Lo ~ ]pVAN Niu cUONG - TA MAN ip ae | BINH HOC AFIN x VA 2 HINH HOC OCLiT | ] NHA XUAT BAN BAI HOC QUOC GIA HA NOI 1998Chiu trdch abibm xudt baw Gig ae Nzuyéa Ven Thos ‘Tong bién tip Nehiém Dinh V9 Nguoi abga xét: GS Doan Quynh PTS Pham Khde Ban PTS Nguyén Anh Ripe Bien tip va sita bin in: Ha Cwing Trinh bay bia: Dink Quang Hing HNH Hoc AFIN VA HINH HOC GcLIT 8 oh: Of DBS - 221,98 4 1000 cuda tai Nha in Dal hoc Quée gia Ha Noi 6 xust bin 2217 CXB $6 trich ngang20 KHXB 1 xong vA ngp lu chiéu thing 5/1996.«_ LOI NOI DAU Gido tink nay danh cho sinh vida bhoo Toan Truong Dai hee ‘Se pham, sox gial doon he ep 6 truimg Dai hoe Det eum. DE tdp thu d8 dang gido tink nay, ngudi dos edn c6 nhtng id bidh tang dS vb Rhong gion vecto vo Dai s6 fayén tinh, _DE gid trinktrd thank mot cuba sch doe lap wi 0 he tng, ge vat win dB tay da dive hoe & phan Doi cuong nhung vin ge tinh Bay I ‘Sau mbi chung Qu cb phdn Boi tp, rhungBhong cb 10 {di hate dép 26. Ching ti hi veg sau gido trink nay st od fudn bai tip phong phi va co phan hudng dan hoge ti git (Cie te gid chan thanh oim on GS Doan Qui, PTS Pham ‘Ehée Ban, PTS Neuyén Anh Kigt dB doe ban thdo vt gop nang 1 Rite x80 dang. Che tae ga‘If CHUONG I KHONG GIAN AFIN $1. DINH NGHIA KHONG GIAN AFIN 1 = Dinh ghia: Cho khtog plan vets V sen trving K tip A» @ ma cde phtn ti cia nd gpi I ifm wa aah Bg: AXA = V. KI Mlés iM, N) = MN voi 2 Nc a, Bp ba (A, 9, V) gol a khong gian afin n6u hel ten dé anu day due this ttn 9 VOL mal digm M € Awd mol wésto Te V, 6 auy hit difm Ne Aso cho NN = 10 VOI moi be difm M,N, P € A os iN + NB = WP, Khong gian afin (A, 9, V) bm got la Khong sian afin A Yen Ket vi khong gan wécta V, cbn got tdt Ik Hhtag gion al A trén tratng K (hole K ~ khdag gian afin A). Khong flan vecto lien kat V thudng duge KI Rgu lb A hong gian afin A goi IA a ctu (ki bu GimA = n) atu dav = KI tnitag K la traong 96 thye R, ta nl A la khong ‘fin thie, ki K = ©, ta noi A 1k khong gian afin 2. Cée vi dy ©) Khong glan Euclid 2 chleu BY va be chiéu BP dt oc © truing phd thong trung hge IA nhGng khong gian afin lien kat vi khong glen wécta (6 do) hal chiég, be chiéu 3 hE thong trang he1) Nou V ta met K ~ whong lan vécto va dah xe LUST ae le GEE Sa eval v oo Thanh tng glan afl len il vol V ve go Bk 0 afta ehh the tte eu ene 3 Che inh chat don gin, 8) VOL mot diém Mt A thi RE = OF Tht vAy theo tiem a6 i) ta o6 HEC + HRC w RC nen a ew Sie ne © Voi mol diém M,N A ma i = Ohl AC = ast voy neo To Teal do tas Whe = Olah cose ‘) nén theo Uén dé) suy ra N = M. “ ©) VOI moi ebp dm M, We A ht He = - Fe That. len a 6 MN + NM = it ao ag te 46 W) ta od MN + NM = iti = OF a) AB = GB uni-va obl khi AB = BB (A, 8, c, Deay. That vty AB = Chae AB + BO = BO 4 OD = wD ©) Vol ba diém 0, A, B ta cd AB = OB - GA ‘That vty, AB = 40+ OB ~ -OA + OB = OB - OA woo Se Bn eo se Sin soe 2 yeh Ea 8 ding ching mink ring no cto vects AA, Sh dpe Uap tupén tind i A6t voi mot I nko &é RE che vécto RA, ‘ ii £ The on Bey Roy ni ong 1p 8960 hh Phe ching minh nly dah cho ban doe Dinh Wy. New A 1 bhang gion ofa n ehidu th tong A tutn cb ming Ke m ditm dhe lop ol OS MS RY Mou he dim nhita hon ns 1 dlém dtu 1a AROng de Up. Ching minh Gib ot KW kdng gan vist en Ke vi woog fan afin Av (eh ik ate of 2 no 89 cn AVIA hong slag nf 8 06 ERE chon 0h im by ho 6 cin A pu dé che cle difm A sao he AA BL = bn Bo rang ht m+ 1 ifm Ay, Ay Ae Me 15. Neal va ne ta ort Ay Ay = Ages © eS a) On Be oi hfe mien ta dues ete ae tp Neu ta of 1 69 hm 7 dif: Fo Puy Pra (¢ > ned cai he rt wie Phy Py Po Moog de Tap tuyéa tinh oi r= 1 > im cn A 6 as vy ra Mr id thong Abe tp 452. TOA BO AFIN 1. Dink nghla mye tieu afin, Cho, king gian afm cha Alin k& Oi Khong sfan véclo A Gol £ = (8, 8} .., Gp) la mot oy ad eda A va O 1A mgt dim thuge A” KBE €6 tBp hop (0; e4 hay (0: &, 1B) gol att mve teu afin cla A. O gol Ik ditm 8 cela mye ti6u, 37 gol la vécto co sd th? { cia mye tia 2. Dinh nghia toa do cua diém. ‘rong Hhong gian afin n ehitu A cho mye tea afin (Q; a ee aevet mil didn Xe A ta co née OCRva oi vly 06 duy hat m phn ti xy, x5) uty eda trubag sao eho Re eat tae Bon phe i Gy, purty) dd due gol TA toa do cla ifm X a6i voi mue tite dd chon, kt blew ye Roky Hay oy) BAY Ky, a, oy Hy) Cha J ring nf X = Gey 35, ou x_) vAY = Gy Jy ws 3) tht = - o& OLDE + 2 — EOE Ha + Op eg Vay eta X06 ton 40 1809, = 25 42 — Xp Yu “sf Bl wi oo 80 € = (6, 8 ,.., Bh oda Uasng gian véct AL 3. D6i mye tiew afin, ‘Trong khong glan afin n chiéu A cho hai mue tita afin: (0; BB nH va; A DB. vor eat im X EA Bei Gy oy 9) IA tow dd vba idm X 46 wei muc tibu (0; 2) 9 Ga, 2s. x) 9 toe 6 ola diém % 48k ok me slew (0; eT ay lem ho sida x, va ol i be %- Zor \ © = Sag KOI ds ti ding thie OX = 6" + O% ta cd > Raw = Dent + Seat = Sag sda, Sogr Baz +3 (Somipar= 3 (Boxy rae ‘Ta a6 suy a Bigu thee teen gol Ik coag thie aa mae Hau, Gol C= (C,) 1a mo trom chuyte tit oo a8 € sang co sé © eda khong gan K (che ¥ ring detC # 0) Néw Ki hig: 3 ae | , le) 1h cong the dBi mye tb o6 thé vise dust dang ma tetn $8. CAC PHANG TRONG KHONG GIAN AFIN 1. Dinh ngbla, Cho thtng gan ain A lan 6 ot tong gan veto A Go Ls mot didm cin A wt Fk m9 thong glen vcto con cba A. Ki & tp heh c= (cA ea ge gl ot png (cng ol #4 Le “phdng) qua I vd cb puong 18 2 _Néa Zed o6 chigu bing m thl a gol Ik phdng m city hay con go! 18m ~ phéng). Nhu vly 0 ~ phdng chioh 1a mot difm, com n-phing wa khong gion afin m chiy A chish A. 1 ~ phing cdm got Ja duing thang. Néa dima A = n thi (n-1) ~ phdng dn got |e slew phdng. ‘Ta chd ¥ rang trong dinh nghia 1, difm I khing dong val t10 gi dae bigt so voi cas dim khéc cia phing ‘Thét vay gid sit Ih eh phdng qua T va 06 phuong a va J Ia not difm nto 46 cha a Digu 4é.e6 nghia la We & Bay fag digg Me a ka va chi Whi IM © hay hl vb cht A Bi - De af tue la bhi va chi bhi vista JM © a Disu as chung t8 ring dim J cé thé ding vai tro cba difm 1 2 Dink. Néu a to m-phing aia king gien afte A 8 phuong 2thl a l& Khong gian afin m chidu Hien RE ut hing gion vteto 32 Ching minh. RO ring 2 2 ©. Git wi TIA mot difm ip dé thuge a. Véi,mol eap dim M, N cia a ta My wets iN = (Mt, N) © A (khong glan afin A 1a bo ba (A, y, BO) 0 dink aghia eda «thi IM © af IN © af ed dé suy ra © F Vay ta ed thé xét doh xa fi Be Plone | axa —> va 10 sng dah xg 46 théa min bai tiée 46-9, i) ode hong. gan an. itp. d@ 1) suy rot inh nphie oie dhlng, con itn 4 8) ding vi ns ding ttn toda bo A. Vay le, Prone 3} A mbt khdog glen afin, te a Ia khog pan afin lign két vol khong gian vécto 2 4: Dink 1. Quam + 1 didm doe lap oie Mons gion afin A c8 mae ob ei moe m-phing im ® 0) Ching minh: OW st Aas Ay os Ag tA mth ifm Ade lap cia Khtng gian an A lien het v0) Ehong gin wicto A 10 - -- coe Kal 46 b¢ m véeto Ky, Kp + MBq te lap tuys tion Ta goi IA khong gian vécta con cia A nhan m vécts 46 Ta co a0. Bay io, gol a Ia cal phing que A, oF phuong Ia Ro ring MAA Fnen A Se VOL = 1 2 oy m Vay a Ih phing qua m + 1 diém da cho Sy duy ahtt cia mephing dé 1A hién ohi ‘Tu dinh ly ten ta a ding suy re he qua sau HE qua: m +1 ditm 10 doc lap Bhi vt chi RAL ching hong cing mdm trén mot (m ~ L-phing (m > 1) 4. Phong trinh them 26 cia m-phéng trong kdhong gian afin A? (dim A® = 0) ‘Trong kong gian afin AN chon muc tiéu afin (0; ¢) Ola aia la m-phdng qua diém Te AM va of phuong I ong gian wécto con m chiéu Zeta AF Chon trong @m véets de Tap tuyén tink 3, Ho. Re (8 ait bie tos ab ota whota & d6t voi oo ab CIA A= By Bip on B= 1, 2 as mv ton do eda cide T 6 vot rye tda {05 €F 18 by, Bay By hi ds idm X 6 toa dp (x, Xp 1%) thuge @ Kat vt chi kit K€ @Phay khi va chi kbi TK = Deay cy © K) tae 1a Syba a- le Sows swe vars a) we Sayre aoeHo phuong trin