PROJECT- REPORT ON HOSPITAL TRAINING

(BP-707P)
BY

Pankaj yadav
B. Pharm 4TH Year (7th SEM),

Roll No. -1908960500023

PROJECT REPORT UNDER THE SUPERVISION OF

Mr.PRADEEP KUMAR

J.P COLLEGE OF PHARMACY MOHANLALGANJ

LUCKNOW

To the
FACULTY OF PHARMACY

DR. A.P.J. ABDUL KALAM TECHNICAL UNIVERSITY,

LUCKNOW

2022-23
 CERTIFICATE

TO WHOM SO EVER IT MAY CERTIFY

This is certified that Pankaj Yadav student of B. Pharm (4th year 7thsem.) in J.P
COLLEGE OF PHARMACY MOHANLALGANJ LUCKNOW, have submitted the
project on entitled “HOSPITAL AND CLINICAL TRAINING”. For the partial
fulfillment of B.Pharm degree in J.P COLLEGE OF PHARMACY MOHANLALGANJ
LUCKNOW. Carried out Pankaj Yadav under the supervision of Mr.PRADEEP
KUMAR, during the academic session2022-23.

Date:
Place:

Supervisor Co-ordinator H.O.D.

Director
HOSPITAL TRAINING CERTIFICATE
 ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

It gives us a great sense of pleasure to present the report of the “HOSPITAL

AND CLINICAL TRAINING” project undertaken during “BACHELOR OF
PHARMACY” 4TH year. I own special debt of gratitude of Mr. PRADEEP
KUMAR, Assistant Professor. J.P COLLEGE OF PHARMACY MOHANLALGANJ
LUCKNOW for his constant and guidance throughout and perseverance have
been of inspiration for me.

I would like to express my special gratitude and thanks to our assistant

professor Mr.PRADEEP KUMAR for giving me such attention and
valuable time.

I also wouldn’t like to miss the opportunity to acknowledge the contribution of

the faculty members of the department for their kind assistance and
cooperation during the development of my project. Last but not the least I
acknowledge my friends and classmates for their contribution in the
completion of this project.

Pankaj Yadav
Roll NO.-1908960500023

Bachelor of Pharmacy
 DECLARATION

I Pankaj Yadav , student of B. Pharm (4th year 7th sem) of J.P COLLEGE OF
PHARMACY MOHANLALGANJ LUCKNOW, have completed project report
under the supervision of Mr. PRADEEP KUMAR

I am very thankful to Mr.PRADEEP KUMAR SIR for her best guidelines for this
project. Declare that, all the particular included in this project done by me are
true to best of knowledge of beliefs.

Pankaj yadav
Roll Number- 1908960500023

B. Pharm (4th year 7th sem)

 CONTENTS

 Object
 Introduction
 Emergency wards
 General wards
 Surgical wards
 Injection Room
 Pathology Reports
 Diagnostic Reports
 Dispensing Sections
 Conclusion
 References
 OBJECTIVES

OBJECTIVE OF TRAINING:

1) To provide technical support to the Department of Health and Family

Welfare for achieving Universal Health Care accessible to all citizens and
to prioritize special groups.

2) To facilitate transparency and maintenance of standards in

Counselling for medical education.

3) To facilitate in prevention, mitigation, and containment of public

health emergencies due to biological (including zoonotic), chemical,
radiological and nuclear hazards in disaster situations.

4) To promote healthy living and to facilitate prevention, early detection

and management of non-communicable diseases.

5) To lay down specific standards and norms for safety and quality
assurance of all aspects of health care including Patient Safety, Hospital
Acquired Infection and Antimicrobial Resistance development.

6) To facilitate management of digital information related to health

status of the population, health infrastructure and health Services.

7) To strengthen Regional Offices of Health & Family Welfare, for

ensuring implementation of National Health Programs in the States, and
liaison between the Centre and States for all activities related to Health.
 INTRODUCTION

The Campus consists of 500 bedded hospital with the facilities like:
City scan, x-ray Trauma Centre, Blood Bank, OT, OPD, Emergency,
ICU.

Regarded as one of the best healthcare providers, DISTRICT (male)

HOSPITAL Sultanpur
has been providing aremarkable service ever since its inception.

