UNIVERSITI

TEKNOLOGI
MARA

CEG 552 – HIGHWAY AND TRAFFIC ENGINEERING

KAMPUS PULAU PINANG

AFFECTIVE ASSESSMENT
PAVEMENT CHARACTERISTIC
NAME OF PRACTICAL:………………….…………………………………………………….........
26 OKTOBER 2022 5A2
DATE OF ASSESSMENT: ………………..…………… GROUP: …………………………...
ZANARIAH BINTI ABD RAHMAN
LECTURER:………………….……………………………………………………......................

CO3: Present laboratory findings.

PO10: Ability to impart effectively complex engineering activities through presentations, written and verbal communications to the engineering
community and society at large.

No. STUDENT ID GROUP MEMBER’S NAME

1. 2021478906 MUHAMAD SYAFIQ BIN MOHD ZAHID (LEADER)
2. 2021451332 HAZIQ SYUWARI BIN ANUAR
3. 2021110859 MUHAMMAD HARRIS BIN MOHD DAUD (5E2)
4.
5.

AFFECTIVE PERFORMANCE RUBRIC

PERFORMANCE SCALE
NO. CRITERIA Developing Functional Proficient Advanced
Marks
1 2 3 4 5
Written work Written work has weak Written work has Written work has clear Written work has well-
organizational beginning, development adequate beginning, and appropriate defined beginning,
structure and and conclusion. development and beginning, development and
Structure paragraphing has Paragraphing and conclusion. development and conclusion.
1
(A1) serious and persistent transitions are also Paragraphing and conclusion. Paragraphing and
(6 marks) errors. deficient. transitions are also Paragraphing and transitions are also clear
adequate. transitions are also clear and distinct.
and appropriate.
Written work does Written work does not do Written work has Written work provides Written work provides
not cover the an adequate job of sufficiently cover the in‐depth coverage of comprehensive
Content assigned topic, and covering the assigned topic, and assertions the topic, and coverage of the topic,
2 assertions are not topic, and assertions are supported by assertions are clearly and assertions are
(A2)
(6 marks) supported by are weakly supported by evidence. supported by evidence. supported by easily
evidence. evidence. understood evidence.

Data collected was Data collected was Data collected was Data collected was Data collected was
Analysis and not relevant and relevant but not sufficient relevant and sufficient relevant, related to the relevant, related to the
3 Interpretation not sufficient to to analyze and interpret. to analyze and objectives and objectives, sufficient to
of Data (A3) analyze and interpret. Interpret. sufficient to analyze and analyze and accurate
(5 marks) interpret. interpretation of data.

No discussion on Discussion on the results Little discussion on Description of result Result and discussion
the meaning of was very difficult to what result mean and was generally clear. are clearly stated,
experimental follow, no discussion on implications of results. Some discussion on through discussion on
results and very the meaning of results Enough errors are what results mean and what results mean and
Discussion (A3)
4 difficult to follow and information was so made to be distracting, implications of results. implications of result.
(5 marks)
the discussion. inaccurate that makes the but some information No significant errors Provide consistently
report unreliable. was accurate. are made. accurate information.

No attempt was Conclusion was derived Conclusion was good Conclusion was good Conclusion was
made to conclude from the collected and and derived from the and derived from the excellent and derived
and objective of analyzed data but it is not collected and analyzed collected and analyzed from the collected
Conclusion (A4)
5 the lab was not answering the objectives. data and not from data and not from and analyzed data and
(5 marks)
answered. other sources but did other sources and not from other
not directly answering directly answer the sources. Conclusion
the objective. bjective. clearly answer the
objective.
Not able to Able to acknowledge Able to list and Able to organize and Able to organize and
acknowledge some relevant references acknowledge adequate adapt very good adapt substantial
References
6 references and and several appended relevant references references with plenty relevant and recent
/Appended
no appended materials. and some appended of appended references as well as
Materials (A3) materials. materials. the appended materials.
materials.
(3 marks)

TOTAL MARKS /30

Checked by:
 TABLE OF CONTENT

No Description Page
1.0 Procedure 2-6
2.0 Data Analysis 7-10
3.0 Discussion 11-12
4.0 Conclusion 13
5.0 Reference 14

1
1.0 PROCEDURE

Skid Resistance
Skid resistance is important parameters that need to be considered in designing the
highway. It is because inadequate skid resistance will lead to higher incidences of skid
related accidents. Besides that, also the reason why it is very important parameter in
designing the highway is most agencies have an obligation to provide users with a roadway
that is “reasonably” safe and skid resistance measurements can be used to evaluate various
types of materials and construction practices.