teen goi IA phuong tink tham af ete rm-phdng oy m tham of IA ty tay vw toy VOI BO m 6 (ty ta, stg) ta 68 sagt B) a6 (ey, Ey oy By) TA toe dD ota igm'X nto dé thuge m-phing «: ‘Vel trong hop dung thing (m trinh them = 2 ta os ht phuong ———— @[ yr art teen DS Ik phuong trinh cla ding thing di qua diém 1b, by on BO va 06 phuong IR khong gian véeto mot chiéu sink Boi véste B= (Oy, ay my Bp INéa cic a, 46a kde khang, ta hit tg (2) 96 duce ach aah wate a ae Nu go x 8, b I cde ma teint (x 1) (o by \s ey va A= (a) 1k ma trtn nding m oft thl cong thie (1) of the vst doi dang ma tran 5. Phuong trinh téng quét ela m- phAng. ‘Teong Khong gian afin. chi6u AM cho mgc situ afin (0; 2) Gid ad a IA m-phdng di qua diém T ve of phuong la 3 Ta chon trong @ m weet doe lap tuyén Unb: hang A =m 2 come Ty va BE nang vo 46 wom vests, Fy HD ote Henn Te d6 due met oo C= wi voy ta duge mye seo afin € Voi mall digm Xe AM ta gol Hy xy oy HD Wega 0 eda X él voi mye teu (0; €) va gol Gy wp ny x) Dh toa €9 cds X d6i v8i mye tity (I) €' ‘Ta 0d cong thie 46i myo teu 1 Sapte bom Dé cho diém X= Gy xy oy Hy) © & ida kgm cfm wads Ry =z in = O."DH 6 euy ta: Sones DS la he gm n-m phuong telah tuytn tinh m bige xy oi phuong tink Wing quit cha m- phing 2 Che ¥ ving ma tran A = (ay) ela hp phuong trink teen 6 bang bing 2m. Nhe viy mbi m-phing trong khong sian afla AY duge bigu thh bang moe he phuong tinh tuys tinh oie ede bién x ma hong ofa ma trin che he 26 cla cée bids IA a-m, [Nauoe loi hé phwong tink dé 18 be phuong trinh xtc dink ‘mot m-phing Die bigt mél situ phing trong A* of phuong tk dang: am +8 to tate th =O tong 46 hang cla ma trtn (ajeq-a,) blag 1, ee JA od ft ahs mot a, + 0 L 13‘Theo trén thi mbi m-phing o phuong teink téng quét 1 mot hp gdm n-m phuong trink tuyén tinh nén ta uy ra ‘Trong Khong gian afin AP moi m-phing d6u 6 thé xem) nnhw 1d giao cla nm sou phing nto 46 (6 diy “giao* hiéw ‘theo nghia cia ly thuyét t8p hop) 44, VI TRI TUONG 061 CUA CéC PHANG 1 ~ Dinh nghla. Trong khtag gan afin A cho prphdng « vi qrphing f (St p 0, Kai ds 2A “area +b =O hay =i bate eaderey ° ° Vey ifm Me X oi > Oo Say +b va Sage tb cing dtu, Chong minh twong ty ta cé Mg Y oe = 4 170 wid <0 3ax, +b va Saag +b khde dau. Voy mun ching mink X va Y la nbOng t8p Ii ta chi fn ching minh tap abiing ciém MC o5 toa d0 tha mn bat fing thie Bag, +9 > 0 cote Say, + 6 < 0) It mot tap 6h : That vy gid oi hal dim P= Oh xh, on a), R= Gh ae oD 1 hal dlém sao cho 2 Sag} +b > 0, Saap eo > o va ML mot dim thupe doan thing PQ. Khi dé M 5 toa 4 dang (tx] +1 - Oxf, + - BaD, OS ES Te os Saco ea-up ev esGaatry 40 -0(Sat +8) somes gt-teo, Zax] +b > 0) va Daag + > 0. Vay dif MC ctng thote tap 4s, tgp may 8 tp I Tap XU a, ¥ U a gol i ede nin king gian ding cia hong gin afin A, DE thiy ching la hong tp Is 3- Don bin. Cho m + 1 eld die Up Py Phy oy Poy Ta BIR shag sm-phing a di gon m +I diém gon bhing difm M ao tho we diém Ono 9), : Gh» 33,08, voi $4, 2 1 Bay gid xét tap hop gm nding didm M sa0 cho Git = 3408, wi Ba, wt v8 > 1 Ova Wp hop 4 dave got 1k m ~ don Rink vi ef dink: Po Py Pea ki he Sy Pyne Po)Ta ching mink ring: m-don hinh IA tp I6i b6 hse hoa ede dink cha don hin = Ro ring ofc dinh Py Pi, , Pq déu thude dom kink (cho 4 = 1 v8 cfc 4; Khe bing 0'ta duge alah P), ~ Lay had diéma BM, N thuse don hink, te la Oh = YOR, Yay = 1s 0 OW = Fa Za = tu v0 = Nou dim X thuge dogn thhng MN hi O%K = 10 + 1 - vO hay = F[y +a - mm]oh as ring B[a +a - em] = Ba +0 - 08m enenenen va UL + 0m OMA, =O mw,» 0, 14 2 0. Vay aim X thoge dom hinh, Tém la don inh S(P,, Py, Py) We tap I6l ehua efe dinh P, Bay gid ta ching minh ring néu 5° Ik tdp Isi chta Py, Pj, Publ 8° chia m= dom binh SIP, Py...) ‘That vay $8! chéa i-don hinh S(Py, P;). Bang quy nap aid si $! cha k ~ don hlnh S(P,, Py, Py) 0< ke < m) thi 87 chua (k + 1) ~ don hinh SPy Py Py, Pee) Gid ot ME SCPy, Py, -, Pgs) tte A - OM = TA OR with = 1. Neo 34, = 0 th dy = vA do d6 Mw Py SS ou 34, = 1 a 0. Ta of th viet = ath op _ he = A(SF GB) + 4,084 = thaw kM 4 pa R= EF ms ST -razeo cho nen NES My, Phin BO aw aN ES. Khi 45 OB © AON + By, vol A + ayy = 1 ve 4m 0, has » 0, OL vty M thuge dogn thing Py,N. Vi 8? Ghia Nv chda Py, n6n Me 5" vay SiPq, Pr, =» Fea) © 8 6m lai moi tap ISL chia Py Ply on Pm fu’ chéa ma-dan hin S(Py Py oy Pq) Nol cdeh hse: dom hink Shy Poe 4. Hop Cho m+ diém doe Itp Po, Py, ‘gm Ms30 cho 1 Pq) 1d tap 16 bé mbt chea cae dink cba 6. ‘Top hop hing PC = SAPP, wth 0 < 4, < 1 dae gol la mobo. DB ding thy ring m-bop 1a mot tp Is ‘Thee vay néu M va N 1A hal diém tay ¥ thuge m-bop, 25Pht~ S4PRosa er ER= SweRo AP mk TOO” voi moi veoto veh ‘ob x0 C nh vty gol I éah xa bing. © Aap xgtdy: BX dah xe afin iba Ase vo! sah wey hak 5. Tinh oh. 8) MU anh x0 afin fA. AP chi cb mot anh x0 tuyén tinh lien hit day nit PA ‘That ry, gf sdf com od ah xa tuyén tinh links ass, A A KI ds got mol cdp ifn MON te of ACW MOD va MTA” = THBDD, suy ra TH) = Mad) = TT ”©) Ung oft mat ink x0 tate tinh = FA» Fv wat inti op dit 1 © 4, 1" © A’ cb day ahdt not Goh 30 oft fA A’ cb dnh xq tuyén tink itn hét te Poa fa) = 0. That vay, ta ade dinh dah x8 fA A” bin att iém Mga hth diem Mt @ at co Ta = TE to 1m doh xg afin lien ket vol Evi moi My Ng A tae ma = fv no = TA) - Tio = FN - Fi = MN Ro ring f(D = 1. Kah xe € & doy abet ‘That vey néu ed gh xe afin fi: A — A’ oo doh aa upg tin ign ket ia f'vA C0) = T° thi v6 moi diém MEA, Trio = Gah = MAH = FAH = fa = C= Fr. ©) Ny fi A= At, g: A? >A” Lb mong Anh xe afin len ie oti 770d F thi auf cang la dnh zo afin ua énh xo tuyen fink Wen hit cha nd la BF tae ta gP = BF ‘That vay vol mol cop diém M,N A, tae Bom) = Ena ~ Ft - RIO) = BLADEN) = (eHOMEHIN). Oho w¥ tm de 8p My My uM tong. ng gon ofr noted va an dln ay Mein Ser ong ‘eng gon A sob mts oem me nh ce en ee te ty = i edn Ching mink n+ 1 diém My My, My dee lap trong khong lan n chiéu A nen be ete vécto My, MoM AGM, iA mot oo 58 cia Khong gian vécto lien ket A Kb d6 theo ch If vo ale hn tg no hab ee nN ihe dan BR eRe tae BOD = HE tres ms Theo tah cht Bet dy ab than fn tA SoA Son chet) = My va Tod tah x tote lien ket la TRS rang f0M{) = M'; va dnb x0 f la duy hat 8 - L ign thing hang. (aghia Ia na PP 4. Anly va tao doh oda phing qua nh xa afin. Cho anh xg afin 6 A A’ lien kt voi én xa tuyén tik FAW 4) Neu a 22 edi phdng trong A <6 phuong thi fa) la ‘i phang trong A’ vbi phuong 2 TS Chong minh, Lay mgt diém 1 eA, dat T= 0) va got a! la cal phdng qua T’ os phuong a” Te. Kh as M € fla) 63M € a, (00) = Mit © af AM=I0 eT = TR € Te ar eo Vay fla) = @’, nghia 1a f(a) 1 eal phing vot phuong 9) New a’ ta obi phing trong A? edi phuong = aed nei (Hla) = © Oh FH() la cat phing o6 phuong (TG! Chung minh, Vi Ha") # @ nm od I.E A eso cho fil) aT ea Ge a Ia cat phing que dtm Iva 5 phuong Ia Fa OR). Kos as ME PGS e100 = M0 € a! 10) = MT g = f00 = Ww, TM = The F = tao = Me, HAL OreT aM ea Vay £10) = a, te FH) cl phdng of phuong er 5. Ti 66 don va dnb xa afin i 45 don cha ba dim phan bie _thhng hing P, QR 1a 66 1G tring Kaas cho RP = ARQ, va Ki hy la (P, @ B {Q. Dith ¥y 00 ban eda anh 22 afin, Don nk fi A > A’ eda hoi khong glan afin A o@ A" 2a met dk x2 fin RAL ud cht Ri f bdo fn tinh chi thang hang cia ede diém va bdo Wn Ht 28 don iia cho M bo AP), @'=fQ), Rwt®va P,Q R thing hing thi =P, @ RD. hing mink. Néy TA_goh xa_tuyée Aah lida, Me voi anh xg afin f va RP = ARQ thl RP’ = TRE) = TORQ = ARG: Suy ca n6u P,Q R thing hing thi P, QR thing hing va [?, @, R) = OP, @, RI Nauae lal gol fe A => A’ IA dnb xp of tinh cht biga ba digm hing hing thanh ba difm thing hing vd khong thay si ti 26 don ci ba diém thing hing. Ly diém 1 6 dinh thute A va gol T= 0. Vet mal digm Me A