻤﻞ ﺟﺴﻢ ﺍﻻﻧﺴﺎﻥ؟" ‪ -‬ﺍﻟﻐﺪﺩ‪ :‬ﺍﻟﻐﺪّﺓ ﺍﻟﻨﺨﺎﻣﻴ‬

‫ﻳﺘﺄﻟﻒ ﺟﺴﻢُ ﺍﻹﻧﺴﺎﻥ ﻣﻦ ﻣﺠﻤﻮﻋﺔٍ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻷﺟﻬﺰﺓ ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﺗﻌﻤﻞ ﻣﻌﺎً ﻟﺒﻘﺎﺀ ﺍﻟﺠﺴﻢِ ﺻﺤﻴﺤﺎً ﻣﻌﺎﻓﻰً‪ .‬ﻟﻜﻞ ﺟﻬﺎﺯٍ‬
‫ﻭﻇﻴﻔﺔٌ ﻣﺤﺪﺩﺓٌ ﻣﻨﻮﻃﺔ ﺑﻪ‪ ،‬ﻛﺠﻬﺎﺯِ ﺍﻟﺘﻨﻔﺲ‪ ،‬ﻭﺟﻬﺎﺯِ ﺍﻟﺪﻭﺭﺍﻥ‪ ،‬ﻭﺟﻬﺎﺯِ ﺍﻟﻬﻀﻢ‪ .‬ﻭﻟﺒﻘﺎﺀ ﻋﻤﻞ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﻷﺟﻬﺰﺓ ﻓﻬﻲ‬
‫ﺗﺤﺘﺎﺝ ﻟﻌﻤﻠﻴﺎﺕِ ﺿﺒﻂٍ ﻭﻣﺮﺍﻗﺒﺔٍ ﻣﺴﺘﻤﺮﺓ‪ .‬ﻳﻘﻮﻡ ﺍﻟﺠﻬﺎﺯ ﺍﻟﻌﺼﺒﻲ ﻭﺟﻬﺎﺯُ ﺍﻟﻐﺪﺩِ ﺍﻟﺼﻢﱢ ﺑﻬﺬﺍ ﺍﻟﺪﻭﺭ ﻟﻠﻤﺤﺎﻓﻈﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ‬
‫ﺑﻘﺎﺀ ﻋﻤﻞ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﻷﺟﻬﺰﺓ ﺑﺘﻨﺎﻏﻢٍ‪ ،‬ﻭﺗﻨﺎﺳﻖ‪.‬‬
‫ﺍﻟﺠﻬﺎﺯ ﺍﻟﻌﺼﺒﻲ ﻣﺴؤﻭﻝ ﻋﻦ ﺿﺒﻂ ﺍﻟﺘﻐﻴﻴﺮﺍﺕِ ﺍﻟﺴﺮﻳﻌﺔِ‪ ،‬ﺑﻴﻨﻤﺎ ﻳﺘﻮﻟﻰ ﺟﻬﺎﺯُ ﺍﻟﻐﺪﺩِ ﺍﻟﺼﻢﱢ ﻏﺎﻟﺒﺎً ﺿﺒﻂَ ﺍﻟﺘﻐﻴﻴﺮﺍﺕِ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺒﻄﻴﺌﺔِ ﻭﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﺗﺘﻄﻠﺐ ﺩﻗﺔً ﺃﻛﺜﺮ )ﻛﻀﺒﻂ ﺍﻟﻨﻤﻮّ‪ ،‬ﻭﺍﻻﺳﺘﻘﻼﺏ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﺨﻼﻳﺎ‪ ،‬ﺿﺒﻂ ﻣﺴﺘﻮﻳﺎﺕ ﺳﻜﺮ ﺍﻟﺪﻡ‪ ،‬ﺿﺒﻂ ﺇﻣﺎﻫﺔ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺪﻡ‪.(...‬‬
‫ﻳﺘﺄﻟﻒ ﺟﻬﺎﺯ ﺍﻟﻐﺪﺩِ ﺍﻟﺼﻢﱢ ﻣﻦ ﻣﺠﻤﻮﻋﺔٍ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﻐﺪﺩِ ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﺗﻨﺘﺸﺮ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻛﺎﻣﻞِ ﺍﻟﺠﺴﻢِ ﺩﻭﻥ ﺍﺗﺼﺎﻝٍ ﺗﺸﺮﻳﺤﻲﱟ ﻣﺒﺎﺷﺮٍ‬
‫ﺑﻴﻨﻬﺎ‪ .‬ﻭﺳﺒﺐُ ﺍﻟﺘﺴﻤﻴﺔِ ﻫﻮ ﺑﻨﻴﺔُ ﺍﻟﻐﺪﺩِ ﻧﻔﺴﻬﺎ‪ .‬ﻓﻔﻲ ﺍﻟﺤﺎﻟﺔِ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﻣﺔِ ﺗﻘﻮﻡ ﺍﻟﻐﺪﺩُ ﺑﺈﻓﺮﺍﺯِ ﻣﻔﺮﺯﺍﺗﻬﺎ ﻋﺒﺮ ﻗﻨﺎﺓٍ ﻟﺘﺼﻞ‬
‫ﺇﻟﻰ ﺍﻟﻌﻀﻮ ﺍﻟﻤﺴﺘﻬﺪﻑ‪ ،‬ﻛﺎﻟﻐﺪﺩِ ﺍﻟﻠﻌﺎﺑﻴﺔِ ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﺗﻔﺮﺯ ﺍﻟﻠﻌﺎﺏَ ﻋﺒﺮ ﺍﻟﻘﻨﺎﺓِ ﺍﻟﻠﻌﺎﺑﻴﺔِ ﺇﻟﻰ ﺟﻮﻑِ ﺍﻟﻔﻢ ﻣﺒﺎﺷﺮﺓً‪ ،‬ﻭﺍﻟﻐﺪﺩِ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻌﺮﻗﻴﺔِ ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﺗﻔﺮﺯ ﺍﻟﻌﺮﻕ ﻋﺒﺮ ﺍﻷﻗﻨﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﺗﻨﻔﺘﺢ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﺠﻠﺪ‪ ،‬ﻭﻛﺬﻟﻚ ﺍﻟﻐﺪﺩُ ﺍﻟﻤﻮﺟﻮﺩﺓُ ﻓﻲ ﺟﻬﺎﺯ ﺍﻟﻬﻀﻢ‪ ،‬ﻭﻫﻲ‬
‫ﻋﺒﺎﺭﺓٌ ﻋﻦ ﻏﺪﺩٍ ﺧﺎﺭﺟﻴﺔِ ﺍﻹﻓﺮﺍﺯِ‪ ،‬ﺃﻣﺎ ﺍﻟﻐﺪﺩُ ﺍﻟﺼﻢﱡ ﻓﻬﻲ ﻏﺪﺩٌ ﺑﻼ ﺃﻗﻨﻴﺔٍ‪ .‬ﻭﻣﻦ ﻫﻨﺎ ﺟﺎءﺕ ﺍﻟﺘﺴﻤﻴﺔُ ﺍﻟﻌﺮﺑﻴﺔُ ﺑﺎﻟـ ﺻﻤﺎﺀ‬
‫‪-‬ﺃﻱ ﻏﻴﺮُ ﺍﻟﻤﺠﻮّﻓﺔ‪ .-‬ﻭﺍﻟﻤﺼﻄﻠﺢ ﺍﻹﻧﻜﻠﻴﺰﻱ"‪ ،"Endocrine‬ﻳﺘﺄﻟﻒ ﻣﻦ ﺟﺰﺃﻳﻦ ﻫﻤﺎ"‪ :"Endo‬ﻭﻳﻌﻨﻲ ﺩﺍﺧﻠﻲ‪ ،‬ﻭ‬

‫‪page 1 / 7‬‬ ‫‪www.syr-res.com?R11010 | August 8, 2016, 11:51 pm‬‬

‫ﺳﻠﺴﻠﺔ "ﻛﻴﻒ ﻳﻌﻤﻞ ﺟﺴﻢ ﺍﻻﻧﺴﺎﻥ؟" ‪ -‬ﺍﻟﻐﺪﺩ‪ :‬ﺍﻟﻐﺪّﺓ ﺍﻟﻨﺨﺎﻣﻴ‬

‫ﻭﻣﻌﻨﻰ ‪ً).‬ﻣﺜﻼ ﺍﻟﻌﺮﻗﻴﺔ ﻛﺎﻟﻐﺪﺩ ِﺍﻹﻓﺮﺍﺯ ِﺧﺎﺭﺟﻴﺔ ﻟﻠﻐﺪﺩ ًﺧﻼﻓﺎ ﺍﻹﻓﺮﺍﺯ ُﺩﺍﺧﻠﻴﺔ ٌﻏﺪﺩ ﺃﻧﻬﺎ ﺃﻱ( ﺇﻓﺮﺍﺯ ﻭﺗﻌﻨﻲ"‪"crine‬‬
‫ﺩﺍﺧﻠﻴﺔِ ﺍﻹﻓﺮﺍﺯِ ﻫﻨﺎ ﺃﻥ ﻣﻔﺮﺯﺍﺗِﻬﺎ )ﺍﻟﻬﺮﻣﻮﻧﺎﺕ( ﺗﻨﺘﻘﻞُ ﻟﻠﺪّﻡِ ﻣﺒﺎﺷﺮﺓً ﺩﻭﻥ ﻭﺟﻮﺩ ﻗﻨﺎﺓٍ ﻭﺫﻟﻚ ﻋﺒﺮ ﺍﻹﻧﺘﺸﺎﺭ ﺍﻟﻤﺒﺎﺷﺮِ ﻣﻦ‬
‫ﺧﻼﻳﺎ ﺍﻟﻐﺪﺓ ﺇﻟﻰ ﺷﺒﻜﺔِ ﺍﻷﻭﻋﻴﺔِ ﺍﻟﺪﻣﻮﻳﺔِ ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﺗﺤﻴﻂ ﺑﻬﺎ ﻭﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﺗﻜﻮﻥ ﻏﺎﻟﺒﺎً ﻛﺜﻴﻔﺔ‪ .‬ﻟﺬﻟﻚ ﻳُﺸﺎﺭ ﻟﻬﺬﻩ ﺍﻟﻐﺪﺩ ﺑﺄﻧﻬﺎ‬
‫ﻏﺪﺩ ﺑﻼ ﺃﻗﻨﻴﺔ ‪.ductless‬‬