Equipped with advanced medical equipment and technologies, it has

been constantly achieving milestones in the medical field. It is
because of the untiring efforts of the dedicated stalwarts of this
healthcare facility such as doctors, nurses and the support staff that
it has been able to grow and make new advancements everyday.

The ultimate objectives of this healthcare centre stand to be better

patient care. The establishment enjoys a good connectivity with the
rest of the city because of its prominent location.

District Hospital is a vast medicity, well equipped with modern

apparatus.All type of treatment and investigations are provided free of
charge.

It is one of the biggest hospitals in Asia. It is a teaching institute affiliated

to the B J Medical College imparting education to MBBS and PG
medical students.

Personalized and specialized Care for patients: The experience a

patient has while they visit the hospital should be hassle-free and also
personalised care should be provided so there is individual attention
given to each patient that visit the hospital.
SECTIONS IN District HOSPITAL Sultanpur
 Emergency wards
 General wards
 Surgical wards
 Injection Room
 ICU (Intensive Care Unit)
 OPD (Out Patients Department)
 NICU (Nursery Intensive Care Unit)
 Pathology
 Dispensing
 Blood Bank
 Operation Theatre
 Diagnostic Centre
EMERGENCY WARDS

 An emergency department (ED), also known as an accident &

emergency department (A&E), emergency
room (ER), emergency ward (EW) or casualty department, is a
medical treatment facility specializing in emergency medicine,
the acute care of patients who present without prior appointment;
either by their own means or by that of an ambulance. The
emergency department is usually found in a hospital or
other primary care centre.

 Due to the unplanned nature of patient attendance, the department

must provide initial treatment for a broad spectrum of illnesses and
injuries, some of which may be life-threatening and require
immediate attention. In some countries, emergency departments
have become important entry points for those without other means
of access to medical care.

 EMERGENCY WARD CONSISTS OF: In the ER, a doctor or

team of doctors and nurses will care for you. You may have X-
rays, blood work, or other tests. You will need to wait for the
results of any tests you have. You also may wait to see a doctor
who specializes in treating your problem.
CONDITIONS THAT OFTEN REQUIRES FIRST AID:

Cardiac arrest
Cardiac arrest may occur in the ED/A&E or a patient may be transported
by ambulance to the emergency department already in this state.
Treatment is basic life support and advanced life support as taught in
advanced life support and advanced cardiac life support courses.

Heart attack
Patients arriving to the emergency department with a myocardial
infarction (heart attack) are likely to be triaged to the resuscitation area.
They will receive oxygen and monitoring and have an early ECG; aspirin
will be given if not contraindicated or not already administered by the
ambulance team; morphine or diamorphine will be given for pain; sub
lingual (under the tongue) or buccal (between cheek and upper gum)
glyceryl trinitrate (nitroglycerin) (GTN or NTG) will be given, unless
contraindicated by the presence of other drugs.

Trauma
Major trauma, the term for patients with multiple injuries, often from
a motor vehicle crash or a major fall, is initially handled in the
Emergency Department. However, trauma is a separate (surgical)
specialty from emergency medicine (which is itself a medical specialty,
and has certifications in the United States from the American Board of
Emergency Medicine).
Trauma is treated by a trauma team who have been trained using the
principles taught in the internationally recognized Advanced Trauma Life
Support (ATLS) course of the American College of Surgeons. Some
other international training bodies have started to run similar courses
based on the same principles
Some emergency departments in smaller hospitals are located near a
helipad which is used by helicopters to transport a patient to a trauma
centre. This inter-hospital transfer is often done when a patient requires
advanced medical care unavailable at the local facility. In such cases the
emergency department can only stabilize the patient for transport.
Mental illness
Some patients arrive at an emergency department for a complaint of
mental illness. In many jurisdictions (including many U.S. states),
patients who appear to be mentally ill and to present a danger to
themselves or others may be brought against their will to an emergency
department by law enforcement officers for psychiatric examination.

Asthma and COPD

Acute exacerbations of chronic respiratory diseases,
mainly asthma and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), are
assessed as emergencies and treated with oxygen
therapy, bronchodilators, steroids or theophylline, have an urgent chest
X-ray and arterial blood gases and are referred for intensive care if
necessary. Noninvasive ventilation in the ED has reduced the
requirement for tracheal intubation in many cases of severe
exacerbations of COPD.