ta ki higu M! = (00, Te x8y dung FA — A nhy sau, Voi Se Aes duy nhét diém Xe A se0 cho IK 1 Q, RY thing hing va [P, , © Fg duy hat X° = (00 € A’ va od wicto Fe A’ soo cho TX! =F va ta dat PUD = ¥ Noi cich kate TMD = Ti ‘Ta chtng mish Ta doh xa tuyén tinh, © TUR = ANGE: Diga dé 18 hign nhitn Whi 4 = 0, And hay x= 0 Xét tnsong hop Fe Ode 0, Le 1 Ley EN = Pe 3, N thing hing va (NM, T= Suy ra Ni MY, P thing hang v8 (N80, 1 =X bay 8 PN = AUR hay ta TOY = 4060. by Ty's Hh = Ta + + TT. Ley M,N sao cho itt = = Bi = Fok Gok P Lk trong dim ode doen thing MN whl B= Herr pt wa c6 M8, P thing hg v8 068, P= Suy ra M, NY, PY thing bang vA (3, N', P= -1 bay en late a rR i in 1 TBS = 30% + FN) hay TRG HT] = 3 [RT + GT) Mat knée theo a) «hi TERG@™s W] = Fs FT. vay 2» : | Wes Hf = TGI4 TSH. Nhe she TB dah xn tuyés toh vA ro ving_f itn ge wei Ei vOihal digg M, NG A ta of TM) = TON - iD = TN’ Tat = BEN’ Dinh Ij 42 duge ching minh. Dink co bin cla dah x0 afin gia ete thong gion fin thue Dinh i Cho 4 vb 4" 1a cde Bhong gian offn the chitu im > 1) 0B song Gok fi A — A: Nes f bith ba dit thdng hang bat Ai tMank Bo dim thdng hang chi f {& phép atin Ching mink: Chong ta chi trinh bay ching mah trong ‘rving hop n=2, trudne hep tag quit ching mish tuong te Voi gid this song Anh £ bién be digm thing hing thinh 5 digi thing hang. ching ta lda tugt ching minh cde tinh chat sau day cla f 2) f biin ba didm bong thdng hing thank ba dim Among thing hang ‘That vay, cho ba diém khong thing bing A, B, C cla A vt aph ofa ching A’, BY, C' nlm tren dung thing cia X. Voi mi dim M cia A ta v6 diving thing di qua MC edt AB va AC tai hal diém phan bigt P,Q vi goi M, P,Q” anh ola M, P, @. Vif Blo tn tink ehdng bang nen P', @ gu thuge d va do dé MM" eang thuge d. Nhu vay tots bp hong gian A (2 chidu) big vio dung thing 4, nén f Khong pba Ia song ak. 0) fits diving thing thank dung thing ‘That vay, cho dutng thing 4 trong A dt qua hal diém A, Bvt gold! la duong théng trong A’ di qua anh A’, B eda AB. Néw M thube d thi amb M eta nd thuge ? va adu MO thie dL theo nh cet 6) 40 da 8 cha a Chore oe t= a 1) lds al duong thing tong eng think hel dung ‘hing tong ne "ih cht aby és sien do £18 wong Gh. TH 68 xy 2 bbe 4 dln cba mit inh Binh Ranh thon 4 inh cia‘hiah Soh hook NG Ee Aly BOB ih 4 etn 2 D’ ma AB = CB oS a ha cB. 1 Nes da cho f hed wg enh FA» van co oh roi ip tim MY eia.A vo Mahe ching Mi Nt ob Ti AF. doh 39 40 Tacoma te To Ress = Ra +75 That vy, 26) mol te to TeX ta My bale M,N Argo oe Hi © 2 Neu BE, Nia tah clo, Ml to dat fia = MIN’. Theo tinh chat 0) cich xic dink fa} nhu the thong pho tuge cio vie chon stp fm M6, N. DW thy fh ong ah Ta ching mish Hy + 9 = fh We: us 3, Cow cs Abn WBC = Pa oe © tela AB, fired = HD = KE = #5 +15, Aah zo th ttn of tinh eh: cpp te dng ee Rohs oo it abe sco Fe abe ‘That vay, ta My vocts Te Z\ (Wl. Khi dd vocts Tva vecto kif cong tuyén, nén vecto Fkilva vecto ikid cong Sap tiyte Ue fo wn ov tg hap ty TAD = ‘eifa}. Ta hay ching t8 ring k’ khong phs thude vio vecto 2 e be dim A, Gol A’, Br, Ah + BC = TAR + HBO) | t | i LL + ve gid st Mi f cong tink thay T bang F esi blng 7 & Tae vay, by “Ke + vi Mes} = RTT ve Riss a) nee HAT + OTT = Tah + MT = MAGS = SOT eT TT Neu T va 7 khong cong tapes hl TOF va 1 cong hong cng tayée, nen td ding thie ten te my ra = ETS Rte It 66 I khong thay 4€t Kat ta thay @bdl Con n6u va Fetng tytn thl ta Ihy them moe vacto 0 cho Wak # hing cong tytn (do ad W vk F cing hong cing tuyén) thi sg khong thay i Ebi ta thay bal W ya thay W bal #7 Tom let a Ke khong phu thuge ecto © Boi vty nu dat ok) ~ W, thi te co aah xa GR W. Sou diy ta chung minh ring ¢ IAA dng of cua Higa ohn 14 0(0) = 0 va ott) = 1 Ta chs ¥ ring ding thdo Tal = NT ding voi ok tmweng hop @= 0 Lay vecto Te 0, 1806: cote + DHS = Mi + La) = Mah + mS = (otk) + oa Rt Vay: otk + 1) = otk + ot al od: CRO = MRC = 0D = ott octet vay: etl) = et.) "Tom lai-g lk ty dng ofa Wy fle dah xo afin ‘Tage vey, ei dimh th Mot av dng cde cde truong of thus R dau le phép dong mht, ta sy tm phép Id ding shit, cs nphia Ik o(K) = ky nhs vty tod Mead = AIG, 38ty £18 dab 20 toyGe tinh, Vi Then kat vol f nde £18 dah za afi, 6. Phép chiéu song song trong 4° Cho kong gian afin n-ebitu AY, cho m-phing & voi phuong Zoya cho Khong gan vécto con PC AY sto cho Fe rm We (kh ds dimpr= n- m van p= (OD) Ja xtc dah sob x0 eRe Pkt onus vt mot dim Me AY Bt ye Hl ping goa Mi cé pong PE Kh os 29 fy B mot difm day hat Dae OO MC. oh xp nku ths foi BL php bles song Song ten mephing theo phwong B” Seu ay ta ching mish dog € Ash a4 afi Ol woz chiéu lin 2 (oghia a nee At ERT ARIUS furs dae an Th Jah a toyeo tinh Lay bal dim tay J thute AP v8 Anh Sh Mra 00, N= OD, tes Mit = itt + Wr + WN = aftr «ho + nee Vie © BLN © Be Mit + NN € pT, MN 7 non TMN) = MER’. Vay Pla doh xp tayén tinh len ket coe fSuy ra £18 dh x9 afin. He qué: Dink &j Thales: Ba situ phing phan biet song tong. B, y eBt hal duimg thang d ved’ Ton tuot tai cdi idm P.Q,R 02 PLQ’R' thi (P,Q.RI = (P.@RT. Ching mink, Ba situ phing 2, 6, 7 song song nen phuong ole ching trong bau vA goi la phuong 7° Khi ds oo e phép chi6w song song lon dvéag thing ° theo phuong P” bign ba dim P, Q, R Min lugt thinh ba dim P', Q, R Vi phép chit song song 18 dah xa afin nén ©, R= Pe, RL $8. OANG CAU AFIN. BIEN DO AFIN 1 = Dinh nghia. Soh xg afin f& A —> AP gita hal khong gion afin A vi A’ tri trutng K got la phep dang fu afin n6u £18 song dah, Khong gian afla A goi la ding eu voi khong gian afin AY nu os ding cfu afln f; A> A’. Kh dé ta i higu ALM 2, Te a8 ding chag mink duge sng: a) fA A’ Ia ding c6u afin kh vA chi khi anh xa tupéa tinh len kat ola ng TA A Ia ding edu tuyen tha, Tat voy Uy Te A, dae P= AD ah OL mol MC sty ota A ta ed FM = TIM) (M? = £40; cha ring, ofc tung Sng OG Av BBE Ava Me ATW © A lt ahs song. dab, suy rm tinh chat trim ) Hat Khtng glan afin ding cfu wit shaw kit va chl Ai hat Khong sian veto lon gt cba ching dling cd vei sew ©) Hai kkdag glan afta Sow ben chiéy iota irutag K ing ee vot nkau vk Ki ching of eting #6 chigu @) Nou fA — AT a ding ofa afin hl aan 2 nguce PEAY = A cong 1 mot ding oft afl lien ket voi ding fu toy tink OF as@) Quan he ding cfu gia cét Whong gian afin tren truong K la mgt quan he twong dong, ‘That vty: +A Wy A SNUA LAAT OTA NGA AM WWA’ g AM IHLA bg A” 3 Dinh ghia. Phép ing ee afin fA Au vaong gian afin A lén chink ad duge gol I mot bite at afi hay cho gon 1A pp afin ‘sau day ta dua ra che v dy v6 bia 66 af 1) Phip tink eign: Cho khong gian afin,A Win kit vOl hong glen vésto Av Cho W06 dink trong Ava xét sab x0 TATE A soo cho 260 MC = (0) eh] MM = 9 Phép f nhs {ae gl I php tinh en theo vécta Tk hig 1k Phép tinh tin tla mot biga d6i afl voi nh a9 t3y6a tink ie. et 181 That vay vot mal M,N @ A, GRY = ra = oie oR NH = + RS CT = ‘Nave Iai acu £18 mot bién dBi afin mi énh 3a tayén tinh itn het P= id th £18 mot phép Hah tea eat vay: Lay mk did I diab aie F = AD bi 05 EE) = aie mM + + Vk isis wi = ais += ) Phép vi tu, Cho difm 0 € A vi 96 k & KYO). Xét inp x9 fA — A bién méi dlém M think diém M° seo cho ht’ = KOBE Phép f mh the goi Ia phép vi tt tam OH 6 b 5 E Phép vi ty Mm O as kG A> AL mot bide asi afin vol doh x9 tuyén tinh Ken két Id T= kley ast voy vol mol ids 36, Ne A, MD = agaity = eM = KOR - dio, = = AON ~ kGit = OR - ie = ahr Nguge lal n€0 £18 mo ie daft da A oS anh xa tayo tinh lien ket la P= KLE # O,L ea £18 phep of Ui 56 k. Tht vay F es didm St ding O vi ly Le A. Xée ifm O sao cho 6 1A}, ete a KOT = Ot + Ui = Off) mt KOE = Mago = NOH = Bie) ate sy v2 0=M0). Ki 46 701 mol cid Me A, Off) = KOVR = TOKO Elgg (OR) = HOM, toe TIN phep vf Hf Hm O th a6 k 4. Dinh 19. Cho hal Ae ditm dee lop cla A: Ay 1 hy 8 Ag Ay oy Ay tht cO mit phip bidn d8 oft dy mhat f 48-2 AY me fA) = A 0 tm Odds NOE ch ke: phép afin hotn totn duge x40 dinb Hal bet Anh Gin nT dim doe lp trong A Dinh Ij miy 1a hp qia tego tgp ela tinh ehét 6) eda sch ag aft ot sue 20) stu 48. 