‫]]]]‪[[[[img:20421‬‬

‫ﺇﺫﺍً ﻓﺠﻬﺎﺯُ ﺍﻟﻐﺪﺩ ﺍﻟﺼﻢ ﺍﻟﻤﻮﺟﻮﺩُ ﻓﻲ ﺟﺴﻢ ﺍﻹﻧﺴﺎﻥ ﻫﻮ ﺃﺣﺪُ ﺃﺟﻬﺰﺓ ﺍﻟﻀﺒﻂ‪ ،‬ﻭﺍﻟﻤﺮﺍﻗﺒﺔ ﺍﻟﺮﺋﻴﺴﺔِ ﺍﻟﻤﻮﺟﻮﺩﺓِ ﻓﻲ‬
‫ﺟﺴﻢ ﺍﻹﻧﺴﺎﻥ‪ .‬ﻟﻜﻦ ﻛﻴﻒ ﺗﺘﺤﻜﻢ ﺍﻟﻐﺪﺩ ﺍﻟﺼﻢ ﺑﻤﺨﺘﻠﻒ ﻭﻇﺎﺋﻒِ ﺍﻟﺠﺴﻢِ ﺭﻏﻢ ﻛﻮﻧﻬﺎ ﺑﻌﻴﺪﺓً ﻋﻦ ﺍﻷﻋﻀﺎﺀ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻤﻄﻠﻮﺏِ ﺿﺒﻂُ ﻋﻤﻠِﻬﺎ؟ ﻳﻘﻮﻡ ﺟﻬﺎﺯُ ﺍﻟﻐﺪﺩ ﺍﻟﺼﻢ ﺑﻬﺬﺍ ﺍﻟﺪﻭﺭ ﺑﺸﻜﻞ ﻏﻴﺮ ﻣﺒﺎﺷﺮٍ ﻋﺒﺮ ﺇﺭﺳﺎﻟﻪ ﻭﺳﺎﺋﻂَ ﻛﻴﻤﻴﺎﺋﻴﺔً ﺗُﻌﺮﻑ‬
‫ﺑﺎﺳﻢ ﺍﻟﻬﺮﻣﻮﻧﺎﺕ ‪ ،Hormones‬ﻭﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﺗﻨﻄﻠﻖ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﻐﺪﺩ ﺍﻟﺼﻢ ﺇﻟﻰ ﺍﻟﻌﻀﻮ ﺍﻟﻤﺴﺘﻬﺪﻑِ ﻟﺘﻘﻮﻡ ﺑﺘﻨﻈﻴﻢ ﻋﻤﻠﻪ‬
‫ﺑﺸﻜﻞ ﺳﻮﻱﱟ‪ .‬ﻭﻳﺘﻢ ﻫﺬﺍ ﺍﻻﻧﺘﻘﺎﻝُ ﻋﺒﺮ ﺍﻟﺪّﻡ ﺣﻴﺚ ﺗﺤﻴﻂ ﺑﺎﻟﻐﺪﺩ ﺷﺒﻜﺔٌ ﺩﻣﻮﻳﺔ ﻏﻨﻴﺔ ﺗﻘﻮﻡ ﺑﺘﻠﻘّﻒ ﻣﻔﺮﺯﺍﺕِ ﺍﻟﻐﺪﺓِ‬
‫ﻭﻧﻘﻠﻬﺎ ﻟﻜﺎﻓﺔ ﺧﻼﻳﺎ ﺍﻟﺠﺴﻢ ﻛﻮﻥ ﺍﻟﺪﻡ ﻳﻤﺮ ﻭﻳﺼﻞ ﻟﻜﻞ ﺧﻼﻳﺎ ﺍﻟﺠﺴﻢ‪ .‬ﻟﻜﻦ ﻫﺬﺍ ﻻ ﻳﻌﻨﻲ ﺃﻥّ ﻫﺮﻣﻮﻧﺎً ﻣﻌﻴﻨﺎً ﺳﻮﻑ‬
‫ﻳؤﺛﺮ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻛﺎﻓﺔ ﺧﻼﻳﺎ ﺍﻟﺠﺴﻢ – ﻓﺎﻟﺨﻼﻳﺎ ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﺳﺘﺘﺄﺛﺮ ﻫﻲ ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﺗﻤﺘﻠﻚ ﻣﺴﺘﻘﺒﻼﺕٍ ﻣﻨﺎﺳﺒﺔً ﻟﻬﺬﺍ ﺍﻟﻬﺮﻣﻮﻥ‪.‬‬
‫ﻳﻤﻜﻦ ﺗﺸﺒﻴﻪ ﺫﻟﻚ ﺑﺎﻟﻘﻔﻞ ﻭﺍﻟﻤﻔﺘﺎﺡ‪ ،‬ﺣﻴﺚ ﺗﻔﺮﺯ ﺍﻟﻐﺪﺩ ﺍﻟﺼﻢ ﺃﺷﻜﺎﻻً ﻣﻌﻴﻨﺔ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﻤﻔﺎﺗﻴﺢِ )ﺍﻟﻬﺮﻣﻮﻧﺎﺕ( ﺗﻨﺘﻘﻞ ﻫﺬﻩ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻤﻔﺎﺗﻴﺢُ ﻟﺘﻤﺮ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻛﺎﻓﺔ ﺧﻼﻳﺎ ﺍﻟﺠﺴﻢ ﻭﻭﺣﺪﻫﺎ ﺍﻟﺨﻼﻳﺎ ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﺗﻤﺘﻠﻚ ﺍﻟﻘﻔﻞ ﺍﻟﻤﻮﺍﻓﻖَ ﻟﺘﻠﻚ ﺍﻟﻤﻔﺎﺗﻴﺢِ ﻫﻲ ﺍﻟﺘﻲ‬
‫ﺳﺘﺘﺄﺛﺮ ﺑﺸﻜﻞ ﻣﻌﻴﻦ‪.‬‬
‫ﺍﻟﻐﺪﺩ ﺍﻟﺼﻢ ﺍﻟﻤﻮﺟﻮﺩﺓ ﻓﻲ ﺟﺴﻢ ﺍﻹﻧﺴﺎﻥ ﻫﻲ‪:‬‬
‫• ‪ 1‬ﻏﺪﺓ ﻧﺨﺎﻣﻴﺔ ‪.Gland Pituitary‬‬
‫• ‪ 1‬ﻏﺪﺓ ﺻﻨﻮﺑﺮﻳﺔ ‪.Gland Pineal‬‬
‫• ‪ 1‬ﻏﺪﺓ ﺩﺭﻗﻴﺔ ‪.Gland Thyroid‬‬
‫• ‪ 4‬ﻏﺪﺩ ﺟﺎﺭﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﺪﺭﻕ ‪.Glands Parathyroid‬‬
‫• ‪ 1‬ﻏﺪﺓ ﺗُﻮﺗَﺔ ‪.Gland Thymus‬‬
‫• ‪ 2‬ﻏﺪﺓ ﻛﻈﺮﻳﺔ ‪.Glands Adrenal‬‬
‫• ﺟﺰﺭ ﻻﻧﻐﺮﻫﺎﻧﺲ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﺒﻨﻜﺮﻳﺎﺱ ‪.Langerhans f Islets‬‬
‫• ﺍﻟﻤﺒﻴﻀﺎﻥ ﻟﺪﻯ ﺍﻹﻧﺎﺙ ‪.Ovaries‬‬
‫• ﺍﻟﺨﺼﻴﺘﺎﻥ ﻟﺪﻯ ﺍﻟﺬﻛﻮﺭ ‪.Testes‬‬

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‫ﺍﻟﻠﻄﻴﻒُ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻷﻣﺮ ﺃﻥّ ﺗﻮﺯﻳﻊَ ﺍﻟﻌﻤﻞ ﻓﻲ ﺟﻬﺎﺯ ﺍﻟﻐﺪﺩ ﺍﻟﺼﻢ ﻫﻮ ﻫﺮﻣﻲٌ ﻭﻳﺸﺒﻪ ﻛﺜﻴﺮﺍً ﺍﻟﺸﻜﻞ ﺍﻟﺬﻱ ﻳﺘﻢ ﺗﻮﺯﻳﻊ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺴﻠﻄﺔ ﻓﻴﻪ ﻓﻲ ﻛﺒﺮﻯ ﺍﻟﺸﺮﻛﺎﺕ‪ .‬ﻓﺎﻟﻐﺪﺩ ﺍﻟﺼﻢ ﺗﺘﻮﺯﻉ ﻓﻴﻤﺎ ﺑﻴﻨﻬﺎ ﻣﻬﻤﺔُ ﻣﺮﺍﻗﺒﺔِ ﻭﺿﺒﻂِ ﻋﻤﻞ ﺃﺟﻬﺰﺓ ﻭﻧﺸﺎﻃﺎﺕ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺠﺴﻢ ﺍﻟﻤﺨﺘﻠﻔﺔ‪ ،‬ﻭﻛﻞُ ﻏﺪّﺓ ﺗﺘﻮﻟﻰ ﻣﻬﻤﺔً ﻣﻌﻴﻨﺔ‪ ،‬ﻭﺗﺨﻀﻊ ﻛﻞُ ﺍﻟﻐﺪﺩِ ﺍﻟﺼﻢ ﺇﻟﻰ ﺳﻴﻄﺮﺓ ﻏﺪﺓٍ ﻭﺍﺣﺪﺓ ﻭﻫﻲ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻐﺪﺓُ ﺍﻟﻨﺨﺎﻣﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﻮﺟﻮﺩﺓ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻤﻘﺮ ﺍﻟﺮﺋﻴﺴﻲ ﻓﻲ ﺟﺴﻢ ﺍﻹﻧﺴﺎﻥ ‪-‬ﺍﻟﺪﻣﺎﻍ‪ ،-‬ﻭﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﺗﺨﻀﻊ ﺑﺪﻭﺭﻫﺎ ﻟﺴﻴﻄﺮﺓِ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺪﻣﺎﻍ‪ ،‬ﻭﺍﻟﺠﺰﺀُ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﺪﻣﺎﻍ ﺍﻟﻤﺴؤﻭﻝ ﻋﻦ ﻣﺮﺍﻗﺒﺔ ﻋﻤﻞِ ﺍﻟﻐﺪﺓ ﺍﻟﻨﺨﺎﻣﻴﺔ ﻫﻮ ﺍﻟﻮﻃﺎﺀ ‪.Hypothalamus‬‬
‫ﺇﺫﺍً‪) :‬ﺍﻟﻮﻃﺎﺀُ( ﻳﺴﻴﻄﺮ ﻋﻠﻰ )ﺍﻟﻨﺨﺎﻣﻰ( ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﺗﺴﻴﻄﺮ ﻋﻠﻰ )ﺑﺎﻗﻲ ﺍﻟﻐﺪﺩ(‪.‬‬
‫ﻭﻛﻤﺎ ﺳﺒﻖ ﻭﺃﺷﺮﻧﺎ ﺃﻥّ ﺍﻟﻐﺪﺩ ﺍﻟﺼﻢ ﺗﻘﻮﻡ ﺑﻤﻬﺎﻣﻬﺎ ﺍﻟﻤﺘﻤﺜﻠﺔِ ﺑﺎﻟﻀﺒﻂ ﻭﺍﻟﻤﺮﺍﻗﺒﺔ ﻋﺒﺮ ﺇﺭﺳﺎﻝ ﻭﺳﺎﺋﻂَ ﻏﻴﺮِ ﻣﺒﺎﺷﺮﺓٍ‬
‫ﺗﺴﻤﻰ ﺍﻟﻬﺮﻣﻮﻧﺎﺕ‪ .‬ﺑﺎﻟﻤﺜﻞ ﺗﻘﻮﻡ ﺍﻟﻨﺨﺎﻣﻰ ﺑﺎﻟﺴﻴﻄﺮﺓ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻋﻤﻞ ﺍﻟﻐﺪﺩ ﻋﺒﺮ ﺍﻟﻬﺮﻣﻮﻧﺎﺕِ ﺃﻳﻀﺎً‪ .‬ﻭﻛﻤﺎ ﺳﺘﺘﻮﻗﻊ ﻳﻘﻮﻡ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻮﻃﺎﺀ ﺑﺪﻭﺭﻩ ﺑﺎﻟﺴﻴﻄﺮﺓ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻋﻤﻞ ﺍﻟﻨﺨﺎﻣﻰ ﻋﺒﺮ ﺍﻟﻬﺮﻣﻮﻧﺎﺕِ ﺃﻳﻀﺎً‪.‬‬
‫ﻟﻔﻬﻢ ﺫﻟﻚ ﺑﺸﻜﻞ ﺟﻴﺪ ﺩﻋﻨﺎ ﻧﺄﺧﺬ ﻣﺜﺎﻻً ﻋﻠﻰ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﻟﺴﻴﻄﺮﺓ ﺍﻟﻬﺮﻣﻴﺔ‪.‬‬
‫ﺗﻔﺮﺯ ﺍﻟﻐﺪﺓ ﺍﻟﺪﺭﻗﻴﺔ ﻫﺮﻣﻮﻧﻲ ‪T4 ،T3‬ﻭﻫﻤﺎ ﺿﺮﻭﺭﻳﺎﻥ ﻟﻨﻤﻮِّ ﻭﺗﻄﻮﺭ ﺍﻟﺨﻼﻳﺎ ﻭﺧﺼﻮﺻﺎً ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﺠﻬﺎﺯ ﺍﻟﻌﺼﺒﻲ‪ .‬ﻟﻜﻦ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻐﺪﺓَ ﺍﻟﺪﺭﻗﻴﺔ ﻻ ﺗﻔﺮﺯ ﻫﺮﻣﻮﻧﺎﺗِﻬﺎ ﺇﻻ ﺇﺫﺍ ﺗﻠﻘﺖْ ﺍﻷﻣﺮَ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﻐﺪﺓ ﺍﻟﻨﺨﺎﻣﻴﺔ‪ .‬ﺗﺼﺪﺭ ﺍﻟﻐﺪﺓ ﺍﻟﻨﺨﺎﻣﻴﺔ ﺍﻷﻣﺮ ﻟﻠﺪﺭﻗﻴﺔ ﻋﺒﺮ‬
‫ﺇﻓﺮﺍﺯﻫﺎ ﻟﻬﺮﻣﻮﻥٍ ﻳﺴﻤﻰ ﺍﻟﻬﺮﻣﻮﻥَ ﺍﻟﻤُﻨَﺒﱢﻪَ ﻟﻠﺪﱠﺭَﻕ ‪ ،TSH‬ﻭﺍﻟﺬﻱ ﻳﺼﻞ ﻟﻠﻐﺪﺓ ﺍﻟﺪﺭﻗﻴﺔ ﻋﺒﺮ ﺍﻟﺪﻡ ﻟﻴﺤﺮﺿﻬﺎ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺇﻓﺮﺍﺯ‬
‫ﻫﺮﻣﻮﻧﺎﺗﻬﺎ‪.‬‬
‫ﻟﻜﻦ ﺍﻟﻨﺨﺎﻣﻰ ﺑﺪﻭﺭﻫﺎ ﻻ ﺗﺼﺪﺭُ ﺍﻷﻣﺮ ﻟﻠﺪﺭﻕ ﺇﻻ ﺇﺫﺍ ﺗﻠﻘﺖْ ﺍﻷﻣﺮ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﻮﻃﺎﺀ ﺑﺎﻟﺤﺎﺟﺔ ﻟﻬﺮﻣﻮﻧﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺪﺭﻕ‪ .‬ﻳﺼﺪﺭُ ﺍﻟﻮﻃﺎﺀ‬
‫ﺃﻭﺍﻣﺮﻩ ﺃﻳﻀﺎُ ﻋﺒﺮ ﻫﺮﻣﻮﻥ ﻳﺴﻤﻰ ﺍﻟﻬﺮﻣﻮﻥَ ﺍﻟﻤﻄﻠِﻖَ ﻟﻤﻮﺟﻬﺔِ ﺍﻟﺪﺭﻗﻴﺔ ‪.TRH‬‬