Special facilities, training, and equipment

ED staff must also interact efficiently with pre-hospital care providers
such as EMTs, paramedics, and others who are occasionally based in
an ED. The pre-hospital providers may use equipment unfamiliar to the
average physician, but ED physicians must be expert in using (and
safely removing) specialized equipment, since devices such as military
anti-shock trousers ("MAST") and traction splints require special
procedures. Among other reasons, given that they must be able to
handle specialized equipment, physicians can now specialize in
emergency medicine, and EDs employ many such specialists.
ED staff have much in common with ambulance and fire crews, combat
medics, search and rescue teams, and disaster response teams. Often,
joint training and practice drills are organized to improve the coordination
of this complex response system. Busy EDs exchange a great deal of
equipment with ambulance crews, and both must provide for replacing,
returning, or reimbursing for costly items.
Cardiac arrest and major trauma are relatively common in EDs,
so defibrillators, automatic ventilation and CPR machines, and bleeding
control dressings are used heavily. Survival in such cases is greatly
enhanced by shortening the wait for key interventions, and in recent
years some of this specialized equipment has spread to pre-hospital
settings. The best-known example is defibrillators, which spread first to
ambulances, then in an automatic version to police cars and fire
apparatus, and most recently to public spaces such as airports, office
buildings, hotels, and even shopping malls.
GENERAL WARDS
General ward is a common unit where patients who are admitted
share the same room. The ward is equipped with health monitoring
systems with one-to-one care assistance for patients as required.
Facilities are catered as per patient's diagnosis, age, comfort and other
essential factors.

GENERAL WARDS CLASSIFICATION

SURGICAL WARDS

I. The surgical ward takes care of patients with surgical conditions

which include laminectomy, craniotomy, septoplasty,
appendectomy, hysterectomy, maxillofacial surgery among others.
II. You will be expected to offer the patient support upon arrival in the
post-anaesthetic care unit, and monitor their health and care all
the way through until they are back on a general ward. You will
also be responsible for assessing whether the patient should be
discharged back onto a ward.

Equipment and Layout

In addition to components of a surgical suite, the following features

should be available:
o High-quality fluoroscopy (generally with flat-panel imaging) in
a lead-lined room.

o Integration of other modalities, such as a biplane system, C-

arm CT, integrated ultrasound, and electromagnetic
navigation systems (optional).

o A control area for radiologic technicians either inside or

outside of the hybrid OR with a direct view to the surgical
field.

o A radiolucent, thin, nonmetallic carbon fiber operating table

that can accommodate both angiography and open
operations. It must also be integrated to the imaging system
to avoid collisions. Because of a lack of metal parts, some
operating table functions are lost, such as isolated
movement of upper or lower parts of the patient's body.
Nevertheless, a floating tabletop with multidirectional tilt
function is needed for accurate catheter maneuvering.

o Adequate room size (800 square feet [74.3 m2] to 1000

square feet or more) to accommodate the equipment
required by cardiac or vascular surgeons and interventional
cardiologists, as well as the anesthesia team, nursing team,
perfusionist, and radiologic technicians. Careful equipment
positioning is required to allow fast conversion to
conventional surgery if needed.

o Ceiling-mounted monitors placed in positions that allow all

team members (surgeons, anesthesiologists, and
interventionists) to visualize the images simultaneously.
Images from angiography, echocardiography,
and hemodynamic monitoring need to be displayed.

o Circulating heating, ventilation, and laminar air flow to

provide a smooth undisturbed air flow suitable for
conventional surgical operations.
INJECTION ROOM

The Injection Room is unlocked for research upon receiving the

Research Room in Mitton University; a multi-illness treatment room, it
works as a important curing facility, treating a large range of illnesses in
nearly every hospital from World 2 onwards.

An injection (often and usually referred to as a "shot" in US English, a

"jab" in UK English, or a "jag" in Scottish English and Scots) is the act of
administering a liquid, especially a drug, into a person's body using a
needle (usually a hypodermic needle) and a syringe.

What are the different types of injections?

 Intravenous (IV) injections. An IV injection is the fastest way to
inject a medication and involves using a syringe to inject a
medication directly into a vein
 Intramuscular (IM) injections
 Subcutaneous (SC) injections
 Intradermal (ID) injections

Where is injection given?