5. Dinh Wy. Tép hop cis bit dé afin ca Khong gion aftn Ak php tain ley Hoh ede dah xe tam thonh met him got ih akin fn cia Bhing gion ofin aot At ite ib ata. 6. Biéw thae ton 9 cds énh xa afin f: AP —+ AP Cho dah xa afin f: AY — AP cla khtag gian afin At vag chinh ng. Ta bly chon mot mye tu afin (0; £), € = {Be Sms). VOL ml idm got Cy, ps 4) Th tn 8a XO, Xa, Ry) IA ta 60 cla didn XO = fa); Oy abay voy Bp We toe 49 ea dim O' = HO). Gol (Oy Aap + kh te) vow Ta es & + Wit = Som + Es) = 0 +0k : Sow + Ess = 3a + SaSer der + 3 dwar 3 dante na wate GR = Bayh say va | me Bagtyte toe (Cong the (1) ni trén gol bids thule toe do cla dah 0 afin f trong muc tits (0; eb Nea dat A vay, x vib IB cde ma tron oft ie ay (. Pe] ee ke | eo | | thi bide the toa 40 ol £ duge WS dubl dong ma tran we arth, LL % - neers epee cha y ring ma trén Agim cfc oot 1b ton 49 ci che dct W6) nen’ Anh x9 fH bin 461 afin Kh wh chi ki ma tra ong suy bigs hay det A 0. 7. Phep thu x0 afin. ‘Troag Hag glam afin AP cho mephing n @¢ me 3 wa Pong 2 khong, an vets con cba A sao a che #9 pre Ai cho 06 Fe my (0). Mat aah a fas = An, ade dinh thd sau vil Me AS fi M; 1a giao difm cla © vol oat phing Ay qua Me va od phuong 5 SAMO Ub didn ma MME = ASE RE as anh a Fat tvong dg tbl diém Me AY vol MG AY mdi tetn gol hip théa 20 ofin vOl co 90 6, vO phuong pve él bo i Phép thfu x0 afin voi co ad ©, phuong Fva oi be 96 4. te ade phép bidn a6 ain vol anh 24 tuyén tinh Mee Ket H+ AF trong 06 Hh: AP = FOP a A= TO Fr-= Brida Wot I8 cde phép chia lin thinh phn cht nist, ten thank pha thd hal Tat vey: MRD = G+ ARDOTD = + aR + NO + 4K) = ch, + 0H, + NG! MR, € a Miki, + aie, + aN = MR, + RG + NT = OF aw Mien? NRyeprb. Ro rang Fj + AB; G # 0 la bién Ai tuydn tinh eda AP én £18 biéa 46 afin Néa ta chon mye tu afin (0; 8 3, Tod cho O nim tin a, of0 vésta & Spo. eg © ele wets Tan Sew ov By © Fea vi MO) = O va A sa0 @ saa - &™ TO) = FE) = ferent, on By rnin phép thaw x9 efla (es bigu hue t9a d9 sau day: Fiesiebaom 8. Tha x9 trugt afin @~ Dinh nghio, Trong bong glen afin AM cho ping va khong gian vecto mot ebléy J" ehupe khong gan chi phuong @ota sieu phing a. Bisa d6i afin f ola A” git pat dong mol diém cia a va 60 moi dim Me AP thl MAM) © Br gol Ik thd a¢ trupe fin co 48 0, voi phuong B 5 ~ Dink U, Trong Ahong gian aff A” cho situ phing ot hat ditm N,N’ khong phy thuge a nhung NAY © = Kh “as od mye va chi mot thde xg trot aig v8 os 3d fs, vil phuong bién N 5 thank N’, MM Pp co a8 cia Fva a = ON. Ro + Sen BS GR a mot oo 50 cha A, do 45 cd mgt_va chi mpt biéa_d6i afin f AP =A ma KO), = 0 va Re) Lx TED wal,)=8, M1 K=O FG) = Bf Ueland, KOR) = GR ata € go BA. dong smo didm oi @ vt (0) = tao TG) = OR = Rant = Hs Taz cao MY 2 Vay me tet ctu F trong mvs tu (0; 5 % ts + 100.) 010.8, awloo1.a) ooo. GiA sit MLL moe idm bat ki eda AP ef toa 49 (=) tong mue tiga da cho va fC) of toa a9 (x ‘Theo cong thie toa do cia dah x9 afin ta ed: Ax hay aJaa a2 82% 78 06 wos BH) = AT Vay bién dBi afin f agi tren ehiah 1a hau xq trugt afin Oi 0g 88, phuong . 9, Bim déi afin d6t hop, Bign di afin fA > A gol IA ddl hep néu fi = © la hep dng nhs Td, cha A. Phép théu xs f vol he o A néi trim 1A phép a3 bop 1. Khi ds My 1a trang dim cla dogn thing MM’ Ngubi ta goi né la phep dt sng sien qua phing < theo phuong ° Khia [a mgt difm (do dé B= A) né gol 18 phép (26; ming tim (0k than 1A AiG 2) Dink Wj Mot bién d6i ofin 6 hop Khong phat phép dong rst cia A 1 mot phip dé xing zien Ching mink, Goi FA - K ia aah xo tuyén tink Wen ket eda f thi do @ = Tay nen f= ey Det Fa ken tag = eT] MT = Bra ken" tig = @e XT = For at, = Me Tye ‘That vay vot mol Fe K ta 06: ue 1 Fo five Te + ie Ta a OF ” Wes TD = We + Aa) = TP ae hs ee M-TH) = TS - i = We -Fe P-e r Ngoti ra néu Fe Fo Pal TH = Tio Fe awa = Fo Fe M, wy mF= Tea ze P= Th. Bay gid lay mot diém Pe A, att Ph = A) va gol Lk rung dim ela PP’. KR 6 (P,P, I] = -1 nu P @ B= (6), AP, A] = “Le (PP, T)'= -1, te f= A) cong 1 trung didm ola PP". Vay I = Vi Tip = Me va (0) = 1 nén nu gol @ 1A ll phing. wa L v6i-phuong @thl fl = Td Vol mol Moe A, gol M; Ia giag eda phing a vii phing Py di qua Dt voi phucng Brehi MEM BPM) = My nea Mh = fOiFON = MESO = -Njhe, vay £1 phép aot xing xlén qua @ theo phuong PP Dinh ly 44 duge ching rink hodn toda, $9. NHOM CAC PHEP BIEN 061 VA HIN HOC CUA NO 1. Cho X 1a tap hep Khée rng, mbi phn tt cla 26 gol 1a idm, Kai ay X cba gol Ia khng gion, MBi tép con cba X got a mot hind, MAI song dah f° X ~ X goi IA mét phép bién dé ota kenong gian X. Tép hop ete phép bién ai cia X lam think rot nhém voi phép hop thanh cla efe song én. M6) nhém con ela ahdm 46 get IA mot mhém lf déi cla khong gian x. Musa cho tap hop F ole phép blén d6i nto 46 lam hank mot hsm big ai odin of bal diGu kign aa) Tich hel bigs d6i Uhode F 1A phep bién dl thute F 1) Dao nguge cia phép bie d6i cia F ctng thute F. ‘Tat abién Khi d6 F cing chia phép déng abst 1d, Vi dy: « Gol A la Khong gian afin, ta bi higu AVA) 1b tap hop ete phep bign o6t afin cde Kioag gian A thi AMA) Th mot hsm bigs 6i ola khong glan afin A, n6 got JA hom ofin cha A. 1 Lay digm 0 € A thl tp hop efe phép bidn a6i afin eda A git difm O Bit dong lam thiah mot shém com cis hsm AIA) Tap hop ede phép vi WY va phép tinh tds ela A lam thik moe ahd © ‘ep hop ede phép nh eign cia A lam think mot hse 2, Dinh nghia. Goi F 12 mot nhém biga déi cia khong sian X, Hy va Hy [A hai blah nto 6 cla X. Khi 46 inh Hi soi la dong dvong vl hinh Hy (461 voi nhom F, hay lin gol Ik Feedong dong) név 08 phép bisa ai f © F sao che (1H) = Hy, ta Mi bibu: B® Hy 7TH dink aghla ds a6 ding ta suy ra 1 Moi hin Hi b&t Wi twang dong v0l ehlnh ns 2 Neo H, Hy tl; © Hy 2) Nee, @ H, © H thi hy © Hs Nhe vay tap hep ofe hinh ela khong gian X duge chia thank cde lép F ~ tvong duong, sao cho bai inh thude cing mot lop Ki v& chi RAL cd mot phép € F bitin hinh nay thank inh kia ‘Ta ly vi dy nang hink twong duoag dol vot mhém afin ALA “ e a eeemeeemennenel 4a) Hal don hinh of cing 66 diah 4éu tuong duong. ‘Tag vig, gid St S(Py, Py) Pa) VA SIPy, Phy on Pra) 1b hai don hinh c6 cing af dink ola khong gian AP. BS ung vio KE m +1 diém dee I8p (Py Pyy on Py cde dif Poets Mas2v ov Pyi ¥& 06 sung vio hem + 1 diém doe lap (Py, Pye By) che digm Piggy Plovay > Pia €€ due hal hg BAL idm dge lips (Py, Byres Pal va (By Play Pd Kbi 46 tén tal mot phép bign asi afin f cia A sao cho A) = Py voli= 1, 2, mTa chong mink f bien dom inh S@, Pj, Pq) tanh don hink SP, Py,» Pig) Voi moi dim MEE S(Pqy Py,» Pq) thl voi mot diém 0 ho 46 ta 6 Dat O°» £0), 10 06 OH) = WSK = TEs OF Dark = LAROHE, = 24H vey’ iy = Bob, wi Ba, = 1 va ay 0, any yoy Pr awe Ini wi difm M’ = SP, Py dim 0" nko dé ta. of AO € SP, 1) me Gh = $460, 3, -1arz0 Got 0 = P40, va = FAC) HhOt = FOAPW - Moin - 8,64) = LATOMET = LaOb, sy em ME SiPy Py Pa Vey £ Blda don Nat Py PyosPy) think don blah SIPS Py, Pa) Te cong GF thfy bel don hin mA twsng deong thi os cing 6 dink ‘Taong ty ta df dang ching mish duge ing. Hat m-hpp 60 evang dueng ©) Hat m-phkog déu tuong éuvong 4) Moi cap sita phing phan bigt song song dée tong dtaong. Mot céch ‘6g gust mot cp mephing phan bigs tong song du toong dvong Ching mink. Gd si (a, 6) vA (a, f) 1A hal cap se-phng song song, chon trong @ mit difm de lap. Me Myis oy My va Uy 1 dif Mee, @ 6, IM d6 Bb me 4 din Mey Bh My Migey 90 ap (do a P vd eB 36 aung’vio A &s Che diém Mero. My d€ depo