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‫ﺳﻠﺴﻠﺔ "ﻛﻴﻒ ﻳﻌﻤﻞ ﺟﺴﻢ ﺍﻻﻧﺴﺎﻥ؟" ‪ -‬ﺍﻟﻐﺪﺩ‪ :‬ﺍﻟﻐﺪّﺓ ﺍﻟﻨﺨﺎﻣﻴ‬

‫ﺇﺫﺍً ﻳﻜﻮﻥ ﺍﻟﺘﺴﻠﺴﻞ ﻛﺎﻟﺘﺎﻟﻲ‪:‬‬

‫ﺍﻟﻮﻃﺎﺀ )‪ ← (TRH‬ﺍﻟﻨﺨﺎﻣﻰ )‪ ← (TSH‬ﺍﻟﻐﺪﺓ ﺍﻟﺪﺭﻗﻴﺔ )‪.(T4 ،T3‬‬
‫ﺃﻱ‪ :‬ﺍﻟﻮﻃﺎﺀ ﻳﻔﺮﺯ )‪ (TRH‬ﺍﻟﺬﻱ ﻳﻨﺘﻘﻞ ﻣﺒﺎﺷﺮﺓً ﻋﺒﺮ ﺷﺒﻜﺔٍ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻷﻭﻋﻴﺔِ ﺍﻟﺪﻣﻮﻳﺔ ﺇﻟﻰ ﺍﻟﻨﺨﺎﻣﻰ‪ .‬ﺍﻟﻨﺨﺎﻣﻰ ﺗﺴﺘﺠﻴﺐ‬
‫ﻟـِ )‪ (TRH‬ﺑﺈﻓﺮﺍﺯ ﻫﺮﻣﻮﻧﻬﺎ )‪ (TSH‬ﻭﺍﻟﺬﻱ ﻳﻨﺘﻘﻞ ﺑﺪﻭﺭﻩ ﻋﺒﺮَ ﺍﻟﺪﻡِ ﺇﻟﻰ ﺍﻟﻐﺪﺓ ﺍﻟﺪﺭﻗﻴﺔ‪ .‬ﺍﻟﻐﺪﺓ ﺍﻟﺪﺭﻗﻴﺔ ﻭﺍﺳﺘﺠﺎﺑﺔً‬
‫ﻟﻬﺮﻣﻮﻥِ )‪ (TSH‬ﺗﻘﻮﻡ ﺑﺈﻓﺮﺍﺯ ﻫﺮﻣﻮﻧﺎﺗﻬﺎ )‪.(T4 ،T3‬‬
‫ﺗﻨﻄﺒﻖ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﻵﻟﻴﺔُ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻣﻌﻈﻢِ ﺍﻟﻐﺪﺩ ﺍﻟﺼﻢ‪ .‬ﻭﺗﺴﻤﻰ ﺍﻟﻐﺪﺩ ﺍﻟﺴﺎﺑﻘﺔ ﺑﺎﻟﻤﺤﻮﺭِ ﺍﻟﻮﻃﺎﺋﻲﱢ – ﺍﻟﻨﺨﺎﻣﻲﱢ – ﺍﻟﺪﺭﻗﻲّ‪.‬‬
‫ﻭﻛﺬﻟﻚ ﻫﻨﺎﻟﻚ ﻣﻴﺰﺓ ﺗﻨﻈﻴﻤﻴﺔ ﻫﺎﻣﺔ‪ ،‬ﻭﻫﻲ ﺁﻟﻴﺔُ "ﺍﻟﺘﻠﻘﻴﻢِ ﺍﻟﺮﺍﺟﻊِ ﺍﻟﺴﻠﺒﻲ" ﺃﻱ ﻋﻨﺪﻣﺎ ﻳﺮﺗﻔﻊ ﺗﺮﻛﻴﺰ ﻫﺮﻣﻮﻥٍ ﻣﻌﻴﻦٍ‬
‫ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﺪﻡ‪ ،‬ﻳﺘﻠﻘﻰ ﺍﻟﻮﻃﺎﺀُ ﺇﺷﺎﺭﺓً ﺑﺬﻟﻚ‪ ،‬ﻭﺍﻟﺬﻱ ﺑﺪﻭﺭﻩ ﻳﻨﺒّﻪ ﺍﻟﻨﺨﺎﻣﻰ‪ ،‬ﻓﻴﺘﺜﺒﻂ ﺇﻓﺮﺍﺯ ﻫﺬﺍ ﺍﻟﻬﺮﻣﻮﻥِ ﺑﻌﻴﻨﻪ‪.‬‬
‫ﺑﻌﺪ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﻟﻤﻘﺪﻣﺔ ﺗﺴﺘﻄﻴﻊ ﺍﻵﻥ ﺍﻟﺘﻌﺮﻑ ﺑﺎﻟﺘﻔﺼﻴﻞ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﻐﺪﺩ ﺍﻟﺼﻢ ﻭﻓﻬﻢ ﺁﻟﻴﺔ ﻋﻤﻠﻬﺎ ﺑﺸﻜﻞ ﻛﺎﻣﻞ‪.‬‬

‫ﺍﻟﻐﺪﺓ ﺍﻟﻨﺨﺎﻣﻴﺔ‪:‬‬
‫ﺗﻌﻤﻞ ﺍﻟﻐﺪﺓ ﺍﻟﻨﺨﺎﻣﻴﺔ ﺑﺎﻟﺘﻌﺎﻭﻥ ﻣﻊ ﺍﻟﻮﻃﺎﺀِ ﻛﺠﻤﻠﺔٍ ﻭﺍﺣﺪﺓ‪ ،‬ﻭﻳﻘﻮﻣﺎﻥ ﻣﻌﺎً ﺑﺘﻨﻈﻴﻢ ﻋﻤﻞ ﺍﻟﻐﺪﺩ ﺍﻷﺧﺮﻯ‪ .‬ﺗﺘﻮﺿﻊُ ﺍﻟﻐﺪﺓ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻨﺨﺎﻣﻴﺔ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﺮﺃﺱ ﺩﺍﺧﻞ ﺍﻧﺨﻔﺎﺽٍ ﻓﻲ ﻗﺎﻋﺪﺓِ ﺍﻟﻘﺤﻒ ﻳﺴﻤّﻰ "ﺍﻟﺴّﺮﺝ ﺍﻟﺘﺮﻛﻲ"‪ .‬ﻭﺗﺘﺼﻞ ﺍﻟﻨﺨﺎﻣﻰ ﻣﻊ ﺍﻟﻮﻃﺎﺀ‬
‫ﺑﺴﻮﻳﻘﺔ ‪ .stalk‬ﻳُﻘﺪﺭ ﺣﺠﻤﻬﺎ ﺑﺤﺠﻢ ﺣﺒﺔ ﺍﻟﺒﺎﺯﻻﺀ ﻭﺗﺰﻥ ‪ 500‬ﻏﺮﺍﻡٍ ﺗﻘﺮﻳﺒﺎً‪ .‬ﻭﺗﺘﺄﻟﻒ ﺍﻟﻨﺨﺎﻣﻰ ﻣﻦ ﺛﻼﺙ ﺃﺟﺰﺍﺀ‪:‬‬
‫‪ .1‬ﺍﻟﻨﺨﺎﻣﻰ ﺍﻷﻣﺎﻣﻴﺔ )ﻭﻫﻲ ﻏﺪﻳﺔ(‪.‬‬
‫‪ .2‬ﺍﻟﻨﺨﺎﻣﻰ ﺍﻟﺨﻠﻔﻴﺔ )ﻭﻫﻲ ﻋﺼﺒﻴﺔ(‪.‬‬
‫‪ .3‬ﺑﺎﻹﺿﺎﻓﺔ ﺇﻟﻰ ﻓﺺ ﻣﺘﻮﺳﻂ‪.‬‬