Figure 1: Pendulum Skid Resistance

Sand Patch
Sand Patch test is a method to study the surface texture depth of a road surface.
Earlier version of this method of test used either graded-sand or glass beads used in line
marking. To be more specified, this test is to know the average depth of voids below the high
point of surface.

Figure 2: The apparatus of Sand Patch Test

2
Outflow meter
An outflow meter is a tool that calculates how long it takes for a certain amount of
water to pass through void in the roughness of the pavement while being pulled by gravity.
The method aims to measure the pavement's capacity to release pressure from the face of
the vehicle tyres, and hence a sign of the likelihood of hydroplaning in a wettish environment.

Figure 3: Outflow Meter

Skid Resistance

1. Setup the skid resistance tester so that the center column is vertical (this is done by
adjusting the three leveling screws at the base)

Figure 4

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2. Adjust the height of the pivot so that the arms swings freely through its arc without
touching the road surface (check that it swings right through to the zero on the scale)

Figure 5

3. Lower the pivot height so that the friction foot is in contact with the road surface over
the precise distance (150mm) as shown by the gauge (scale rule) which is placed
alongside.
4. Raise the pendulum arm to the starting position and engage the retaining catch.
5. Water the road surface where the test is to be taken.
6. (f) Check the maximum swing indicator is set to the vertical position.
7. (g) Release the pendulum arm.
8. (h) After it has swing through, catch the arm to prevent a back swing which could
disturb the apparatus reading.
9. Take and note the reading on the scale.
10. Repeat the test to obtain a minimum of three readings.

4
Sand Patch

1. Ensure that the test site is clean, dry and free from grease or oil. Sweep off all dust
and other loose particles.

2. Fill the brass cylinder with beads by dipping into the container and striking off any
excess.

Figure 6

3. Tap the base of the filled cylinder on a hard surface three times and top up the
cylinder striking off any excess.
4. Pour the contents of the cylinder onto the road surface into a small pile on the swept
test site. In windy conditions the pile should be shielded from the wind to prevent the
glass beads from being blown away.
5. Use the sand spreader to gently work the beads down into the surface voids. Keeping
the face of the sand spreader flat and applying only horizontal pressure, gently work
the beads down into the surface voids in a circular spiral motion from the centre
outwards. Continue this spreading motion until the diameter of the circle stabilises
and the beads have completely filled the voids and the sand patch is levelled to the
highest points on the surface.

5
 6. Measure the diameter of the circle at 4 evenly spaced diameters to the nearest 5 mm
and record these measurements. Average the 4 readings to determine the average
diameter (D mm) of the circle.

Figure 7

7. Sweep the beads off the road surface and discard. 8. Repeat steps 1 to 7 for each
test site.

Outflow Meter

1. The outflow meter test was filled with water until reach the volume of 2500ml.

Figure 8

2. The time taken was measured when the water to flow out at 500ml from the outflow
meter by using stopwatch.
3. The average value of time taken was calculated.
4. The step was repeated at fine, medium and course road.