Bo ot Siw doe 4p eda AX Chng bing’ phudng phép nh tes ta My bo dim doc lbp My BC, vy Migs Magy, ve My ca AM san cho Mig Mi, "Mg @ a) Mingy ©" RAI 26 en 8 afin Pao cho 104)" = MF 90t T= O.41y on Ro ng fe) = a va i {Mye)) = Migs € 0d Ty = FOI (do a Hp) = a= Ponte Wf) ~ f Vly o6 € & ATA) bigs eip m-phdng cong song (2, shah cap m-phing song song a’. $. Dinh nghla. Got F 1a ahd bign d3i cde khdag sian X va HEIR mot hinh trong X. Mt tinh, chat no a ‘eda ink Hse got la be Oey dot vei ahom Pada maf Blah Fr = LaPor 6 s tuong duong voi binh H (dot voi nbém F) déu 6 tinh chit a Cae tink chit b&t bién d6i véi ahém afin ANA) eda ong ian afin A thing goi a nh eh afin, Ta My vi du v8 met 06 tfah est afin 4) Tinh chét die lap hay khong dée lap eda i$ dim Ia tinh chit afin, vi phép bién déi afin bién hp didm doc lop than he didm dc tap, ble he digim khdng doe lap thisn he diém khong doe lap. 1) lah chat song song, cét nau hay chéo nhaw cla hai Al phdng la tinh chde afin hot vty nu hai cai phing a vA f cdt hau thi tat shin anh eta ching qua phép afin dng phii oft whos Yay Hah chit eft nhau eda hai cdl phing Ia bat bien atte Bay git gid sie song song vél f, thi dé nu ching od phwong lin luge la @ va BPva 2°C BY Nh te de bine ca hing fa), (8) (voi € AMA Ida lugt ed phuong ta TE ya TOY. Noung Ke} WH. Vay fia va tB) ib bat oft phdng song. song, Vay tinh chat song song a mot bét bie afi, Cust cong vi hai edi phing chéo nhau khi v8 chi khl chong khong c&t nhau va khéng song song nén ‘cho haut fang 1a bet bign afl, ) Tinh chat 1 t4m ti ev oda mgt ho dim gén voi mot ho ho a6 Ia tinh chit afta, THAt vay, ld sd (Po Py, ow Pm) IA mgt he diém ado 36 v8 G 18 tam ti ey cha nd gin Ol ho BB ad Ly ty Ary te Lk 34, a 4va £ RL mot phép bige 46; afin o6 Aah x9 tayén tink tien ket Ik PRM ae WSAdk) = Ey rcoh = Sa ketey = 0 siuy ru) 1h eam toy cia bp difm (HP), 1 = Ta ini BoB 8 Gly 2 Ody sym Vy tw Bia ah Ate bisa ttm t cg tia met be ifm think tie 1 oy oie Ie aim ato 46 do a6 tinh ehst tim dl cf cba mot He fy In ot inh ch afin ‘Mon hoe nghitn cu moi tinh chét bt bidn 6 ot nom Bde adieP cde thing len X go 10 inh hoe cha thm Pines thong gion 2 Tink hos cia whim ofin AFA) tn RKing gion afin A gots inh hoo of 4 Teen Ot Khong gian X of nhide nboin ism 46h Rhee atau; bot vy o6 thé 0d nha tha hinh hee Hhdo ahs tre hooy gan %. Ta gi od F le moe shim bith di cla Xv Fr ib mot ahim om cin P. Kal 46 moi bit bidn cla ahém Fang ih bie bien cha ohm Ej. nhung noe ll th not Chong ong ding. Nal ch he inh Age-cba ahs F ik Snot 80 phan cf hinh hoe ola mhém Fy CO thé nol Mob tor cde ohm FY phong ph how Bink how cia abst F cHUONG steU MAT BAC HAI $10. DINH NOKIA SIEU MAT BAC Hal. TAM VA PHUONG TIEM CAN 1 Dinh nghla: Trong khong, gian afin AP tren ting 6 thye chon mye teu afla (0; & 6, &). Cho phuong tinh ae hat: Dana + 22a tan 0 a trong dé cée he 98 ay, a ay dda IA 6 thue, ede ay khong ng thoi lng khong vA ay = ay Top hop tt of nhing diém X thuce N° sx0 cho tea dd (ay, xayorty) ela a6 thos maa phwong telah (1) gol ld mot sid me 0Ge hai xa dink bat phuong trink ds, Neu (S) 1A sou mpt BGe hai ade dinh ddi phuong trinh (2) thi phuong tinh (1) gol la phuong trink eda (S), Voi n = 2 vi n= 8, cfc sléu mat be hai duoe gol lia gt 1b dudng bee hai vai mat bge hai ‘Ta ki higu A 18 ma tein (ay), 26 IR me tein vudng ofp 1b ma phin t0 & hing i c9t j 18 he #6 ay Dat A = (a), vt ay = gy nen A= AL Ta kd bleu1a nhng ma ten ep ei phucng triab (I) 6 thé vist dust ang ma tren wax + 20x + ay = 0 @ Cha ¥ Hing A= AC va hang che ma tra A lon hon hose bang 1 2 Dinh Wy. Qua bién dé of, mot slew mét bde had bide thonh moe situ met Bde hai, Cheng mink id sit ta & sieu mat bge hal (S) 6 Phuong trinh (2) va mee biéa 61 afta c@ phudng trinh; x= BY +b (ets # 0) @ ‘They (8) vio (2) ta es (Br + BABY +b) + 20! Gx +H Ha = 0 ‘hal twin phuong trink exén vOi chi ¥ ring X°BIAb = BAB (hai vé eda ding thde 1A nhtng ma trim wutng ep 1 rtm chuyén vi Ga ma tran nly bing ma tran, kia), tae wae + 2h bay © trong ds X= pap * BUA + @) iy = MAb + 2alb + a, Ro ring A’ = A (vl (BAB = BIAB)) vi hang A’ = eng BAB = hang A > I (do det B = 0) 50 5 Vay (4) cong 1a phuong trinh eda situ mat bac hal (S), 46 chia 18 doh ede (S) qua, phép afin da cho, 8, Gino cia siew mat bac hal vai dwong thing. CCho situ mat Bée hal (8) o6 phuong tinh (2) v8 dutng thang d di qua didm B= Qj Dy vwlby) va 06 khoag sian chi phvong mot chigu sak ra bot wéctd Fe, ep) ly) ‘KA: ds phuong tink ote d od thi viet duo dong ier ° trong 46 € vA b IA cde ma trgn oot fe (by e= |"), v= fy 3 | ‘Ta bly tlm giao idm cia dug thing niy v6 sity sat bie hai (8) 06 phuong trinh (2) Cc giao dim of of toa dp théa man cd (2) vi (6), a6 tim ching ta phat gial he phuong trinh 15) va @). Thay ‘a0 (6) vao (2) ta due. (b+ Le)'Alb + Ae) + Balth + fe) + a9 = 0, hay (ae? + 9P2+Q = 0 6 ‘rong as P= wae + ate = Yajog + Dag, o @ = baD + 2a +a, @ Nea 1 18 nghigm cia (6) thi bing eéch thay 4 vio (5) te tim duge tea d) giao diém. Ta e6 ede tring hop aa = Nov ciAc # 0 thi (@) 18 mot phuong trink bee hal d6i 01 4, BOE vay nd 6 thé e6 hal ‘aghigm phan bigt, 1 nghiem st‘kép, Robe vo nghigm. Nhu vay duong thing s¢ eft siéu mat be hai tai hat diém phtn bit, hodc tal 1 digm (md ta 96 si nd IA dim kp), hose khéng eft. = Néu c'Ac = 0 va P #0 ehl phuong trinh (6) 66 1 nehitm day hat, odo 1A dudng thing oft siéa mat Bde hei tal mot dim, = Nés cle = 0, P= 0, Q #0 phusng trish (6) wo rghitm, tte ding thing khong cét situ mat Ste hat = NO cde = 0, P = 0, Q = 0 thi moi gid tH clad 46s nghigmm phuong tinh (6), do as toan bp dudng thing @ nim tr0n siou mat bge bal (S) jou mat bee hat Dink nghia. Tam cba slew mat bge hal (S) lk diém ma nl to chon lim gfe mye tu th phutong trinh ele (8) eb 4. Tam oda Bags ta, <0 hay vit dudl dang ma tran Ik aha #9, = 0 v0 A (ay) TU inh nghla tren ta suy ra néu diém M thude cle sat bie hal (S) vA (S) ef tam Ith difim MP d6i ning voi M a6i v6i T cing thuge (S). Vay néu (8) * @ thi ttm ola 16 chink Ia tam d6i xdng eta t8p (8). Dinh ij. Trong thong gion ofin AY obi muc tite da chon, cho situ mat 662 hai (S) e6 phuang trink Mar + Dele +0, = 0 Ditu kien con ub di dé (S) eb tam duy nhdt 1a detA 0 Mew (8) 6 tam thi top hop ede tam cia nd 12 mot mephing nao di. 2 E Ching mink, Tinh tién myc tiéu 4a chon (0; ©} ao ‘mus tieu moi (0'; c), tte Ia dang cong thie déi muc tity a) trong dé x2 = |"4] 1a ma tran gt toa d9 cla diém O° a6i 3] voi mye tiéu (0; ), th) phuong trinh cin (S) trong mye iow (0% 2) (+ 2A +x) + 2! +2) Fa = 0 ay whe +219 + we +a’, = 0 idm O" = Oxf, 39,» x9) Ih tom eta (S) hl va cht KAL Ae tan 0 Nhu v8y toa d9 ttm cla si¢u mat béc hai (S) 18 aghlem coin he phuong telah tuyén tinh tng quit: xt o Ty ds sy ve . = Néa detA 0, hé phuong triah not tin 6 ngblém oy het, t0e (8) of tam duy mst = Néu dotA = 0, he phuong trinh trén vo nghitm hay 6 v0 46 nghlém, te (S) khong of tam hobe vo a6 tam, = Nou hang cia ma tran A bing 1, thi tft ch ttm ots (8) (udu 06) lam phdng voi m = mer. DE ahd cong thuc xe dinh thm (9) cba situ met bie hat (8), xét ham . 