‫]]]]‪[[[[img:20423‬‬

‫ﻛﻤﺎ ﺗﻼﺣﻆ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﺸﻜﻞ ﻓﺈﻥ ﺍﻟﺘﺮﻭﻳﺔَ ﺍﻟﺪﻣﻮﻳﺔَ ﻟﻠﻨﺨﺎﻣﻰ ﺍﻷﻣﺎﻣﻴﺔِ ﺗﺘﻜﻮﻥ ﻣﻦ ﺷﺒﻜﺔٍ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻷﻭﻋﻴﺔِ ﺍﻟﺪﻣﻮﻳﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﺗﻜﻮﻥ‬
‫ﻗﺪ ﻣﺮﺕ ﻣﺴﺒﻘﺎً ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﻮﻃﺎﺀ‪ .‬ﻋﺒﺮ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﻟﺸﺒﻜﺔ ﺗﻨﺘﻘﻞ ﻫﺮﻣﻮﻧﺎﺕُ ﺍﻟﻮﻃﺎﺀ ﺇﻟﻰ ﺍﻟﻨﺨﺎﻣﻰ ﺍﻷﻣﺎﻣﻴﺔِ ﻟﺘﺤﺮﺽَ ﺃﻭ ﺗﺜﺒﻂ‬
‫ﺇﻓﺮﺍﺯَ ﻫﺮﻣﻮﻧﺎﺗِﻬﺎ‪ .‬ﻭﻣﻦ ﺛﻢ ﺗﻨﺘﻘﻞ ﻫﺮﻣﻮﻧﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻨﺨﺎﻣﻰ ﺇﻟﻰ ﻣﺠﺮﻯ ﺍﻟﺪﻡ ﻟﺘﺼﻞ ﺇﻟﻰ ﺍﻟﻐﺪﺩ ﺍﻷﺧﺮﻯ‪.‬‬
‫ﺃﻣﺎ ﺍﻟﻨﺨﺎﻣﻰ ﺍﻟﺨﻠﻔﻴﺔُ ﻓﺘﺘﺄﻟﻒ ﻣﻦ ﻣﺠﻤﻮﻋﺔ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﺨﻼﻳﺎ ﺍﻟﻌﺼﺒﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﺗﺘﻮﺿﻊ ﺃﺟﺴﺎﻣﻬﺎ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻮﻃﺎﺀ‪ .‬ﺃﻱ ﺃﻥّ‬
‫ﺟﺴﻢَ ﺍﻟﺨﻠﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻌﺼﺒﻴﺔ ﻳﺘﻮﺿﻊ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻮﻃﺎﺀ ﻭﻳﻤﺘﺪ ﻣﺤﻮﺭﻫﺎ ﻟﻴﻨﺘﻬﻲ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻨﺨﺎﻣﻰ ﺍﻟﺨﻠﻔﻴﺔ‪ .‬ﺍﻟﻬﺮﻣﻮﻧﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﺗﻔﺮﺯﻫﺎ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻨﺨﺎﻣﻰ ﺍﻟﺨﻠﻔﻴﺔُ ﻳﺘﻢ ﺗﺼﻨﻴﻌﻬﺎ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻮﻃﺎﺀ )ﻓﻲ ﺃﺟﺴﺎﻡ ﺍﻟﺨﻼﻳﺎ( ﻭﺗﻨﺘﻘﻞ ﺑﻌﺪﻫﺎ ﻋﺒﺮ ﻣﺤﺎﻭﺭ ﺍﻟﺨﻼﻳﺎ ﻟﺘﺘﺠﻤﻊ ﻓﻲ‬
‫ﺣﻮﻳﺼﻼﺕٍ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻨﺨﺎﻣﻰ ﺍﻟﺨﻠﻔﻴﺔ – ﻭﻳﺘﻢ ﺇﻃﻼﻕ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﻟﻬﺮﻣﻮﻧﺎﺕِ ﺑﺘﻨﺒﻴﻬﺎﺕ ﻋﺼﺒﻴﺔ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﻮﻃﺎﺀ‪.‬‬
‫ﺍﻟﻨﺨﺎﻣﻰ ﺍﻷﻣﺎﻣﻴﺔ‬
‫ﻛﻤﺎ ﺳﺒﻖ ﻭﺃﺷﺮﻧﺎ ﺑﺄﻥّ ﺍﻟﻬﺮﻣﻮﻧﺎﺕِ ﺍﻟﻤﻔﺮﺯﺓَ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﻨﺨﺎﻣﻰ ﺍﻷﻣﺎﻣﻴﺔِ )ﺫﺍﺕَ ﺍﻟﺒﻨﻴﺔِ ﺍﻟﻐﺪﻳﺔ( ﺗﻘﻮﻡ ﺑﺘﻨﻈﻴﻢ ﻋﻤﻞ ﺍﻟﻐﺪﺩ‬
‫ﺍﻷﺧﺮﻯ ﻭﺗﺤﺮﺿﻬﺎ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺇﻃﻼﻕ ﻫﺮﻣﻮﻧﺎﺗِﻬﺎ‪ .‬ﺍﻟﺠﺪﻭﻝ ﺍﻟﺘﺎﻟﻲ ﻳﻠﺨﺺ ﺍﻟﻌﻼﻗﺔ ﺑﻴﻦ ﻫﺮﻣﻮﻧﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻮﻃﺎﺀ ﻭﺍﻟﻨﺨﺎﻣﻰ‬
‫ﺍﻷﻣﺎﻣﻴﺔ‪:‬‬

‫]]]]‪[[[[img:20424‬‬

‫ﻛﻤﺎ ﺗﻼﺣﻆ‪ :‬ﺗُﻘﺴﻢ ﻫﺮﻣﻮﻧﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻮﻃﺎﺀ ﺇﻟﻰ ﻧﻮﻋﻴﻦ‪ :‬ﻫﺮﻣﻮﻧﺎﺕٌ ﻣﻄْﻠِﻘﺔ ‪ (RH) Hormones Releasing‬ﻭﻫﺮﻣﻮﻧﺎﺕٌ‬
‫ﻣﺜﺒﱢﻄﺔ ‪ .(IH) Hormones Inhibiting‬ﺍﻟﻬﺮﻣﻮﻧﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻤﻄْﻠِﻘﺔ ﺗﺤﺮﺽ ﺍﻟﻨﺨﺎﻣﻰ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺇﻓﺮﺍﺯ ﻫﺮﻣﻮﻧﺎﺗِﻬﺎ ﻭﺍﻟﻤﺜﺒﱢﻄﺔ‬
‫ﺗﺜﺒﻄﻬﺎ‪ .‬ﻭﻟﻨﺘﻌﺮﻑ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻫﺮﻣﻮﻧﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻨﺨﺎﻣﻰ ﺍﻷﻣﺎﻣﻴﺔ‪:‬‬
‫ﻫﺮﻣﻮﻥ ﺍﻟﻨﻤﻮ ‪"GH" hormone Growth‬‬
‫ﻭﻫﻮ ﺍﻟﻬﺮﻣﻮﻥ ﺍﻷﻛﺜﺮ ﺗﻮﺍﻓﺮﺍً ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﺠﺴﻢ‪ .‬ﻳﻘﻮﻡ ﻫﺬﺍ ﺍﻟﻬﺮﻣﻮﻥ ﺑﺘﻨﺸﻴﻂ ﻧﻤﻮ ﻭﺍﻧﻘﺴﺎﻡ ﻣﻌﻈﻢ ﺧﻼﻳﺎ ﺍﻟﺠﺴﻢ‪،‬‬
‫ﻭﺧﺼﻮﺻﺎً ﺗﻠﻚ ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻌﻈﺎﻡ ﻭﺍﻟﻌﻀﻼﺕ‪ .‬ﻛﻤﺎ ﻳﺘﺤﻜﻢ ﺑﻤﺴﺘﻮﻳﺎﺕِ ﺍﻻﺳﺘﻘﻼﺏ ﻓﻲ ﺑﻌﺾ ﺍﻷﻋﻀﺎﺀ ﻛﺎﻟﻜﺒﺪ‬
‫ﻭﺍﻷﻣﻌﺎﺀ ﻭﺍﻟﺒﻨﻜﺮﻳﺎﺱ‪.‬‬
‫ﻳﺤﺮﺽ ﻫﺮﻣﻮﻥ ﺍﻟﻨﻤﻮ ﺗﺼﻨﻴﻊَ ﺍﻟﺒﺮﻭﺗﻴﻦ‪ ،‬ﻭﻳُﻨﺸّﻂ ﺗﺤﻄﻴﻢ ﺍﻟﺪﻫﻮﻥ‪ ،‬ﻭﻳﺰﻳﺪ ﻣﻦ ﻣﺴﺘﻮﻳﺎﺕِ ﺍﻟﻐﻠﻮﻛﻮﺯ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﺪﻡ‪ .‬ﻳﺘﻢ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺘﺤﻜﻢُ ﺑﺈﻓﺮﺍﺯ ﻫﺮﻣﻮﻥِ ﺍﻟﻨﻤﻮ ﻋﺒﺮ ﻫﺮﻣﻮﻧﺎﺕِ ﺍﻟﻮﻃﺎﺀ ﺍﻟﻤﻄْﻠِﻘﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﻤﺜﺒﱢﻄﺔ ﻹﻓﺮﺍﺯﻩ‪ .GHRIH ،GHRH :‬ﻳﻜﻮﻥ ﺇﻓﺮﺍﺯُ‬
‫ﻫﺮﻣﻮﻥِ ﺍﻟﻨﻤﻮ ﺃﻋﻠﻰ ﻟﻴﻼً ﺃﺛﻨﺎﺀ ﺍﻟﻨﻮﻡ‪ ،‬ﻛﻤﺎ ﻳﺘﺤﺮﺽ ﺇﻓﺮﺍﺯﻩ ﺑﺎﻧﺨﻔﺎﺽ ﺳﻜﺮ ﺍﻟﺪﻡ‪ ،‬ﻭﺍﻟﺘﻤﺎﺭﻳﻦِ ﺍﻟﺮﻳﺎﺿﻴﺔ‪ ،‬ﻭﺍﻟﻘﻠﻖِ‪،‬‬

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‫ﺳﻠﺴﻠﺔ "ﻛﻴﻒ ﻳﻌﻤﻞ ﺟﺴﻢ ﺍﻻﻧﺴﺎﻥ؟" ‪ -‬ﺍﻟﻐﺪﺩ‪ :‬ﺍﻟﻐﺪّﺓ ﺍﻟﻨﺨﺎﻣﻴ‬