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2.0 DATA AND ANALYSIS

Skid Resistance

TYPE OF CATEGORY OF SKID RESISTANCE AVERAGE SKID

SURFACE ROAD VALUE (SRV) RESISTANCE VALUE
X Dry 53 53.67
54
54
Wet 51 50.33
50
50
Y Dry 46 45.33
45
45
Wet 44 43
43
42
Z Dry 50 50.67
50
52
Wet 46 45.67
46
45

Sample Calculation

Type of Surface: X

Category of Road: Dry

53 + 54 + 54
𝐴𝑣𝑒𝑟𝑎𝑔𝑒 𝑆𝑅𝑉 = = 53.67
3

7
Sand Patch

TYPE OF DIAMETER AVERAGE AREA OF VOLUME TEXTURE Texture

SURFACE OF SAND DIAMETER SAND OF DEPTH Classification
PATCH OF SAND PATCH SAND (mm)
(mm) PATCH (mm) (mm3)
(mm)
X 230 230.75 41818.97 50000 1.2 Open
235
225
233
Y 356 367.25 105928.66 50000 0.47 Medium
357
360
356
Z 530 520 212371.66 50000 0.24 Fine
525
505
520

Sample Calculations

230 + 235 + 225 + 233

𝐴𝑣𝑒𝑟𝑎𝑔𝑒 𝐷𝑖𝑎𝑚𝑒𝑡𝑒𝑟 𝑜𝑓 𝑆𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑃𝑎𝑡𝑐ℎ = = 230.75 𝑚𝑚
4

𝜋𝑑2 𝜋 (230.75)2
𝐴𝑟𝑒𝑎 𝑜𝑓 𝑆𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑃𝑎𝑡𝑐ℎ = = = 41818.97 𝑚𝑚
4 4

𝑉𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑚𝑒 𝑜𝑓 𝑆𝑎𝑛𝑑 50000

𝑇𝑒𝑥𝑡𝑢𝑟𝑒 𝐷𝑒𝑝𝑡ℎ = = = 1.2 𝑚𝑚
𝐴𝑟𝑒𝑎 𝑜𝑓 𝑆𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑃𝑎𝑡𝑐ℎ 41818.97

AVERAGE TEXTURE DEPTH(MM) TEXTURE CLASSIFICATION

<0.25 Fine
0.25-0.50 Medium
>0.50 Open

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Outflow Meter

Surface Volume (mm³) Time taken (sec) Rate of flow

(mm³/sec)

X 25 80 × 10³

Y 2000000 450 4.44 × 10³

Z 665 3.01 × 10³

Sample calculation
volume
𝑅𝑎𝑡𝑒 𝑜𝑓 𝑓𝑙𝑜𝑤 =
𝑡𝑖𝑚𝑒
2000000
=
25

= 80 × 103

Rate of flow (mm³/sec) vs Surface

140 80

120
Rate of flow (mm³/sec)

100

80

60

40

20
4.44 3.01
0
X Y Z
Surface

9
 Time take (sec) vs Surface
600 665

500
Time take (sec)

400 450

300
200

100
25
0
X Y Z
Surface

Time take (sec)

10
2.0 DISCUSSUION

Skid Resistance

Skid resistance is defined as the force produced when a tire loses traction and slides
down the top of the pavement surface because it can no longer rotate on the surface. From
this laboratory experiment, we able to determine the skid resistance value of the road
pavement surface. This test will be conducted on three different types of surfaces. There
were three readings taken for each condition. The tire's skid mark could be seen where the
pendulum was hung. The device was levelled by rotating the screw on each leg. The test
starts when the pendulum is freely swinging and the tyres are not in touch with the ground.
The pendulum was then lowered until the tyres made contact with the ground. The reading
was then obtained after the pendulum was set free. With three different surfaces, the steps
were repeated.

Surface X gives the highest value of average skid resistance value for both category
of road which is dry and wet at 53.67 and 50.33 respectively while Surface Y gives the
lowest value at 43 for wet condition road. The differences in average skid resistance value
are due to each surface texture has a different value. This is due to the fact that different
conditions result in different amounts of friction between the sliding tyres and the pavement
surface. When the road surface is rough and dry, the tyres have more traction with it.
However, the grip is reduced and it is more challenging to hold when the road surface is wet.
There is less contact between the tyres and the pavement when there is water around.

During the experiment, there are a few mistakes that can have an impact on the
outcome. For example, the device was not regularly calibrated, which led to incorrect
measurements, and the pendulum was not constrained to prevent it from swinging after
making contact with surfaces. In order to get the most appropriate and precise result, the
apparatus needs to be set up properly as a safety measure.