59eK (xy appt) AR + 2a + 0g ‘v6 tel phuongtrinh (9) 06 dang: Vay cong thae (9) tong duong vei ho phuong trinh = mm Teh Qaam 5. Digm ki dj cia siéu mat bao hai Dink nghia. Met didm I got 1A dim 2 dj ola eeu mat te hai (8) age Fe (8) vat Ia tam eda (8) Vay nu cho phuong trinh eta (8) 1A war + tix +a, 20 ‘hi digm 1d dj ef toa 49 thé man hf phuong trinh hote Ia Mf phuong telah tong dvong [oth +o% tax +a=0 are hose +ae0 fe 10) 6. Phuong tigm can, dudng tigm can, siéu phing inh cia sigu mat bee hai. Dinh nghia. Véeto = (ey ea, ot) gel IA phuong je mbt bge hal (8) VOI phuong trinh (2) ni ay Doi vol siéu mat ble hai cd tam duy mht, mot dudng. thang dl qua tam gol Ia dung tiem con cia situ met bie hel 46 néu phuong cia né Ia phvong tem cin va nd khong ft eitu mat ba hai Ro ming Kha nigm phuong titm can vA dving tiém can ca sida mgt bac hai IB shung Kas! nitm afin (tte 1A Khai ‘idm bit bia qua nhém afin AFA) Dinh 1. Cho hal diém My, Mz thay déi eile mot situ mat be hat (S) sa0 cho dung thdng My, My c6 phuong 6 dink 2 (ma khong phdi 1a phuong tism cén). KA dé ap hap trung dim cia ede dogn: thing Mj, nim tren ict sigu phing di qua tam (née 0) cia (S Sigu phing dé gol Ja sige phéng Kinh cia (S), lién hop at phuong & hoge ela phuong itn hop vd siéu phdng Rink a, Ching minh. GIA sit trong AY voi. mye tou 48 chon, situ mat bte hai ($) c@ phuong tri wAx + 2ale +a, = 0. Gib SM, My (S) VAT = by By wa by) IA trun iém cha doan thing M,, My. Phuong triah dong thing MAM, 6 dang: 5Redtoat +a trong 45 (ey 6p Gy) IA ta dd cia veto DE tim tod cia My v8 My ta git phuong trinh (6): (hei? +21 +Q-= 0 Gia sb a, 4, 1 nghidm cia phuong tinh (8) ong Hi cfe gino dig Mf, va My. Tk trung dlém cba MyM, nen Di, + hy = Taedet Le = Tov, + age Pe mh th = 06k Me vay P = 0 bay bias + ale = 0 nay exAb +8) = 0 alo 8 eng fa 1 in dns hg My cae +a) = 0 2) ‘Trong phuong trinh dé c'A # 0, vi ngs SA = 0 thi hc = 0 te Sik phuong tiém etn. Vay phang trinh tren | phuong trink ede moe situ ping, Vi tam cis (S) os toa 49 fhén min phuong teink Ax + a = 0 nén edng thba man phuong triah sidu. pring si trén. Vay nu sigu phing be hal (S) cd tam thi alta hing Kish len hop vot mgt phiong aio 6 chia mol tam (Gong thee (12) twomg.duong voi phuong trink as 7. Tlep tuyén ea si¢u bac hal. a ~ Dinh nghia, Duong thing gol 18 mot tgp tuyen cite sigu mat bee hal (S) nd = Hoje phuong cla d khong phai IA phuong tem ota cite (S) vi d ft (8) tal ding moe diém (aim may get Ik fiép dim, dn si a vp xée véi (8) tal Alm ay), = hote d nlm trén (8) by Néu slau mat bee hel (8) e¢ phuong trinh BAC Habe ta, = 0 wa cho diém B= (by boy oo by)_phm trém (8) thi dudng. thing ¢ di qua B va od phuong 2 = (cy, cy» 6) 08 He tuyén kh va chi ki bas + ae ay ‘Thét vly theo phn 8 510, dé tlm giao ola dung thing 45 va (S) tl de giat phuong tein. (Aad + 2p + = 0. ‘rong trudng hep nly Q= bi Ab + Bb +a, = Ow Be @). Vay phuong triah trén tuomg duong voi phuong tein: Al(e'Aen + 2P] = 0 = Na elke = 0, tte 1k Z”khbng phai 1A phuong tem fon tl dé dvong thing d IR tip tuyén ola (S) cfn vi di ad cht (S) tal mot diém duy abst, tde phuong trink tren 6 nghiém duy ahat, Diéu ny twong dvong vi P= 0 hay Bae tale = 0 = Néu che = 0 thi duong thing d 1A tp cuy6n eda (8) Kai vA kl AE d mies ttn (8), te phuong trinh tren 37Shan moi gié tri cla A IA aghiém, Dida nay cong tong uong vat P= 0. HE qué. Néi B la mgt dim ki dt cia (8) tht moi ung thing qua B diu la tgp tuyén oie (8), ‘Thee vay nou B= (by, by) 5 by) 1d dim kd di ota (8) thi B la tam nén toa do ela no théa maa phuong. teak Ab © hay BA + a! = 0, suy m Bide + ale = 0, (3 lity B= ey ep, ag) phuong cba dubng thing qua’), tae théa man dige id 14 ©) Néu B thupe (S) va B Ia dim khong ki dl thi cdc ‘ep teyéa tai B ea (S) tao think mot sifu phing Situ hing 46 gol Id sigu tip dién ca (8) tal diém B That e6y m6 B= Oy, Bay oy by) WAM & Cay) Xp) nt) = B thl M nim erén tisp tuyén eda (S) tat diges B'kAl oh chi kh BC 150 0) théa man diéu kign: Mae + ale = 0 bay BAG ~ b) + alte - by = 0 [enswa-wee as Loarme-o-e | Mi B khong phat 1a dim kd dj nén B khong pha Ia tim, te Ik Ab + a = Ovhay BA + a! = 0. Vay phuong frinh tren cho te met situ phing bey Phuong trink (15) wong dvcag vét phuong telah SE jm -m 0 +s 7 ae a, aiém Ej, m dao bam theo ea 49 x tel trong 65 SE), tk digo bas Bey Be, ms Be 911, DANG CHURN TAC CUA SIEU MAT BAC HAI 1, Teong khong gian afin AY voi mue tléu afin (0; %, 1 Bf} cho stu mgt bac hal (8) o¢ phuong trinh téng quat ° o Saga, + 23aq + Ching ta ty tim mot mye tits kde ma aii vol a6 hong tinh cla (8) den gin hon Ta gol Ky W-Khdog sian veto Hits i voi AY, va e = Bu Th co eda K Xét dong todn phuong Saga, Ta bide rhng of thé thm duge mgt oo ade = (By uy Mp sao cho dang toan phuong trén d6i wi es o8 é trd thank chufa tie, te 1A 6 dang Bech wl g = a1 aes = 0 Bhi ds a8i wi mye teu oy MH phaong th ela (8) of dang 9 (0; =o an 59 Beato adres 0Mi oj khong dng thot bing hong nén phil of hang 5 #0. Ta os thé gia st Qe Oviin2..,leren 2 Ovijarti, Ding phép déi moe si Ponti teeing Beedertion ‘Ta dua phuong trink (27) 810 nea: Daag + aban + ° as) 8) N6u trong (18) €6 ayy = gz = aly = OVA © te duge phuong trink eta (8) a: Lee ogtuicres By Néu trong (18) eS aly, = alas = oe 3 0, thi bing cach age 4, use Saxe =a a9) Sau 46 ding phép €6i ve teu x = VR nts 4,0 X= VHK, nes <0 =X naurcken | HS phuong txah (19) a8 dea v6 dang i° : Sax ©) Nea trong (18) of ft mbit mit be 66 al) #0 ching han ep, #0, te ding php d6i mec teu 1 paging X vol tere va dua phuong tinh (18) vé dong Dex} = yp bere nh Ng fy ta dB ching minh duge ring: Dinh i. Bang och chos me ie thich hep, a ste ‘mat bee hai (S) trong * dius phuong inh thuse mel trong ese dang sou dé: Segetnesthicree Seg = qetuiersn Seat = 2, Ba dang trim goi IA phvong tink chudn te cia situ rat bae As 2, Che dang chudn the eda elgu mat btc hai ntu trong dink 1y tin o8 thé viet cu thé mht sau: eMed- cg taytorge lO at-8tdytte=0 | Vi lerenoens [3] at-g- ot dat o [5] thi bing cfch han hal wé eta phuong trinh 4x2 = 2%, ID vo. 45 voi ~1 ta dupe moe phuong trink mi ci hp a6 Ik -1 be hon [J]. Cong mot ly do wong ty trong phiong trink (111 wiyoeke 2. Blah ghia. Hal stu mat hd tal tone AY ge cing tot n60 png tah chun the ha ching of cing Sng (tote {Those CD vat toca kv ng aia Ndi ich ke bal a mt Me Bal i sng bel fe shuong th cust cs ching hoe ttn ing hen Man cho dah nia tn ob co tn phil ching Hing: Mot sige mst bic hal (S) khong thé thuge hal lai age has, ‘Thet viy, new sige mat bho hai (S) cd phuong trinh dong () thi ttm cla (8) khtag thuge (8); néu (S) od phvong trinh dang (I) thi moi tm cla (6) déu thude (S); con néu (S) e4 phuong tinh dang (I) shi (S) kaGng co am. Boi vay phuong era eta (S) chi of thE IA mot tong be dang as @ Bey gid ta xét hal phuong trinh cong mét dang, ahung thuoe loa! kde mheu, tde 1a chong kde nbau bol r hose Nhung x chinb 18 bgng, cdn ka chl 96 am quén tinh eda dong tod phusng trong phuong trinh dé, nén ching dé 1a hang Mt bign qua phép bidn adi toa dd. Boi why. bi phuong tinh dé thong thé 1a phuong rich chun the eda cling mot sieu met bie bal (S) duge 4. Dinh Ij. Hai situ mat bee hai tong duong ofin (ids 12 eb phép ofin bign slew mat ge hai nay thank cite ‘mat bac hai hia) hh vB ehé Ahi chang cing mot log, Ching minh. Gid ot hal eau mast ble bal (S) va (8) cang mét loal. Diu d6 od nghla Th o6 hal mie iu afin (0; e) va (©, €) sao cho phuong triak cda (S) 46 vet rye stu (0; 8) va phuong tah eta (S), da vot mpe tes {0% €) 1a ahang phvong tinh chute ede boan toan ing uu. Bay gi@ gat € 4 phép afl cla A® ato cho 10} = O° va dah xa toyén tinh Wen kat cla nc: T° Ay — Ay ben wicto Teds co ab € think vécte BF oie co ee = 1, 2 2). Kid fu dif X toa 49 (x, 3a)» %) tv ime tu (0, 2) tht dim X" = 109 cng ed ton 09 (xy Xp 1%) 461 vOi mye tia (0% €). Te ds auy ra f a6 bisa (S) {hank ios mat bie hai mk phuong trak cla né afl vot mmge ita (Oe giSng shu phuong tinh che (8) dt i (0; 2). N6i 6 hon 14 bigs (S) think (8 Navoc ll ta gid at of hat situ mat be hat (6) vh (9) tong duong afin, ile cd php afl f sao eho 8) = ‘Ta gil (©; 2) la mye tiey ano eho dl vol nd phong tink cin) 6 dang chofa tde va gol c= RO (tte &] = FW) Khi 46. phuong trink cia (8°) d6i wi mue tiéu (O', €) (trong dO" = f0)) hon toda gi60g phuong