‫ﻭﻳﺘﺜﺒﻂ ﺑﺂﻟﻴﺔِ ﺍﻟﺘﻠﻘﻴﻢ ﺍﻟﺮﺍﺟﻊ ﺍﻟﺴﻠﺒﻲ‪ ،‬ﻭﺍﻟﺴﻮﻣﺎﺗﻮﺳﺘﺎﺗﻴﻦ )‪ .(GHRIH‬ﻭﺗﻜﻮﻥ ﻣﺴﺘﻮﻳﺎﺗﻪ ﺑﺄﻋﻠﻰ ﺣﺪٍ ﻓﻲ ﺳﻦ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺒﻠﻮﻍ ﺛﻢ ﺗﺒﺪﺃ ﺑﻌﺪﻫﺎ ﺑﺎﻻﻧﺨﻔﺎﺽ ﺍﻟﺘﺪﺭﻳﺠﻲ‪.‬‬
‫ﺍﻟﻬﺮﻣﻮﻥ ﺍﻟﻤﻨﺒﱢﻪ ﻟﻠﺪﱠﺭَﻕ)‪HORMONE STIMULATING THYROID (TSH‬‬
‫ﻳﺘﻢ ﺗﺼﻨﻴﻊ ﻫﺬﺍ ﺍﻟﻬﺮﻣﻮﻥِ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻨﺨﺎﻣﻰ ﺍﻷﻣﺎﻣﻴﺔ‪ ،‬ﻭﻳﺘﺤﺮﺽ ﺇﻓﺮﺍﺯﻩ ﺑﺈﻳﻌﺎﺯِ ﺍﻟﻮﻃﺎﺀ ﻋﺒﺮ ﺍﻟﻬﺮﻣﻮﻥ ﺍﻟﻤﻄﻠﻖِ ﻟﻤﻮﺟﻬﺔِ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺪﺭَﻗﻴﺔ ‪.(Hormone Releasing-Thyrotropin) TRH‬‬
‫ﻋﻨﺪﻣﺎ ﻳﺼﻞ ﻫﺬﺍ ﺍﻟﻬﺮﻣﻮﻥ ﻟﻠﻐﺪﺓ ﺍﻟﺪﺭﻗﻴﺔ ﻓﺈﻧﻪ ﻳﻘﻮﻡ ﺑﺘﺤﺮﻳﻀﻬﺎ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺇﻓﺮﺍﺯ ﻫﺮﻣﻮﻧﺎﺗﻬﺎ )‪ ،(T4 ،T3‬ﻛﻤﺎ ﺃﻧّﻪ ﻳﺤﺮﺽ‬
‫ﺧﻼﻳﺎﻫﺎ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﻨﻤﻮ‪.‬‬
‫ﺗﺨﺘﻠﻒ ﻣﺴﺘﻮﻳﺎﺕ ﺇﻓﺮﺍﺯﻩ ﺧﻼﻝَ ﺍﻟﻨﻬﺎﺭِ ﺇﻻ ﺃﻧّﻬﺎ ﺗﻜﻮﻥ ﺃﻛﺜﺮَ ﺍﻧﺨﻔﺎﺿﺎً ﻓﻲ ﺑﺪﺍﻳﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﺴﺎﺀِ‪ ،‬ﻭﻳﺼﻞ ﻟﻘﻤﺘﻪ ﺃﺛﻨﺎﺀَ ﺍﻟﻠﻴﻞ‪،‬‬
‫ﻛﻤﺎ ﺃﻧّﻪ ﻳﺘﺜﺒﻂ ﺑﺂﻟﻴﺔِ ﺍﻟﺘﻠﻘﻴﻢ ﺍﻟﺮﺍﺟﻊ ﺍﻟﺴﻠﺒﻲ‪.‬‬
‫ﺍﻟﻬﺮﻣﻮﻥ ﺍﻟﻤﻮَﺟﱢﻪ ﻟﻘﺸﺮ ﺍﻟﻜﻈﺮ )‪HORMONE ADRENOCORTICOTROPIC (ACTH‬‬
‫ﻳﺘﺤﺮﺭ ﻫﺬﺍ ﺍﻟﻬﺮﻣﻮﻥ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﻨﺨﺎﻣﻰ ﺍﻷﻣﺎﻣﻴﺔِ ﺑﺘﺄﺛﻴﺮ ﻫﺮﻣﻮﻥ ﺍﻟﻮﻃﺎﺀ ﺍﻟﻤﻄْﻠِﻖ ﻟﻤﻮﺟﻬﺔِ ﺍﻟﻘﺸﺮﺓ ‪ .CRH‬ﻳﺰﻳﺪ ﻫﺬﺍ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻬﺮﻣﻮﻥ ﻣﻦ ﺗﺮﻛﻴﺰ ﺍﻟﻜﻮﻟﻴﺴﺘﻴﺮﻭﻝِ ﻭﺍﻟﺴﺘﻴﺮﻭﺋﻴﺪﺍﺕِ ﻓﻲ ﻗﺸﺮ ﺍﻟﻜﻈﺮ‪ ،‬ﻭﻳﺰﻳﺪ ﺗﺤﺮﻳﺮَ ﺍﻟﻬﺮﻣﻮﻧﺎﺕِ ﺍﻟﺴﺘﻴﺮﻭﺋﻴﺪﻳﺔ‪،‬‬
‫ﻭﺧﺎﺻﺔ ﺍﻟﻜﻮﺭﺗﻴﺰﻭﻝ ‪ .Cortisol‬ﺃﻳﻀﺎً ﺗﺨﺘﻠﻒ ﻣﺴﺘﻮﻳﺎﺕ ﻫﺬﺍ ﺍﻟﻬﺮﻣﻮﻥ ﺧﻼﻝ ﺍﻟﻴﻮﻡ ﻭﺗﻜﻮﻥ ﺑﺄﻋﻠﻰ ﺗﺮﻛﻴﺰ ﻟﻬﺎ ﻓﻲ‬
‫ﺳﺎﻋﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺼﺒﺎﺡ ﺍﻷﻭﻟﻰ ﻭﺗﻨﺨﻔﺾ ﻷﺩﻧﻰ ﻣﺴﺘﻮﻯ ﻓﻲ ﻣﻨﺘﺼﻒ ﺍﻟﻠﻴﻞ‪.‬‬
‫ﻫﺬﺍ ﺍﻟﻨﻈﻢ ﺍﻟﻴﻮﻣﻲ ﻹﻓﺮﺍﺯ ‪ ACTH‬ﻳﺒﻘﻰ ﺛﺎﺑﺘﺎً ﻃﻴﻠﺔ ﺍﻟﺤﻴﺎﺓ ﻛﻤﺎ ﺃﻧّﻪ ﻳﺘﺪﺧﻞ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﺘﺤﻜﻢ ﺑﺄﻭﻗﺎﺕ ﻭﻣﻮﺍﻋﻴﺪ ﺍﻟﻨﻮﻡ ﻋﻨﺪ‬
‫ﺍﻹﻧﺴﺎﻥ‪ .‬ﻭﺗﻐﻴﻴﺮ ﻫﺬﺍ ﺍﻟﻨﻈﻢِ ﻳﺘﻄﻠﺐ ﻋﺪﺓَ ﺃﻳﺎﻡ ﻛﻤﺎ ﻳﺤﺪﺙ ﻋﻨﺪﻣﺎ ﻳﺴﺎﻓﺮ ﺍﻹﻧﺴﺎﻥ ﺑﺎﻟﻄﺎﺋﺮﺓ ﻟﺒﻠﺪﺍﻥ ﺗﺨﺘﻠﻒ ﻛﺜﻴﺮﺍً‬
‫ﺑﺎﻟﺘﻮﻗﻴﺖ ﺍﻟﺰﻣﻨﻲ ﻟﻠﺒﻠﺪ ﺍﻟﺬﻱ ﺳﺎﻓﺮ ﻣﻨﻪ ‪ ،((Lags Jet‬ﻭﻛﻤﺎ ﻳﺘﺤﺮﺽ ﺇﻓﺮﺍﺯﻩ ﺑﻨﻘﺺ ﺍﻟﺴﻜﺮ‪ ،‬ﻭﺣﺎﻻﺕ ﺍﻟﺸﱢﺪﺓ‬
‫)ﺍﻟﺸﺪﺓ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﻃﻔﻴﺔ‪ ،‬ﻭﺍﻟﺤﺮﺍﺭﺓ‪.(... ،‬‬

‫ﺍﻟﺒﺮﻭﻻﻛﺘﻴﻦ‪:1 PROLACTIN‬‬
‫ﻳﺤﺮﺽ ﻫﺬﺍ ﺍﻟﻬﺮﻣﻮﻥ ﺇﻧﺘﺎﺝ ﺍﻟﺤﻠﻴﺐِ ﻭﻟﻪ ﺗﺄﺛﻴﺮ ﻣﺒﺎﺷﺮ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﺜﺪﻳﻴﻦ ﺑﻌﺪ ﺍﻟﺒﻠﻮﻍ‪ .‬ﻳُﻔﺮﺯ ﺍﻟﺒﺮﻭﻻﻛﺘﻴﻦ ﺃﻳﻀﺎً ﺑﺘﺄﺛﻴﺮ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻬﺮﻣﻮﻥِ ﺍﻟﻤﻄﻠِﻖِ ﻟﻠﺒﺮﻭﻻﻛﺘﻴﻦ ‪ PRH‬ﺍﻟﻤﻔﺮﺯ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﻮﻃﺎﺀ‪ .‬ﻭﺍﺭﺗﻔﺎﻉُ ﺗﺮﻛﻴﺰِ ﺍﻟﺒﺮﻭﻻﻛﺘﻴﻦ ﺃﺛﻨﺎﺀ ﻓﺘﺮﺓ ﺍﻟﺮﺿﺎﻋﺔ ﻳﺘﺪﺧﻞ ﻓﻲ‬
‫ﺗﻘﻠﻴﻞ ﻓﺮﺹ ﺣﺪﻭﺙ ﺍﻟﺤﻤﻞ ﻟﺪﻯ ﺍﻟﻤﺮﺃﺓ ﺍﻟﻤﺮﺿﻊ‪.‬‬
‫ﻳُﻔﺮَﺯ ﻫﺬﺍ ﺍﻟﻬﺮﻣﻮﻥ ﺃﺛﻨﺎﺀ ﺍﻟﻠﻴﻞ ﻭﺍﻟﻨﻬﺎﺭ‪ ،‬ﻛﻤﺎ ﺗﺰﻳﺪ ﺍﻟﻀﻐﻮﻁ ﺍﻟﻨﻔﺴﻴﺔ ﻣﻦ ﺇﻓﺮﺍﺯﻩ‪.‬‬

