CIVL 514 Loads on Steel Roadway Bridges

Dr. Ihab Ramadan

 Loads on Roadway Bridges
Classification of Loads on Roadway Bridges

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Loads on Roadway Bridges
Dead Loads on Roadway Bridges

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 Loads on Roadway Bridges
Live Loads on Roadway Bridges
Traffic loads on bridge decks are used to simulate
the effects of vehicles and/or pedestrian loads.
Some traffic loads represent the weight of real
vehicles that can travel over the bridges; other
values and distributions are chosen in such a way
that they produce maximum internal forces in
bridge structures similar to the ones produced by
real vehicles.

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 Loads on Roadway Bridges
Live Loads on Roadway Bridges

Three types of loads are specified in the Egyptian Code for

Loads:
− Uniform distributed loads
− Single wheel loads
− Truck loads

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 Highway Bridges
Live Load

Impact effects (dynamic effects) of traffic loads are

in general specified in the codes. For highway
bridges an enhancement of up to 25% of the static
load is often used to take impact into account.

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Car Lanes

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Car Lanes

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Car Lanes

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Truck Dimensions
2.0 x 3.0 m

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Truck Dimensions
2.0 x 3.0 m

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Loading Model 1

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Loading Model 1

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Loading Model 1

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Loading Model 1

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Loading Model 2

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Loading Model 2

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Loading Model 3

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 Distribution of
Concentrated Loads

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 NOTES
Live Loads on Roadway Bridges

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 NOTES
Live Loads for design of R.C Slabs

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Braking Force

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Centrifugal Force

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Centrifugal Force

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Temperature Variation

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Temperature Variation

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Loads on Roadway Bridges
Fatigue

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 Fatigue
What is Fatigue?

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 Fatigue

Fatigue Failures

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 Fatigue

Fatigue Failures

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 Fatigue in welds
Fatigue cracks will almost certainly start to grow from welds because:
• Most welding processes leave minute metallurgical discontinuities,
reduce ductility and increase hardness of welded metals (HAZ) from
which cracks may grow.
• The initiation period of a crack is very short. Therefore, cracks
propagate all time.
• Sharp changes of profile at the toes of groove welds and fillet welds
cause local stress concentrations.

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 Fatigue
Fracture Mechanics

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 Fatigue
Stress Intensity Factor

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 Fatigue
Stress Intensity Factor

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 Fatigue
Stress Intensity Factor

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 Fatigue
Stress Intensity Factor

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 Fatigue
Other Parameters

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 Fatigue
Stress Range

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 Fatigue
Stress Range

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 Definitions
• Fatigue: Damage in a structural member through gradual crack
propagation caused by repeated stress fluctuations.
• Design Life: The period in which a structure is required to perform
safely with an acceptable probability that it will not fail or require
repair.
• Stress Range: The algebraic difference between two extreme values or
nominal stresses due to fatigue loads. This may be determined through
standard elastic analysis.

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 Definitions

• Fatigue Strength: The stress range determined form test

data for a given number of stress cycles.
• Fatigue Limit: The maximum stress range for constant
amplitude cycles that will not form fatigue cracks
• Detail Category: The designation given to a particular joint
or welded detail to indicate its fatigue strength. The
category accounts for: Stress concentration, size and shape
of the maximum acceptable discontinuity, the loading
condition, metallurgical effects, residual stresses, fatigue
crack shapes, welding procedure, and post-welding
improvement (if any).

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Stress Concentration

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Low Cycle Fatigue

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 Fatigue
Fatigue Details

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Fatigue Assessment

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Fatigue Load Models

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Fatigue Assessments

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Fatigue Assessments

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Fatigue Assessments

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Detail Categories

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Detail Categories

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 Vehicle Impact

• Impact on bridge columns and piers.

• Impact of concentrated load on curb.

• Impact of vehicle on curb and barriers.

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Temperature Variation

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Temperature Variation

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Temperature Variation

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Temperature Variation

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Temperature Variation

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Wind Loading

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Wind Loading

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Friction Resistance of Bearings

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 Other Loading

• Seismic loading.
• Bearings and friction coefficient.
• Differential settlement.
• Creep and shrinkage.
• Special loading during construction.
• Lateral loads from soil or water.
•Non-conventional loading.

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Load Combinations

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Load Combinations

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