trinh chun te cia (S). Suy na (S) va (S) cing loek Dinh IY 8 dae ching mink 65, Trong khong gian A2, siou mat ble hal con goi it vong bie hal, phuong trinh tng quét cia ching la suet + sual + 2agnita + 24; + 2a + ay = 0 Sau diy A phtn foo! cin ching vA ttn gp twong dog Dapeape i, alp 2) aj + af = 1, bypetol 9 == ogra 5) a+ xf = 0, cap dung thing oft nhew 1, olip ao 0, cap dubng thing eft nhaw 6) af = 2x, parabol ‘1 af = 1 cap dvong thing song song 8) at 9) af = 0 cp dutng thing tring nau, 1 cap dudng thing do song song 6. Trong Khing gian afin AX, cle siéu mit bic bai con ol I mat bye hei. Phuong trinh téag quét ela ching li ayad + aged + aged + 2a tks + Deyn, +205; + Bayes + ay = 0 C5 17 Jogi khée mhau sau day aol tuong tog: D xf ta +99 = 1, clipaoit 2) caf + af + ad = 1, hypobotoit mot tdng. 8) xf - 29+ 3} = 1, hypobotoit hal tang 4) on} = af =f = 1, olipnsit bo 5) af +3 +23 = 0, mat nda do, 2m + Paygnyts + 2 ia mt Bde hal va ten 6) ah +d #99 = 0 mat nda 1) xf +x] = 2ey, parabolot eliptle 8) af + xf = 2xy paraboloit hypebolle (hose mat yen ava. 9) af +23 = 1 trv aliptc 10) -xf + xj = 1 tro hypebotic wy - a= liptic ao 12) xf + 29 = 0 c4p mat phing ao oft hes, 1tey 18) ~xj +f = 0 cop met phing eft hau, 14) a = 2p trv parabolic. 15) x] = 1 cap mat phing song song 16) -xf = 1 cap mat phing ao song cong 10) = 0 chp mat phing tring hau BAL TAP 8 1) Cho tA, p, B va ton trudng K aét anh 2 (A x AD) x (Ax AN) AR (6, 10), OL ND) = OLN, POL, WY) Ching minh ring (Ax A’, @, Kx A) 1a mot khong ian afin trén trang K (gi li Wich trye tigp ote hal khong gian afla A va A’). yp’. A) IA hai khong gian afin ey2 cho hp, HI thoag lan ai, 3 mot ibtng sian vies cog Gn X Hal dda M, N'A g's tone Gong neu He Do. in guan’ tong Wong Sad teong. ong cht ifm MCAT Aisa HT bt oe tong duong A je ATE hw A EER, ose ge wc hoon cha Rn 2 a tah ep & Ax Ae — Ae (an, ey = oF Ching t8 ring (AG? ©, Kay la khong gian afta. 2 Ching minh ng bb m + 1 dm My My My cia K = hag gan ain A ite lap Eh ol it tt dé O bs Hed hal dine to, Enc = 0 $4 Ta suy rad = ay = 4 Ching minh rng ni My, Mf, oy My la he m #1 ifm doe I4p thi didu kign fn" va di dé Me m +2 diém Moy Myr My Mayr hhOR 406 16p Lk vel din O iy 9 tn Shiga = 34,6, vor Sa,=1 _. © Trong bong gan 9 chién A? cho mc tity an (0; 4% S. ching wink (0; Ss oy Ste St Sy ing 18 mye tit ata, Hay viet cong the Ai muc ew at tvie slau the bat sang moc Ueu the ba (@) tose ting ann A ed mye Hes ae (0; SD. © Dae aH He Tes H = HONS. i - = HHH +H chong 18 ag (0; 3, Hy aD cang la mye tiéu afin, Hay vit ctng thie déi muc tity ti sive sie (sang mye es (ID ‘rong Hhtng sian afin 2 cfu A? tron trvong 96 ER cho mye Hee: (0; 8 &} @) wd (0 et, Hp DSi wi moe tutu C) be digm P, QR of toa dd lb P= QD, @ = LU, R=, =D. Dé vol mye te CD ching o6 to d9 Ik P = (6, -D,Q= 1), R= 2-9) Hay vgtcbng thos d6i mue tigu oF (D aang (ID 93. 8 Trong lhong lan afin A cho m-phing « va diém P @ a, Ching minh ring 6 (mi + 1 phdng doy hat cia @ va P 9, Trong khong gian afin A cho muc tidu (0; ) 8 H). Gol B) tk che aigm md GB, = 3 Vise phuong clan ‘tham 86 va tng quét cla m-phing di qua O, E,, Ey, Ea 10, ‘rong khtng gian afin A" wei mye tieu (0; 3 3 1B} cho cde difm P; vei OR = & ta w 0) Chong riah ring mim Py Py, oy Byy Ae ly vb phuong tnah seu phdog di qua n dléw hy cd th ide dudi dang 2 & 1 11, Trong kong gion afla AP vei mye teu d& chon cho 1B Miém 00 lbp Py) Py ns Py Wl P, = Gyr Gp, «Cy Cheng mink ving phusng trioh algu phing dt qua a diém 45 6 thé vie dudl dang. 6[amd Jen co int ee Gn 1] = 0 ent G2 Sq T 12, Tim tea 4) gino dim eda dudng thing va situ phing cho béi cfc phyong trin sau day: aah anh va Sox ta = 0 rc 18. Cho tap Mgdm m + 1 dim dge Lip ota khong glan ain AM, Gol N'va N' It hel tp oon khong rng cia Mi va Khang giao hau. Ching minh ring cé hai edi phing chéo hau @ vila’ sao cho NC a wi NC a’ 14 Cho vA B TA bal cdl phing trong thdng gian afin AAP. Chiag minh ring: sha 6 = @ Hil va chi idl v6l moi P © a, mol Qep os 2G € +E hote bhi va chi Uh oo Pea, co Q Ep a PQ Ee e+e b) New lly Pe a va Q © BoA gol 771 Khong gien vécta com moe cidu gy bot vata BQ, thi 26 2G khi vA chl bhi otp = 24 P 2B =Q kh wach in otp- HOF 18. Ching minh ring. ne eke phng @ vip déu cong song vei ctl phing y thi lao © A (au od) Ih cdl phing song song vel. "16. Cho hai sida pling @ vip cht nhaw. Nou sleu phing 7 song song wii o 6 thi ef gio y Ma vay NP (6a co) 38 tong song vei nhaw ee R17. Cho hal edi phing a v& 6 song song vol nhau, of 35 chidu Ia luge Iam vi 1. 86 chidu ola a + la bao abieu? 18. Cho al slew phing @ va a! cd phuong trinh lén bot Sax tb- ow Seth =o a) Tim digu kitn 46 a vi o° oft nhau, a€ @ va song tong, 4€ a via’ chéo nhau, dé a va a’ tring nhau, }) Chung mink ring phuong tinh téng quét ola cle seu phing di qua a a” (aéu od) ode song song vol a va @ (nfo a 0 a" = Q) of thé vide duck dang 0 ai Lal + Lal # 0. aban +0) +0(Gein +) Nawbi ta gol phiong trinh 46 li phuoog tinh chim situ phing xée dish bOl @ va a’ 19) Trong At cho 2 eres phing a o6 phuong trink las, -2y +35 +n4-1=0 va dim M(1, -2, 3, 1). Hay viet phyong trink siéu phing ai qua a va M, ® 20, Trong AP voi mac teu (0; @ & ., BH cho prphing a va qrphing f (p< q) Idn lugt os phuong trink yap. , Soy +a, = 0, HL ang‘ | 1 i 4) Ching minh ring hing gion chl phiong 2 ota phing @ 1A tap hop cde vécts $05 toa d® ley. xp 461 v6i oo 90 (eB tytn enh than abst: 1a) &%) thda man he phone trioh 1 Qe a =p. &) im didu kif in va dd a phdng a sone song vol hing 45,48. & GQ) emo 6 te am i og ota he kin Py, Py ay Py + Ac(BA, * 0). Cho GF tam ef ¥ stm iy mek dif Peay Pa sein vi he Be 06 By, Ay 1 Pa, gla vi ho he 96 #0). Gol G” la tam tl ey ota he m diém Py > Pm in voi by BS 86 Ay, dy Sin0) cheng ering ki dé 0% tam toy ots bo al Aim 6, * gén voi ho hp 0 anda ar = Sy 22, Cho 4 diém phtn bite Py, Pp, Pa, Py. Két che dudng thing 41 qun mt trong 4 dif dé ta dl goa trong thn ole 8 ifm con Ish 66 4 dutig thing nhu vay). Lal aft ode dvong thing’ di qua trung gm ete doen thing 46 bal trong 4 idm aa val gun trang dig cos doen thing sé 4a idm con lal (66 8 dung thing nv vay). Ching ‘alsh ing 7 davng thing nol tron cing di qua mot didn, 0 a gat tad cho trvbng hop 6s m den phan itt 28. Ching mj ring néo M nim glia bai dim P va Quit MP ialQ wot ke 0 24, Ching minh ring v6l bai difm,P va Q_phin bist F app ne ade a oat SE oe tap ist iG 25. Chdng minh ring gino cin bal 14 (atu of) 1A a ta I 2, 8. S, GB) ching minh sng Ash va nghch dah cia mit tp Thgun dah aa afin ahtng tap it 21. Cée aah xa afin es gU nguytn quan hp sau day ila hat eff phing khOng: song song, eit nhau, cho nhau? 26. Trong A® cho m-phing a vi (n-m)-phlng 6 ego cho 208 1k mee diém. Ching minh ring 8) C6 ede phép chia song song: fA = AP theo phuong B’ma f(A) = 1 AP AY theo phuong ama HAN) = 8 D gf = fg = e le: doh xa hhng, te o bin moi diem cia AP think mot digm 6 diah nto dé cis AN, ©) Voi méi cap diém (X, YI, X € a, ¥ € B, od mot va chi mot dim ME AP sao cho [0 = X, e000 = Y. 29. Cho anh xa afin f AP ~» AS. Ching minh ring f la phép chitu song song ki v8 chi khi 90. Cho khong glan afln A® voi mye tits (0; 8, & H). Vol mB dim X = Gx, xa ¥) ta db tong ang idea X= 10, xy ay, ony xy) ta duge dab xg f. AN —> AP sma 00) = X" Ching minh ring £18 mh xa afin, né lien kt vol @nb x9 tuyén tinh mio? aah f(A") la tap do? n ?Si. Chung minh: ring neu phép itn d6i afin f cba khong gian afin AM (n > 1) os mgt dim bat dong (tie 18 iém bidn thin chinh ns) chl es mét dung thing hay 2ophing bat bisa dol vol f (tue 1A ah ode dung thing hoge 2 phing dé lai tring véi chin ne) 82, Cho bigs dét afin £ cia khong gian afin AN vil 32. Ching minh ring néu { bin mi didng