‫ﻣُﻮﺟﻬﺔ ﺍﻷﻗﻨﺎﺩ )ﺍﻟﻤﻨﺎﺳﻞ(‪:GONADOTROPINS‬‬

‫ﺑﻌﺪ ﺍﻟﺒﻠﻮﻍ ﻳﻘﻮﻡ ﺍﺛﻨﺎﻥِ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﻬﺮﻣﻮﻧﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺠﻨﺴﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﻔﺮَﺯﺓ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﻨﺨﺎﻣﻰ ﺍﻷﻣﺎﻣﻴﺔ )ﺑﺘﺤﺮﻳﺾ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﻬﺮﻣﻮﻥ ﺍﻟﻤﻄﻠِﻖِ‬
‫ﻟﻤﻮﺟﻬﺔ ﺍﻟﻐﺪﺓ ﺍﻟﺘﻨﺎﺳﻠﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻤُﻔﺮَﺯ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﻮﻃﺎﺀ( ﺑﺈﺣﺪﺍﺙ ﺗﻐﻴﻴﺮﺍﺕ ﺑﻨﻴﻮﻳﺔ ﻟﺪﻯ ﺍﻟﺠﻨﺴﻴﻦ‪.‬‬
‫ﻫﺬﺍﻥ ﺍﻟﻬﺮﻣﻮﻧﺎﻥ ﻫﻤﺎ‪:‬‬
‫‪ .1‬ﺍﻟﻬﺮﻣﻮﻥ ﺍﻟﻤﻨﺒﻪ ﻟﻠﺠﺮﻳﺐ ‪.FSH‬‬
‫‪ .2‬ﺍﻟﻬﺮﻣﻮﻥ ﺍﻟﻠﻤُﻠَﻮﺗِﻦ ‪.LH‬‬
‫ﺗﺄﺛﻴﺮ ﻫﺬﻳﻦ ﺍﻟﻬﺮﻣﻮﻧﻴﻦ ﻳﺨﺘﻠﻒ ﺣﺴﺐ ﺍﻟﺠﻨﺲ‪.‬‬
‫• ﻟﺪﻯ ﻛﻼ ﺍﻟﺠﻨﺴﻴﻦ‪ :‬ﻳﻨﺸﻂ ﺍﻟﻬﺮﻣﻮﻥُ ‪ FSH‬ﻣﻦ ﺇﻧﺘﺎﺝ ﺍﻷﻣﺸﺎﺝ )ﺍﻟﻨﻄﺎﻑ ﻭﺍﻟﺒﻮﻳﻀﺎﺕ(‪.‬‬
‫• ﻟﺪﻯ ﺍﻹﻧﺎﺙ‪ :‬ﻳﺘﺤﻜﻢ ﺍﻟﻬﺮﻣﻮﻧﺎﻥ ‪ LH ،FSH‬ﺑﺈﻓﺮﺍﺯ ﺍﻹﺳﺘﺮﻭﺟﻴﻦ ﻭﺍﻟﺒﺮﻭﺟﺴﺘﺮﻭﻥ ﺧﻼﻝ ﺍﻟﺪﻭﺭﺓ ﺍﻟﺸﻬﺮﻳﺔ‪.‬‬
‫• ﻟﺪﻯ ﺍﻟﺬﻛﻮﺭ‪ :‬ﻳﺤﺮﺽ ﺍﻟﻬﺮﻣﻮﻥ ‪ LH‬ﺍﻟﺨﺼﻴﺔَ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺇﻓﺮﺍﺯ ﺍﻟﺘﺴﺘﻮﺳﺘﻴﺮﻭﻥ‪.‬‬

‫ﺍﻟﻨﺨﺎﻣﻰ ﺍﻟﺨﻠﻔﻴﺔ‪:‬‬
‫ﺗﻘﻮﻡ ﺍﻟﻨﺨﺎﻣﻰ ﺍﻟﺨﻠﻔﻴﺔُ ﺑﺘﺨﺰﻳﻦ ﻫﺮﻣﻮﻧﻴﻦ ﻫﻤﺎ ﺍﻷﻭﻛﺴﻴﺘﻮﺳﻴﻦ ‪ Oxytocin‬ﻭﺍﻟﻬﺮﻣﻮﻥُ ﺍﻟﻤﻀﺎﺩ ﻟﻺﺩﺭﺍﺭ‬
‫‪.‬ﺍﻷﻣﺎﻣﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻨﺨﺎﻣﻰ ﻫﺮﻣﻮﻧﺎﺕ ﺗﻔﻌﻞ ﻛﻤﺎ َﺻﻤﺎﺀ ًﻏﺪﺩﺍ ﻭﻟﻴﺲ ًﺃﻧﺴﺠﺔ ﻳﺴﺘﻬﺪﻓﺎﻥ ﺍﻟﻬﺮﻣﻮﻧﺎﻥ ﻭﻫﺬﺍﻥ ‪Vasopressin.‬‬
‫ﻳﺘﻢ ﺗﺼﻨﻴﻊ ﻫﺬﻳﻦ ﺍﻟﻬﺮﻣﻮﻧﻴﻦ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻮﻃﺎﺀ ﻓﻲ ﺃﺟﺴﺎﻡ ﺍﻟﺨﻼﻳﺎ ﺍﻟﻌﺼﺒﻴﺔ ﻭﻣﻦ ﺛﻢ ﺗﻨﺘﻘﻞ ﻋﺒﺮ ﻣﺤﺎﻭﺭﻫﺎ )ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﺗﺸﻜﻞ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺴﻮﻳﻘﺔَ ﺍﻟﺮﺍﺑﻄﺔَ ﺑﻴﻦ ﺍﻟﻮﻃﺎﺀ ﻭﺍﻟﻨﺨﺎﻣﻰ( ﻟﻴﺘﻢ ﺗﺨﺰﻳﻨﻬﺎ ﻓﻲ ﺣﻮﻳﺼﻼﺕ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻨﺨﺎﻣﻰ ﺍﻟﺨﻠﻔﻴﺔ‪.‬‬

‫]]]]‪[[[[img:20426‬‬

‫ﺍﻷﻭﻛﺴﻴﺘﻮﺳﻴﻦ‪:OXYTOCIN‬‬
‫ﻳﺴﺘﻬﺪﻑ ﺍﻷﻭﻛﺴﻴﺘﻮﺳﻴﻦ ﺍﻟﺨﻼﻳﺎ ﺍﻟﻌﻀﻠﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺒﺸﺮﻭﻳﺔ ﻟﻠﻐﺪﺩ ﺍﻟﻤﻔﺮﺯﺓِ ﻟﻠﺤﻠﻴﺐ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﺜﺪﻱ ﺃﺛﻨﺎﺀ ﻓﺘﺮﺓ ﺍﻟﺒﻠﻮﻍ‪ .‬ﻛﻤﺎ‬

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‫ﺳﻠﺴﻠﺔ "ﻛﻴﻒ ﻳﻌﻤﻞ ﺟﺴﻢ ﺍﻻﻧﺴﺎﻥ؟" ‪ -‬ﺍﻟﻐﺪﺩ‪ :‬ﺍﻟﻐﺪّﺓ ﺍﻟﻨﺨﺎﻣﻴ‬

‫ﻳﻠﻌﺐ ﻫﺬﺍ ﺍﻟﻬﺮﻣﻮﻥ ﺩﻭﺭﺍً ﻣﻬﻤﺎً ﻓﻲ ﻋﻤﻠﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻮﻻﺩﺓ ﻭﺍﻟﻤﺨﺎﺽ‪ .‬ﺣﻴﺚ ﻳﺴﺒﺐ ﺍﻧﺪﻓﺎﻉُ ﺭﺃﺱِ ﺍﻟﻄﻔﻞ ﺗﻮﺳﱡﻊَ ﻋﻨﻖِ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺮﺣﻢِ‪ ،‬ﻭﺗﻮﺳﱡﻊُ ﻋﻨﻖ ﺍﻟﺮﺣﻢ ﻳﺴﺒﺐ ﺇﻓﺮﺍﺯَ ﺍﻟﻤﺰﻳﺪِ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻷﻭﻛﺴﻴﺘﻮﺳﻴﻦ‪ .‬ﻳﺴﺒﺐ ﺍﻷﻭﻛﺴﻴﺘﻮﺳﻴﻦ ﺯﻳﺎﺩﺓَ ﺗﻘﺒﻀﺎ ِ‬
‫ﺕ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺮﺣﻢ ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﺗﺪﻓﻊ ﺑﺎﻟﺠﻨﻴﻦ ﻭﺭﺃﺳﻪ ﻧﺤﻮ ﺍﻟﺨﺎﺭﺝ‪ .‬ﺍﻧﺪﻓﺎﻉُ ﺍﻟﺠﻨﻴﻦ ﻧﺤﻮ ﺍﻟﺨﺎﺭﺝ ﻳﺰﻳﺪ ﻣﻦ ﺗﻮﺳﻊ ﻋﻨﻖ ﺍﻟﺮﺣﻢ ﺍﻷﻣﺮُ ﺍﻟﺬﻱ‬
‫ﻳﺰﻳﺪ ﻣﻦ ﺇﻓﺮﺍﺯِ ﺍﻷﻭﻛﺴﻴﺘﻮﺳﻴﻦ ﻭﺍﻟﺬﻱ ﺑﺪﻭﺭﻩ ﻳﺰﻳﺪ ﻣﻦ ﺗﻘﻠﺼﺎﺕِ ﺍﻟﺮﺣﻢ‪ .‬ﺗﺴﺘﻤﺮ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﻟﻌﻠﻤﻴﺔ ﺣﺘﻰ ﻳﻮﻟﺪَ ﺍﻟﻄﻔﻞ‬
‫ﻭﻳﺨﺮﺝَ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﺮﺣﻢِ ﻭﻳﺘﻮﻗﻒَ ﺗﺤﺮﻳﺾُ ﻋﻨﻖِ ﺍﻟﺮﺣﻢ‪.‬‬
‫ﻳُﻌﺘﺒﺮ ﺍﻟﻤﺜﺎﻝ ﺍﻟﺴﺎﺑﻖ ﻣﺜﺎﻻً ﻋﻦ ﺁﻟﻴﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺘﻠﻘﻴﻢ ﺍﻟﺮﺍﺟﻊ ﺍﻹﻳﺠﺎﺑﻲ ‪ mechanism feedback Positive‬ﻓﻲ ﺟﺴﻢ‬
‫ﺍﻹﻧﺴﺎﻥ‪ .‬ﻳﺮﺗﺒﻂ ﺿﺦ ﺍﻟﺤﻠﻴﺐ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﺜﺪﻱ ﺃﻳﻀﺎً ﺑﻬﺬﺍ ﺍﻟﻨﻮﻉ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﺘﻠﻘﻴﻢ ﺍﻟﺮﺍﺟﻊ‪ .‬ﺣﻴﺚ ﺃﻥ ﻣﺺ ﺍﻟﺮﺿﻴﻊ ﻟﺤﻠﻤﺔ ﺍﻟﺜﺪﻱ‬
‫ﻳﻮﻟﺪ ﻧﺒﻀﺎﺕ ﻋﺼﺒﻴﺔ ﺗﻨﺘﻘﻞ ﺇﻟﻰ ﺍﻟﻮﻃﺎﺀ ﺍﻟﺬﻱ ﻳﻘﻮﻡ ﺑﺘﺤﺮﻳﺮ ﺍﻟﻤﺰﻳﺪ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻷﻭﻛﺴﻴﺘﻮﺳﻴﻦ ﺍﻟﺬﻱ ﻳﺸﺎﺭﻙ ﻓﻲ ﺩﻓﻊ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻤﺰﻳﺪ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﺤﻠﻴﺐ ﻟﻠﺮﺿﻴﻊ ﻋﺒﺮ ﺍﻟﺘﺄﺛﻴﺮ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﻐﺪﺩ ﺍﻟﻠﺒﻨﻴﺔ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﺜﺪﻱ‪.‬‬