Intramuscular injections are injections into a muscle. They are
traditionally given in the upper, outer quadrant of the buttock, but some
intramuscular injections can also be given in the thigh or upper arm.
PATHOLOGY

Pathology is a branch of medical science primarily concerning the

cause, origin, and nature of disease. It involves the examination of
tissues, organs, bodily fluids, and autopsies in order to study and
diagnose disease.

What exactly do pathologists do?

A pathologist is a medical healthcare provider who examines bodies

and body tissues. He or she is also responsible for performing lab
tests. A pathologist helps other healthcare providers reach diagnoses
and is an important member of the treatment team.

TYPES OF PATHOLOGY
The American Osteopathic Board of Pathology also recognizes four
primary specialties:
 anatomic pathology
 dermatopathology
 forensic pathology
 laboratory medicine
Pathologists may pursue specialised fellowship training within one or
more subspecialties of either anatomical or clinical pathology.

Why do we study pathology?

Pathology is a study of different diseases and creating a link between
medicine and science. Thus, it is the prime motive of clinical pathology.
Moreover, it is a place where you can find both the cause of the problem
and the remedy.

pathology test
Pathology tests are a medical specialty tests that help determine the
cause and nature of diseases by testing samples of body tissues
and body fluids. The results from these pathology tests help doctors
diagnose the diseases and provide treatments accordingly.

Here are some of the most common Pathology tests that have
become a part of our essential wellbeing.
Complete Blood Count (CBC) gives counts of blood cells:

 Liver Function Tests (LFT): This is a bunch of tests that

take into account various liver enzymes and other things
produced or excreted by the liver to determine whether it’s
functioning properly.

 Thyroid Function Test: This helps determine whether a

person has an abnormal thyroid function.

 Mantoux Test: This helps to determine whether the patient

has been infected with Tuberculosis (TB) or not.

 Stool and urine tests: These are done to look for

abnormalities in bodily secretions.
DIAGNOSTIC REPORTS
A diagnostic report is the set of information that is typically provided
by a diagnostic service when investigations are complete. The
information includes a mix of atomic results, text reports, images, and
codes.
It can also refer to the request details and atomic observations details or
image instances.

PURPOSE OF DIAGNOSTIC REPORT

A number of tools exist to evaluate a company's performance, but one of

the most critical is a diagnostic report, which gathers information about
the company's departments, suppliers, goods and services and much
more to provide a concise, data-based report with conclusions that can
help future direction.

Guidelines for Writing Diagnostic Reports

1. The Appearance of the Diagnostic Report
2. The "Shelf Life" of the Disability Documentation
3. The Reason for Referral and History of the Problem
4. Evaluation Measures Used in the Report
5. Relevant Developmental, Educational and Medical Histories
6. A Clear Statement of the Disability

Tests for diagnostic services

 Diagnostic tests are either invasive and non-invasive. Invasive
diagnostic testing involves puncturing the skin or entering the
body.

 Examples are taking a blood sample, biopsies, and

colonoscopies.

 Non-invasive diagnostic testing does not involve making a break in

the skin.
DIAGNOSTIC AND LAB DIAGNOSTIC SYSTEM

Lab tests and diagnostic procedures are tests used to check if a

person's health is normal.
For example, a lab can test a sample of your blood, urine or body tissue
to see if something is wrong. A diagnostic test, like blood pressure
testing, can show if you have low or high blood pressure.

Types of Diagnostic tests

 Biopsy- A biopsy helps a doctor diagnose a medical condition.
 Colonoscopy
 CT scan
 CT scans and radiation exposure in children and young people
 Electrocardiogram (ECG)
 Electroencephalogram (EEG)
 Gastroscopy
 Eye tests

Most common diagnostic Test

Chest x-rays are one of the most commonly performed diagnostic
medical tests. This test provides a black-and-white image of your lungs,
heart, and chest wall. The test is noninvasive, painless, and takes just a
few minutes.
DISPENSING

 Dispensing is the provision of drugs or medicines as set out

properly on a lawful prescription.
 The dispensing of drugs should be carried out by trained
pharmacists.
 Dispensing is the provision of drugs or medicines as set out
properly on a lawful prescription.