11
Sand Patch

The sand patch test was performed to determine the average texture depth of the road
surface. The test was run four time at each three difference place which is X, Y and Z to get
the average diameter for each surface. The texture depth was calculating by dividing the
volume of sand with area of sand patch. The reading of texture depth at the first surface which
is X is 1.2mm, at second surface which is Y is 0.47mm and at third surface which is Z is
0.24mm. The Z surface has the best texture classification, which is fine, and the lowest
texture depth measurement. Surface Y, which is categorized as medium and has an open
texture, is the second excellent texture. The roughness of the road pavement surface may
affect both skid resistance and riding quality, or more specifically, skid resistance and tyre-
pavement noise, in terms of the effective contact area between tyres and the road surface
water distribution during wet conditions.

Outflow Meter

The pavement surface is crucial for maintaining traffic safety and efficiency. Studying
various pavement surface levels can help to increase the grip between vehicle tyres and the
road. The majority of road surfaces function properly in the dry compared to when they are
wet. The amount of water that can effectively make contact between the tyres and the road
surface and produce the requisite "grip" is limited. A surface drainage test must be carried
out to ascertain the grip of the pavement surface. The findings of this experiment indicate
that the rate of water flow is influenced by the grip of the pavement surface.

Based on the table, rate of flow for surface X is 80x10³mm³/s, surface Y is 4.44x10³ mm³/s
and rate of flow for surface Z is 3.01x10³ mm³/s. The value of rate of flow can be determined
by formula which is volume/ time. For road safety, especially at high speeds, pavement
surface texture features that allow a vehicle's tyre to grasp the road surface properly and
efficiently are crucial. It is possible to compare the skid resistances of various road surfaces
by looking at the drainage properties of each surface, or how easily a fluid may escape from
beneath a tyre rolling or sliding across the surface.

The experiment's outcome could vary slightly as a result of mistake. Make sure the area
that has to be tested is dry and adequately cleared before beginning the experiment as a
precaution. Other than that, measure multiple times to obtain the average diameter. Finally,
make sure that each instrument component is in good working order.

12
4.0 CONCLUSION

In a conclusion, from all the above experiments which is the skid resistance test, texture
depth test, and water flow test, we can conclude that our group has achieved all the
objective of this experiment. Based on the discussion from the skid resistance test, we
already have measured the average skid resistance value in dry and wet conditions.
Besides that, from the discussion for the texture depth test, we have determined the
average texture depth of the road surface and found the best texture classification which is
Z surface. Finally, based on the discussion from outflow meter, we also successfully
evaluated the surface drainage of a surface course of pavement as the value of the surface
drainage of a pavement is high, the value of the skid resistance will become low. Therefore,
it has a great grip between tyres and road surfaces, and this helps to reduce risk for the
road accidents due to skidding.

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5.0 REFERENCE

I. Skid Resistance | Road Safety Toolkit. (2021). Retrieved November 2, 2022,

from Irap.org website:
https://toolkit.irap.org/default.asp?page=treatment&id=27
II. 2. G3 Quality. (2021, June 25). Skid Resistance: Why It’s Important and How
to Measure. Retrieved November 2, 2022, from G3 Quality website:
https://www.g3quality.com/skid-resistance-why-its-important-and-how-to-
measure/
III. Google. (n.d.). US4070903A - outflow meter for measuring surface drainage
characteristics. Google Patents. Retrieved November 2, 2022, from
https://patents.google.com/patent/US4070903A/en
IV. Pavement interactive. Pavement Interactive. (n.d.). Retrieved November 2,
2022, from https://pavementinteractive.org/reference-
desk/pavementmanagement/pavement- evaluation/skid-resistance/
V. Google. (n.d.). US4070903A - outflow meter for measuring surface drainage
characteristics. Google Patents. Retrieved November 2, 2022, from
https://patents.google.com/patent/US4070903A/en
VI. Figure 1. The Used Instrument: Fox 314 ... - researchgate.net. (n.d.).
Retrieved November 2, 2022, from https://researchgate.net/figure/The-used-
instrument-Fox- 314- TM-heat-flow-meter-Heat-Flow-Meters-transducers-are-
bonded_fig2_309731465.

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