‫ﺍﻟﻔﺎﺯﻭﺑﺮﻳﺴﻴﻦ‪:VASOPRESSIN‬‬
‫ﻭﻳﺴﻤﻰ ﺃﻳﻀﺎً ﺑﺎﻟﻬﺮﻣﻮﻥ ﺍﻟﻤﻀﺎﺩ ﻟﻺﺩﺭﺍﺭ ‪(ADH) Hormone Antidiuretic‬‬
‫ﺍﻟﻤﻬﻤﺔُ ﺍﻟﺮﺋﻴﺴﻴﺔ ﻟﻬﺬﺍ ﺍﻟﻬﺮﻣﻮﻥِ ﻫﻲ ﺗﻘﻠﻴﻞُ ﺇﻓﺮﺍﺯ ﺍﻟﻤﺎﺀ ﻋﺒﺮ ﺍﻟﺒﻮﻝ ﻋﺒﺮ ﺗﺄﺛﻴﺮﻩ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺯﻳﺎﺩﺓ ﻋﻮﺩﺓ ﺍﻣﺘﺼﺎﺹ ﺍﻟﻤﺎﺀ ﻣﻦ‬
‫ﺍﻷﻧﺎﺑﻴﺐ ﺍﻟﺒﻮﻟﻴﺔ‪ .‬ﺑﻤﻌﻨﻰ ﺃﻧﻪ ﻳﺤﺎﻓﻆ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﻤﺎﺀ ﻭﻳﻤﻨﻊ ﻃﺮﺣﻪ ﻣﻊ ﺍﻟﺒﻮﻝ‪ .‬ﻭﺑﺬﻟﻚ ﻳﺤﺎﻓﻆ ﺍﻟﺠﺴﻢُ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻣﺴﺘﻮﻳﺎﺕٍ‬
‫ﺛﺎﺑﺘﺔ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﻤﺎﺀ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﺪﻡ‪ ،‬ﻳﺘﺄﺛﺮ ﺇﻓﺮﺍﺯُﻩ ﺑﻤﻌﺪﻝ ﺍﻟﻀﻐﻂ ﺍﻟﺘﻨﺎﺿﺤﻲ )‪ (Pressure Osmotic‬ﻟﻠﺪﻡ‪ ،‬ﻋﻦ ﻃﺮﻳﻖ‬
‫ﻣﺴﺘﻘﺒﻼﺕٍ ﺧﺎﺻﺔ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻮﻃﺎﺀ‪.‬‬

‫ﺃﺷﻬﺮ ﺍﺿﻄﺮﺍﺑﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻐﺪﺓ ﺍﻟﻨﺨﺎﻣﻴﺔ‪:‬‬

‫ﺗﻨﺘﺞ ﺍﺿﻄﺮﺍﺑﺎﺕ ﺟﻬﺎﺯ ﺍﻟﻐﺪﺩ ﺍﻟﺼﻢ ﻋﺎﺩﺓً ﻋﻦ ﺇﺻﺎﺑﺔ ﺍﻟﻐﺪﺩ ﺍﻟﺼﻢ ﺑﺎﻷﻭﺭﺍﻡ ﺃﻭ ﺃﻣﺮﺍﺽ ﺍﻟﻤﻨﺎﻋﺔ ﺍﻟﺬﺍﺗﻴﺔ‪ .‬ﻭﺗﻜﻮﻥ ﻫﺬﻩ‬
‫ﺍﻷﻣﺮﺍﺽ ﻧﺎﺗﺠﺔ ﺇﻣﺎ ﻋﻦ‪:‬‬
‫• ﻓﺮﻁ ﺇﻓﺮﺍﺯ ﺍﻟﻬﺮﻣﻮﻧﺎﺕ ‪.Hypersecretion‬‬
‫• ﺃﻭ ﻧﻘﺺ ﺇﻓﺮﺍﺯﻫﺎ ‪.Hyposecretion‬‬

‫ﻓﺮﻁ ﺇﻓﺮﺍﺯ ﻫﺮﻣﻮﻧﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻨﺨﺎﻣﻰ ﺍﻷﻣﺎﻣﻴﺔ‬

‫‪HYPERSECRETION OF THE ANTERIOR PITUITARY:‬‬
‫ﺍﻟﻌﻤﻠﻘﺔ ﻭﺿﺨﺎﻣﺔ ﺍﻟﻨﻬﺎﻳﺎﺕ ‪:ACROMEGALY AND GIGANTISM‬‬
‫ﺍﻟﺴﺒﺐ ﺍﻟﺮﺋﻴﺴﻲ ﻟﻬﺬﺍ ﺍﻻﺿﻄﺮﺍﺏ ﻫﻮ ﺍﻹﻓﺮﺍﺯ ﺍﻟﺰﺍﺋﺪ ﺍﻟﻤﺴﺘﻤﺮ ﻟﻬﺮﻣﻮﻥ ﺍﻟﻨﻤﻮ ﻭﺍﻟﻨﺎﺗﺞ ﻋﻦ ﻭﺭﻡ ﻣﻔﺮﺯ ﻳﺼﻴﺐ ﺍﻟﻨﺨﺎﻣﻰ‬
‫ﻋﺎﺩﺓ‪ .‬ﻭﻗﺪ ﻳﺤﺪﺙ ﻫﺬﺍ ﺍﻻﺿﻄﺮﺍﺏ ﻓﻲ ﺑﻌﺾ ﺍﻟﺤﺎﻻﺕ ﺑﺴﺒﺐ ﺯﻳﺎﺩﺓِ ﺇﻓﺮﺍﺯ ﺍﻟﻮﻃﺎﺀ ﻟﻠﻬﺮﻣﻮﻥ ﺍﻟﻤﻄﻠﻖ ﻟﻬﺮﻣﻮﻥ ﺍﻟﻨﻤﻮ‬
‫‪.‬ﺯﺍﺋﺪ ﺑﺸﻜﻞ ﺍﻟﻨﻤﻮ ﻫﺮﻣﻮﻥ ﻹﻓﺮﺍﺯ ﺍﻟﻮﻃﺎﺀ ﻣﻦ ﺃﻭﺍﻣﺮ ﺗﺘﻠﻘﻰ ﻭﻟﻜﻨﻬﺎ ﺳﻠﻴﻤﺔ ﻫﻨﺎ ﺍﻟﻨﺨﺎﻣﻰ ﺃﻥ ﺃﻱ ‪GHRH.‬‬
‫ﻋﻨﺪﻣﺎ ﺗﻜﻮﻥ ﺍﻟﺤﺎﻟﺔ ﻧﺎﺗﺠﺔ ﻋﻦ ﻭﺭﻡ ﻳﺼﻴﺐ ﺍﻟﻨﺨﺎﻣﻰ ﻓﺈﻥ ﻫﺬﺍ ﺍﻟﻮﺭﻡ ﻏﺎﻟﺒﺎً ﻣﺎ ﻳﻀﻐﻂ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺗﺼﺎﻟﺐ ﺍﻟﻌﺼﺐ ﺍﻟﺒﺼﺮﻱ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻤﺘﻮﺿﻊ ﺗﺤﺖ ﺍﻟﻨﺨﺎﻣﻰ ﻣﻤﺎ ﻳؤﺩﻱ ﺇﻟﻰ ﺍﻹﺻﺎﺑﺔ ﺑﻤﺸﺎﻛﻞ ﻣﺮﺍﻓﻘﺔ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﺮؤﻳﺔ‪.‬‬
‫ﺯﻳﺎﺩﺓ ﺇﻓﺮﺍﺯ ﻫﺮﻣﻮﻥ ﺍﻟﻨﻤﻮ ﺗؤﺩﻱ ﺇﻟﻰ‪:‬‬
‫• ﻧﻤﻮ ﺯﺍﺋﺪ ﻟﻠﻌﻈﺎﻡ ﻭﺍﻟﻌﻀﻼﺕ‪.‬‬
‫• ﺿﺨﺎﻣﺔ ﺍﻷﻋﻀﺎﺀ ﺍﻟﺪﺍﺧﻠﻴﺔ‪.‬‬
‫• ﺿﺨﺎﻣﺔ ﺍﻟﻘﻠﺐ ﻭﺍﺭﺗﻔﺎﻉ ﺿﻐﻂ ﺍﻟﺪﻡ‪.‬‬
‫• ﻧﻘﺺ ﺗﺤﻤﻞ ﺍﻟﻐﻠﻮﻛﻮﺯ ﻭﺍﻟﻤﻴﻞ ﻟﻺﺻﺎﺑﺔ ﺑﺎﻟﺴﻜﺮﻱ‪.‬‬

‫ﺍﻟﻌﻤﻠﻘﺔ ‪:GIGANTISM‬‬
‫ﺗﺤﺪﺙ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﻟﺤﺎﻟﺔ ﻋﻨﺪﻣﺎ ﻳﺰﺩﺍﺩ ﺇﻓﺮﺍﺯ ﻫﺮﻣﻮﻥ ﺍﻟﻨﻤﻮ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻷﻋﻤﺎﺭ ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﻻ ﺗﺰﺍﻝ ﻓﻴﻬﺎ ﻏﻀﺎﺭﻳﻒ ﺍﻟﻨﻤﻮ ﻏﻴﺮ ﻣﺘﻌﻈﻤﺔ‬
‫)ﺍﻟﻄﻔﻮﻟﺔ ﻭﻗﺒﻞ ﺍﻟﺒﻠﻮﻍ(‪ .‬ﺗﻜﻮﻥ ﺍﻟﻀﺨﺎﻣﺔ ﻭﺍﺿﺤﺔ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻌﻈﺎﻡ ﻭﺍﻷﻃﺮﺍﻑ ﻭﻗﺪ ﻳﺼﻞ ﻃﻮﻝ ﺍﻟﻔﺮﺩ ﺇﻟﻰ ‪ 2.4 – 2.1‬ﻡ‪.‬‬
‫ﻭﻟﻜﻦ ﺗﻜﻮﻥ ﻧﺴﺐُ ﺃﺑﻌﺎﺩِ ﺍﻟﺠﺴﻢ ﻣﺘﻨﺎﺳﻘﺔً ﺑﺸﻜﻞ ﻋﺎﻡ ﻷﻥ ﻛﻞ ﺷﻴء ﻳﻨﻤﻮ ﻭﻟﻜﻦ ﺑﺸﻜﻞ ﺯﺍﺋﺪ‪.‬‬

‫ﺿﺨﺎﻣﺔ ﺍﻟﻨﻬﺎﻳﺎﺕ ‪:ACROMEGALY‬‬

‫ﺃﻣﺎ ﻋﻨﺪﻣﺎ ﻳﺤﺪﺙ ﺍﻻﺿﻄﺮﺍﺏ ﻓﻲ ﺇﻓﺮﺍﺯ ﻫﺮﻣﻮﻥ ﺍﻟﻨﻤﻮ ﺑﻌﺪ ﺍﻟﺒﻠﻮﻍ )ﺃﻱ ﺑﻌﺪ ﺗﻮﻗﻒ ﺍﻟﻌﻈﺎﻡ ﻋﻦ ﺍﻟﻨﻤﻮ( ﻓﺈﻥ ﺗﺄﺛﻴﺮ ﻫﺮﻣﻮﻥ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻨﻤﻮ ﻟﻦ ﻳﺴﺒﺐ ﺯﻳﺎﺩﺓ ﻓﻲ ﻃﻮﻝ ﺍﻟﻌﻈﺎﻡ )ﺑﺴﺒﺐ ﺗﻌﻈﻢ ﻏﻀﺎﺭﻳﻒ ﺍﻟﻨﻤﻮ ﺑﻌﺪ ﺍﻟﺒﻠﻮﻍ( ﺇﻧﻤﺎ ﺳﻴﺴﺒﺐ ﺯﻳﺎﺩﺓ ﻓﻲ‬
‫ﺳﻤﺎﻛﺘﻬﺎ‪ .‬ﻛﻤﺎ ﺗﺰﺩﺍﺩ ﺳﻤﺎﻛﺔ ﺍﻷﻧﺴﺠﺔ ﺍﻟﺮﺧﻮﺓ ﻓﻴﺘﻀﺨﻢ ﺍﻟﻠﺴﺎﻥ ﻭﺍﻷﻳﺪﻱ ﻭﺍﻷﻗﺪﺍﻡ‪.‬‬