DISPENSING IN DRUG

Dispensing includes preparing and giving medication for a client to

take later, taking steps to ensure the pharmaceutical and therapeutic
suitability of the medication for its intended use, and taking steps to
ensure its proper use. Nurses dispense with or without the involvement
of a pharmacist.

Drug Administration

A route of administration in pharmacology and toxicology is the path by

which a drug, fluid, poison, or other substance is taken into the
body. Routes of administration are generally classified by the location at
which the substance is applied. Common examples include oral and
intravenous administration.
Flow diagram of the community pharmacy dispensing procedures
analyzed:

Dispensing refers to the process of preparing and giving medicine to

a named person on the basis of a prescription.
It involves the correct interpretation of the wishes of the prescriber and
the accurate preparation and labelling of medicine for use by the patient.
Drug dispensing practices at pharmacies in Bengaluru: A
cross-sectional study

Objectives:
Pharmacists are one of the crucial focal points for health care in the
community. They have tremendous outreach to the public as
pharmacies are often the first-port-of-call. With the increase of ready-to-
use drugs, the main health-related activity of a pharmacist today is to
assure the quality of dispensing, a key element to promote rational
medicine use.

Materials and Methods:

A cross-sectional study of 200 pharmacies, 100 each in various
residential (R) and commercial (C) areas of Bengaluru, was conducted
using a prevalidated questionnaire administered to the chief pharmacist
or the person-in-charge by the investigators.

Results:
Dispensing without prescription at pharmacies was 45% of the total
dispensing encounters and significantly higher (χ2 = 15.2, P < 0.001, df =
1) in pharmacies of residential areas (46.64%) as compared to
commercial areas (43.64%). Analgesics were the most commonly
dispensed drugs (90%) without prescription. Only 31% insisted on
dispensing full course of antibiotics prescribed and 19% checked for
completeness of prescription before dispensing. Although 97% of the
pharmacies had a refrigerator, 31% of these did not have power back-
up. Only about 50% of the pharmacists were aware of Schedule H.

Conclusion:
This study shows a high proportion of dispensing encounters without
prescription, a higher rate of older prescription refills, many irregularities
in medication counseling and unsatisfactory storage practices. It also
revealed that about half of the pharmacists were unaware of Schedule H
and majority of them about current regulations. Hence, regulatory
enforcement and educational campaigns are a prerequisite to improve
dispenser's knowledge and dispensing practices.
Statistical Analysis

The data collected in the form of completed questionnaires was

categorized, coded, and analyzed. Data were expressed as
percentages/proportions, tests of proportions were done with Chi-square
wherever deemed necessary, and P < 0.05 was considered statistically
significant.

Results

Dispensing Practices
Dispensing without prescription at pharmacies was 45% of the total dispensing
encounters, with analgesics (90%) being the most commonly dispensed drugs
without prescription followed by antipyretics (68%), antihistaminics (49%), and
antacids (46%).
CONCLUSION

 The project Hospital Training is the working in a hospital. The

process takes care of all the requirements of an average hospital
and is capable to provide easy and effective storage of information
related to patients that come up to the Hospital.

 It generates Test Reports; provide prescription details including

various tests, diet advice and medicines prescribed to patients and
doctors. It also provides injection details and billing facility on the
basis of patient’s status whether it is an indoor or outdoor patients.

 The system also provides the facility of backup as per the

requirements. Patients who are non – local language speakers or
come from migrant populations or ethnic minority groups often are
not able to communicate effectively with their clinicians to receive
complete information about their care. At the same time, Clinical
staff is often not able to understand the patients’ needs or to elicit
other relevant information from the patients.

 Professional interpreter services should be made available

whenever necessary to ensure good communication between non-
local language speakers and clinical staff.

 The task force brings together practitioners, scientists, managers

and community representatives with specific expertise and
competence in policy- relevant knowledge in the field.
REFERENCES

1. ^ABC “injection safety”. Health Topic A to Z. World Health

Organization. Retrieved 2011-05-09.

2. ^David Healy. Psychiatric Drugs Explained: Page 19.

3. ^Thomas, AC; Wysocki, AB (February 1990). “The Healing Wound:

a comparison of three clinically useful methods of measurement”.

4. Jersey, USA Prentice Hall. ISBN0-13-981176-1.

5. Help to department of Hospital staff.

COMPLETED
BY –
Pankaj yadav