Density Specific Energy

Fuel Storage Requirements

(kg/L) (MJ/kg)

Jet-A 0.779 42.8 - Flammable, anti-static

Lithium-Ion 3.95 0.954 - Flammable, temperature

Batteries limits

SAF Biofuel
Liquid Hydrogen
Alt Fuel A
Alt Fuel B
Alt Fuel C

How to Calculate Cost per MJ Calculation of Emissions (CO₂)

1) 1 gallon of Jet-A = 6.5 lbf = 2.95 kg
2) 1 gallon of Jet-A = $2.73
3) Jet-A = $2.73 / (6.5 lbf / 2.95 kg) = $1.24/kg
4) Jet-A = ($1.24/kg) / 42.8 MJ = $0.029/MJ
Energy Required for Narrow-Body Aircraft
The current Boeing 737-800 has a fuel capacity of
6,875 gallons of Jet-A fuel. This equates to
approximately 867,529 MJ of energy and takes
approximately 26 cubic meters of storage space.
Mass Emissions = Mass fuel consumed * Emi
Factor.
A typical 737-800 narrow-body aircraft burns
approximately 850 gal/hr of Jet-A with an em
factor of around 3.1. If we assume a 3 hr fligh
1) 850 gal/hr * 3 hr = 2,550 gal
2) 2,550 gal * 6.5 lb/gal = 16,575 lbf = 7,518 k
3) 7,518 kg * 3.10 = 23,305 kg CO₂ emissions
See: https://www.epa.gov/sites/default/files/
07/documents/emission-factors_2014.pdf
 CO₂
Volume Required for 737-
Cost per MJ CO₂ per Liter Emissions
MFG Difficulty 800 Energy Capacity
(USD) (m^3) (kg/L) per MJ
(kg/MJ)

Easy $0.0289 26.02 2.58 0.0773

$0.039 *
Easy $50.33 ** 230.22 0.39 0.1030
* Electricity Cost
** Upfront Cost

Calculation of Emissions (CO₂) Li-Ion Batteries Density Calculations

ass Emissions = Mass fuel consumed * Emissions
actor.
typical 737-800 narrow-body aircraft burns
pproximately 850 gal/hr of Jet-A with an emissions
ctor of around 3.1. If we assume a 3 hr flight:
850 gal/hr * 3 hr = 2,550 gal
2,550 gal * 6.5 lb/gal = 16,575 lbf = 7,518 kg
7,518 kg * 3.10 = 23,305 kg CO₂ emissions
ee: https://www.epa.gov/sites/default/files/2015-
7/documents/emission-factors_2014.pdf
Conversion: 1 Wh (watt-hour) = 0.0036 MJ (megajoule)
1) 265 Wh/kg = 0.954 MJ/kg (optimistic)
2) 670 Wh/L = 2.412 MJ/L
3) 100 kWh pack (Tesla S) = 1,300 lb = 76.9 Wh/lb
4) Using 18650 Li-Ion cylindrical Cells with 3,000 mAh capcity and 3.7v nominal:
65mm cylinder = 16540 mm^3 = 0.0165 L / 11.1 Wh = 0.00149 L/Wh
5) 0.00149 L/Wh * 100,000 Wh = 149 L for 100 kWh pack
6) 100 kWh pack = 1,300 lb (Tesla S) so 1,300 lb / 149 L = 8.72 lb/L = 3.95 kg/L
Battery Density Estimation:
https://www.thedrive.com/news/tesla-semis-enormous-battery-might-weigh-1
pounds-on-its-own

https://www.inchcalculator.com/convert/watt-hour-to-megajoule/
https://www.cei.washington.edu/education/science-of-solar/battery-technolog

Li-Ion Batteries Cost

1) $151/kWh = $50.33/MJ
Remember, this is the UPFRONT cost for Li-Ion batteries, not the cost to charge

2) $0.14/kWh = $0.039/MJ Charging Cost

https://about.bnef.com/blog/lithium-ion-battery-pack-prices-rise-for-first-time-
average-of-151-kwh/#:~:text=After%20more%20than%20a%20decade,last%20y
%20in%20real%20terms.
2) $0.14/kWh = $0.039/MJ Charging Cost
https://about.bnef.com/blog/lithium-ion-battery-pack-prices-rise-for-first-time-
average-of-151-kwh/#:~:text=After%20more%20than%20a%20decade,last%20y
%20in%20real%20terms.

Li-Ion Volume Required Calculations

1) 867,529 MJ required
2) 0.954 MJ/kg so for 867,529 MJ = 909,359 kg of batteries
3) 3.95 kg/L so for 909,359 kg = 230,217 L = 230 m^3 space required

Electricity CO₂ Emissions Calculations

1) 0.818 lbs CO₂ per kWh = 0.37 kg/kWh = 0.37 kg / 3.6 MJ = 0.103 kg/MJ CO₂
2) 0.954 MJ/kg and 3.85 kg/L for Li-Ion, so 3.77 MJ/L for Li-Ion, and with 0.103 k
MJ, then 3.77 MJ/L * 0.103 kg CO₂ / MJ = 0.39 kg CO₂ / L Li-Ion

https://carbonfund.org/calculation-methods/#:~:text=We%20calculate%20emis
%20from%20electricity,0.371%20kgs%20CO2e%20per%20kWh)
 Additional Additional
Notes
Metric A Metric B

- Kerosene based
- Current standard for commerical airliners
- Well-established production and delivery infrastructure
- Above desired pollution levels

- Need to be replaced at some interval

- Dangerous if 'thermal runaway' is not contained
- Density highly variable based on pack geometry, does not
include supporting systems (cooling etc)
https://www.cei.washington.edu/education/science-of-solar/
battery-technology/

ensity Calculations
megajoule)

Wh/lb
000 mAh capcity and 3.7v nominal: 18mm x
11.1 Wh = 0.00149 L/Wh
00 kWh pack
0 lb / 149 L = 8.72 lb/L = 3.95 kg/L

s-enormous-battery-might-weigh-11000-

att-hour-to-megajoule/
/science-of-solar/battery-technology/

eries Cost
on batteries, not the cost to charge.

ttery-pack-prices-rise-for-first-time-to-an-
e%20than%20a%20decade,last%20year
 ttery-pack-prices-rise-for-first-time-to-an-
e%20than%20a%20decade,last%20year

quired Calculations

kg of batteries
230 m^3 space required

ssions Calculations
.37 kg / 3.6 MJ = 0.103 kg/MJ CO₂
.77 MJ/L for Li-Ion, and with 0.103 kg CO₂ /
39 kg CO₂ / L Li-Ion

s/#:~:text=We%20calculate%20emissions
2e%20per%20kWh)