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‫ﺳﻠﺴﻠﺔ "ﻛﻴﻒ ﻳﻌﻤﻞ ﺟﺴﻢ ﺍﻻﻧﺴﺎﻥ؟" ‪ -‬ﺍﻟﻐﺪﺩ‪ :‬ﺍﻟﻐﺪّﺓ ﺍﻟﻨﺨﺎﻣﻴ‬

‫ﻧﻘﺺ ﺇﻓﺮﺍﺯ ﻫﺮﻣﻮﻧﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻨﺨﺎﻣﻰ ﺍﻷﻣﺎﻣﻴﺔ‬

‫‪HYPOSECRETION OF THE POSTERIOR PITUITARY:‬‬
‫ﻫﻨﺎﻙ ﺃﺳﺒﺎﺏ ﻋﺪﻳﺪﺓ ﺗؤﺩﻱ ﺇﻟﻰ ﻧﻘﺺ ﺇﻓﺮﺍﺯ ﻫﺮﻣﻮﻧﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻨﺨﺎﻣﻰ ﺍﻷﻣﺎﻣﻴﺔ‪:‬‬
‫• ﺃﻭﺭﺍﻡ ﺍﻟﻮﻃﺎﺀ ﺃﻭ ﺍﻟﻨﺨﺎﻣﻰ‪.‬‬
‫• ﺍﻹﺻﺎﺑﺔ ﺍﻟﺮﺿﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻨﺎﺗﺠﺔ ﻏﺎﻟﺒﺎً ﻋﻦ ﻛﺴﻮﺭ ﻗﺎﻋﺪﺓ ﺍﻟﺠﻤﺠﻤﺔ ﺃﻭ ﺍﻟﺘﺪﺍﺧﻼﺕ ﺍﻟﺠﺮﺍﺣﻴﺔ‪.‬‬
‫• ﺍﻟﻀﻐﻂ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﻨﺨﺎﻣﻰ ﺍﻟﻨﺎﺗﺞ ﻋﻦ ﺃﻭﺭﺍﻡ ﻗﺮﻳﺒﺔ ﻣﻨﻬﺎ‪.‬‬
‫• ﺍﻹﻧﺘﺎﻧﺎﺕ ﻛﺎﻟﺘﻬﺎﺏ ﺍﻟﺴﺤﺎﻳﺎ‪.‬‬
‫• ﺍﻟﺘﻨﺨﺮ ﺍﻟﻨﺎﺗﺞ ﻋﻦ ﻧﻘﺺ ﺍﻟﺘﺮﻭﻳﺔ‪.‬‬
‫• ﺍﻟﻌﻼﺝ ﺍﻟﺸﻌﺎﻋﻲ ﻟﻸﻭﺭﺍﻡ‪.‬‬

‫ﺍﻟﺘﻨﺨﺮ ﺍﻟﻨﺎﺗﺞ ﻋﻦ ﻧﻘﺺ ﺍﻟﺘﺮﻭﻳﺔ ‪:NECROSIS ISCHEMIC‬‬

‫ﻋﻨﺪﻣﺎ ﺗﻨﻘﺺ ﺍﻟﺘﺮﻭﻳﺔ ﺍﻟﺪﻣﻮﻳﺔ ﺍﻟﻮﺍﺭﺩﺓ ﺇﻟﻰ ﺍﻟﻨﺨﺎﻣﻰ ﻓﺈﻧﻬﺎ ﺗﺼﺎﺏ ﺑﺎﻟﺘﻨﺨﺮ )ﺍﻟﻤﻮﺕ ﺍﻟﻨﺴﻴﺠﻲ(‪ .‬ﻳﺴﺒﺐ ﻫﺬﺍ ﻧﻘﺺ‬
‫ﺇﻓﺮﺍﺯ ﺍﻟﻨﺨﺎﻣﻰ ﻟﻬﺮﻣﻮﻧﺎﺗﻬﺎ ﺍﻷﻣﺮ ﺍﻟﺬﻱ ﻳﺴﺒﺐ ﺑﺎﻟﻨﺘﻴﺠﺔ ﻧﻘﺺ ﺇﻓﺮﺍﺯ ﺍﻟﻐﺪﺩ ﺍﻷﺧﺮﻯ ﻟﻬﺮﻣﻮﻧﺎﺗﻬﺎ )ﻛﺎﻟﺪﺭﻗﻴﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﻜﻈﺮ‬
‫ﻭﺍﻷﻗﻨﺎﺩ(‪ .‬ﻷﻥ ﺑﻘﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻐﺪﺩ ﺗﻔﺮﺯ ﻫﺮﻣﻮﻧﺎﺗﻬﺎ ﺑﻨﺎﺀ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻷﻭﺍﻣﺮ ﺍﻟﺼﺎﺩﺭﺓ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﻨﺨﺎﻣﻰ )ﻋﺒﺮ ﻫﺮﻣﻮﻧﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻨﺨﺎﻣﻰ(‪.‬‬
‫ﺗﺴﻤﻰ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﻟﺤﺎﻟﺔ ﺑﻤﺮﺽ ‪.Simmond‬‬
‫ﺗﺘﺮﺍﻭﺡ ﺍﻷﻋﺮﺍﺽ ﺍﻟﻨﺎﺗﺠﺔ ﻋﻦ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﻟﺤﺎﻟﺔ ﺗﺒﻌﺎً ﻟﻤﻘﺪﺍﺭ ﺍﻟﺘﻤﻮﺕ ﺍﻟﻨﺴﻴﺠﻲ ﺍﻟﺤﺎﺻﻞ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻨﺨﺎﻣﻰ‪ .‬ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﺤﺎﻻﺕ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺸﺪﻳﺪﺓ ﺗﻜﻮﻥ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﻹﺻﺎﺑﺔ ﻣﻬﺪﺩﺓ ﻟﻠﺤﻴﺎﺓ ﺑﺴﺒﺐ ﺍﻟﻨﻘﺺ ﺍﻟﺸﺪﻳﺪ ﺍﻟﺤﺎﺻﻞ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻬﺮﻣﻮﻧﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺴﺘﻴﺮﻭﺋﻴﺪﻳﺔ‪.‬‬
‫ﻋﻨﺪﻣﺎ ﻳﻜﻮﻥ ﻧﻘﺺ ﺍﻟﺘﺮﻭﻳﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﺴﺒﺐ ﻟﻠﺘﻤﻮﺕ ﺍﻟﻨﺴﻴﺠﻲ ﻧﺎﺗﺠﺎً ﻋﻦ ﺍﻟﻨﺰﻑ ﺃﺛﻨﺎﺀ ﺍﻟﻮﻻﺩﺓ ﺗﺴﻤﻰ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﻟﺤﺎﻟﺔ‬
‫ﺑﻤﺘﻼﺯﻣﺔ ﺷﻴﻬﺎﻥ ‪ syndrome s‘Sheehan‬ﻭﻳﻌﻘﺒﻬﺎ ﻓﺸﻞ ﻓﻲ ﺇﻧﺘﺎﺝ ﺍﻟﺤﻠﻴﺐ‪.‬‬

‫ﺍﻟﻘﺰﺍﻣﺔ ﺍﻟﻨﺨﺎﻣﻴﺔ ‪:DWARFISM PITUITARY‬‬

‫ﺗﻨﺘﺞ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﻟﺤﺎﻟﺔ ﻋﻦ ﺍﻟﻨﻘﺺ ﺍﻟﺸﺪﻳﺪ ﻓﻲ ﺇﻓﺮﺍﺯ ﻫﺮﻣﻮﻥ ﺍﻟﻨﻤﻮ ﺃﺛﻨﺎﺀ ﻓﺘﺮﺓ ﺍﻟﻄﻔﻮﻟﺔ‪ .‬ﻳﻜﻮﻥ ﺍﻟﻤﺼﺎﺏ ﺻﻐﻴﺮَ ﺍﻟﺠﺴﻢِ‬
‫ﻟﻜﻦ ﺑﺸﻜﻞ ﻣﺘﻨﺎﺳﻖٍ ﻭﺩﻭﻥ ﺃﻥ ﺗﺘﺄﺛﺮ ﺍﻟﺤﺎﻟﺔ ﺍﻟﻌﻘﻠﻴﺔ‪ .‬ﻛﻤﺎ ﻳﺘﺄﺧﺮ ﺍﻟﺒﻠﻮﻍ ﻓﻲ ﻫﺬﺍ ﺍﻻﺿﻄﺮﺍﺏ‪ .‬ﺗﻨﺘﺞ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﻟﺤﺎﻟﺔ ﻋﻦ‬
‫ﺍﺿﻄﺮﺍﺏ ﻭﺭﺍﺛﻲﱟ ﺃﻭ ﻭﺭﻡ ﻳﺼﻴﺐ ﺍﻟﻨﺨﺎﻣﻰ‪.‬‬

‫ﻳﻤﻜﻨﻜﻢ ﺍﻟﺘﻌﺮﻑ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻣﺘﻼﺯﻣﺔ ﺷﻴﻬﺎﻥ‪http://www.syr-res.com/article/3073.html:‬‬

‫ﺍﻟﻤﺼﺪﺭ‪:‬‬
‫‪Anatomy and Physiology in Health and Illness‬‬

‫ﺍﻟﻤﺴﺎﻫﻤﻮﻥ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻤﻘﺎﻝ ‪:‬‬

‫ﺇﻋﺪﺍﺩ‪Muhammad Shadi Al-Rajeh :‬‬

‫ﺗﺪﻗﻴﻖ ﻋﻠﻤﻲ‪Bara'a Makdissi :‬‬

‫ﺗﺪﻗﻴﻖ ﻟﻐﻮﻱ‪Bassel Fahed :‬‬

‫ﺗﻌﺪﻳﻞ ﺍﻟﺼﻮﺭﺓ‪Ali Darwish :‬‬

‫ﺗﻌﺪﻳﻞ ﺍﻟﺼﻮﺭﺓ‪Anas Shehadeh :‬‬

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‫ ﺍﻟﻐﺪّﺓ ﺍﻟﻨﺨﺎﻣﻴ‬:‫ ﺍﻟﻐﺪﺩ‬- "‫ﺳﻠﺴﻠﺔ "ﻛﻴﻒ ﻳﻌﻤﻞ ﺟﺴﻢ ﺍﻻﻧﺴﺎﻥ؟‬

Zaina Natour :‫ﺻﻮﺕ‬

Yusor Faouri :‫ﺗﻌﺪﻳﻞ‬

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