thing cis AY think dung thing song song voi ag thl £ la mot phép tinh tiga hode Ik mot phép vi ty. 88. Ching minh ring 19) Teh hai phép tah tiga 1a mot php tinh Kiéa ‘ich eda moe phép tiah tlén va mot phép vi te ta met php v1 ty ©) Tich hal phép vi ty Ib mde php vf ti hobe mot phép tik tga, 34 Trong khOng glan afin A* cho eiou phing a vi hal dim P, P' khong thuge a a0 cho PEG a Goi f Ia bisa 461 afin ota AP, mi mol diém nim trina. déw IA didm bat ong vA ngoli ra (2) = P'. Chang minh ring 9) N6u 4 Ih situ phing song song voi « thl fla") = o' vA flee I moe phép tah tién ) Mot duong thing n6l hat digm wong dog qua phép £ du song song véi thas, ©) Moi m-phing khong song song wl a bign thinh mphlng f° s00 cho 6.9 fC Anh xa ni tren gol IA phép thau xq trugt vi co ad la Bu phng a. |” - 85, Nhém bién di lon abst cia khong glan fin A 1d shém nio? Hinh hee ela ahém dé ngbléa edu nhing tah chit gi oa khong glan A 36, Mat phing Oclit 18 khong glan afin. Trong ning ‘inh ty sau day vé tam gidc (don hinh hal chi6s), dink 1 ro thoge blak oe afin, ~ Dink fy: "Ba dudng trung tuyén dong quit = Djah IY: "Ba dung phan ide ding quit = Dinh Wy: Mebélawjt ‘New teen ba comb BC, CA, AB ia tam gide ABC Igy ba diém A’, BY, C’ thi diéu kita ofa va di d@ AY, BY, C° thing, hang ta (ABCT . IBCAY . (CAB, Hity ching mink lak ly 46 31. Hay em ditu Kita 46 cfc t8p hop g6m ba didi (05 thi te) tuong duong afia 88, Trong Khdng gian afin AP cho oe cap phing (05 tha ty) a rh 8 (o8t dima = P, dmg = q). Hay tim dig ign d€ ode cap phing 46 wank duong afin 89, Hind gém of bia doen thing AB, BC, CD, DA trong long gien alin gol 18 hinh thang n6s hal duéag thing AB va CD song song (khong tring mhay) vi hal dogn thing BC va AD§ed didm chong. Digs kign nto thi bat hinh thang tuong dong afin? 40, Hai hinb binh hank bit ki e6 twang duong afin hay kona? 41, Taw ida Kida 46 hai ep hop gém 4 diém trong. khong glan afin AY (n> 8) tong duong afin, 2{ se. 42. Trong king gin fin AM mot sda mot bec ha (8) sit lbs non 860 hot nba 0d thé tim doe me mse tee in (0; & & oy BH) 46 pong trnh cin (8) cb dong Zara = 0 ‘ong 46 heng ea ma tran A= (a) 1a Aaa 4) Ching minh ring sigu nén hang ¥ IA mot khél nie afin ®) Chong minh ring n6u digm M € (S) thi duing thing OM nim hota toda trén ($) ede duing thing nh vay gol la duong sink obs mat nén Ocream © Chang minb rng 46i wet siéu nda 18) hang + tong A, ln ibn of (ans) = phing'a adm tren (S) 420 cho Wal ‘ol dim MO (S), cl phng be abt i quae v8 M cong ‘im tetn (8) Phing ogo Ib dink chia nda (8) 4. ‘rong khong glan atx AY, sity mst be hal (S) got We ste try Be hat nu of th6 tlm due mot mc teu ata (05 8, & ny &) 46 phuong trinh cia (8) 06 dang: © Seam saBagey orem en OFA Katee gan Hits con cia Miah bet ese wea 4) Ching sinh rng néu diém Me 1S) thi phing ai gun Mos phuong B cing nim tein (S). Phing dd got ld Phang sink cha mat try ™ 2) Got gk cf phing.qua O v8 os phuong 2 he wlets &, Bhs Sy Ching minh ring giao csa (8) wh @ 1A mot sida mat bac hal cla a mA phuong tlh cla aé dat raye tide (0; So Sqh eda @ chink la (1). Sieu mgt ds et Addy eda oigu try (S), ta Kd hit nd J (8°), ©) Chung minh ring néu pi A% > a 1A phép chiga song song len a theo phuong Bthi (8) = 5° 49) Tim tam va diém i dj cla cle a16u mat bie hal os phuong tinh sau day (trong khong gian A?) att 2x 44m - ay +1 = 0 Wage Pte ttm — ay Hy Ot try 0 ) Daf + xf + Bex, ~ 2ayay ~ 2 45, Trong AM cho nén sigu mét bie hai (S) 0 phuong eich - ax - 120 Bans + Zanea + 0 et ma as ta tn a eo 82 San Mo a | Ching mink ring néu (S) od diém Hi di thi det A = 0. Didu aguge lal of ding khong? Tol sao? 4 Tien phuong tigm con va dudng tiem cin eda ese sidbahge bao hai eau ay co9) af + Bef 39 # yxy + Bey ~ 2 = 0 (tt0ng AY) af + Oe + Daye, ~ day ay + Bey +1 = 0 (trong AY 6) xf # ag ~ 235 + Bay ~ Being + 2 = 0 (trong AN, 47, Hay chon tren méi sidu mgt eda bai 48, moe aida va Vist phuong trink siéu phdng tigp xde ci siou mat bie hai tai digm ds 48. Trong A¥ cho slau mat bac hai (S) e6 phuong trinh A+ 9K + 29 - Depey + 24, + day = 0 8] Chong minh ring cde tgp tuyén eda (8) di qua did 1 (0,00) cong lam thank mot siéy mst be hai, Vist phuong trio ela situ mat 46 ) Chitng minh rang efe tip tayén cia (S) ef phuong (1, 1, 01 cong lim think mot situ mst boc hel. Viee Phuong trinh ea sig mat a 49, Trong A? cho sléu mat bge hat (8) es phuang trink af = Oxf + a9 + axa “By — Ie, - Uday + ey + 1-0 8) Tim tam cba (6), ©) Cho phumng = (1, 2, 9). Ching 1 ring 7° khong hii 14 phuong titm cfm cla (8). Viet phong triah sity hing kinh itn hgp vi phwong Vela (8) ©) Cho diém M, (1, 1, 2) € (S). Ching t8 ring M, khong 18 dim ki di ea (&). Viet phuong ‘tinh situ ty ign eda (S) tai diém M, 50. Trong A? cho dung bic hai (8) e6 phuong trinh as Ral eo (ax, + Pez + 9? + BAe, + Bx; +0) = 0, 451 voi.mgt mus tiéw 48 cho. Ching mink ring: 4) (S) 1k dong. parabol 6 1) Duvag thlag od phiong tinh oxy + fay +7 = 0 ta woe dong Hick eta (Dy sue dink ping en hop We ©. Dubng thing 06 phong th Axj + Bry +6 = 0 1 stp agen ca (tal giao ifm sia 8 '9). (G-kae inh foai eta mat bac hal trong A? 2) fa +d 4 sy = Oey = Hin - 16 wee def + tay + 18g + Outs + I2eyKy + BE Hy buy + 2m = 0 0) af + Bay +99 +99 = ey = Dep = By 1 O 52. Trong A® cho aiéu phing mt b# bal (S) zac dink tat phuong tela: 39 =a oe ae aby oe RR CL km) Ching mink ring + ty + 2 ei (S) 6 chee nbtng m-phing voi mek anak <3 by Neu b> 3 th (9) cha abiag m-phing vol m a-keoL 58, ‘Trong AM cho situ mat bgc hal (S) xde dink bOL phvong tink oe nad arr? J. Ching mink rang 3. Ching minh rang: bata = 2 Oe k € fo Nee 6 1 < Bh) ehte ang me pg vt mek b) Neo kt > 2h (S) of chee shing m-phing vecuvoNe v KHONG GIAN OcLIT #12. KHONG GAN OCLIT 1 = Dinh nahi: hing gion Oct 18 ng lan ate in 46 vit thong sires Gls ota ae Hong lan alk ot gp Ik n chee od thong gan véeto Oclit lien két voi né 05 chiéu ‘bang a. me tong san Oot eng de HC ne iB, th to Olen htt duee'Et Ran ee NOME AN du: Rhone Gi alt hong tng ED he 9 ph sete ME thong lp vs Oat nes bon cha vt te re afin chit tama hg sa et ete okt © he bong gi afta the » cla de ed ed "Mi thon sen Git eis bg cash any Ba vt hon cho thong an wets en ato tg th wae . 4 Ns 8 le thong san Ost tn at voi Het ast phlng «sie x6 cong thong gun Ges tna tet {yong oth Se hub ey she He oo aaa : 8 2. Mye teu trve chan. Me ie an Eos WD en khong ian Ose a chit B® gl Ik nue tte tra cud, Chay pe DY oe vudng gée} nu es wb E(B, Oo i) eda BO la od oo tre cule, te Ss ‘Toa dp cia didm dst vot mye ttu.teve chun gol Ia toe 6 true chuén (hay toa do BE cae yong OC) Ro ring trong KOng sian Oclt n chiéy Ela lub of the tim thay ng mye sb eve chun, 3. D6 mue teu true chudan ‘ho hat mue teu true chum (0; 3 3 1 SCD va 104%, My os Typ CD oda kong gian cit m chidu Be Goi th ma txt ehuyés too a Cm (OB on BD sang co = (Ry Ty ny My. Che 60 48 6 aba Ia co 98 true chufa én © 18 ma ten te¥e giao ep m. Kal ds dng the 46) mye tb tayo chu Ih rac te trong dé CLC! Ty a 18 a trdn Bt ton dd cia g6e O° est vei mye teu (D vi x va x’ la hal ma trdn oot toa do cla cing met diém dat v6i mige tl6e thd nhit v8 the ba 4. Khodng each gida hai aiém. cho hai gin M,N cia. Whtng glam Oat E Khodng ch gita hal dim ds, Ki hibu aCMLND, duge dink nghia Th s ANG) = nny, = Vee i‘TU cde tinh chat cha chun ola vée to trong khong sian vécto Onlt Hh suy ra dé ding eda tinh chit sas: 9) aN) = aN b) AGN) > 0 va dN) = OM SN ©) AGN) + ANP) > AMP) vat mgt be didn Bat Kl MN. 4) Neu M, N, P 1 ba difm phin bigt th diém N thuge toga thing MP ini vA chi ki 4OMGN) + 4(N,P) = 406) ‘Thee vay AON) + 40N,P) = A042) = iit + 1NPE = DibE = rath + NPY NB = anh, 4 18 96 thye duong, hay NB = -aNB, tae 1a [PMN] = a faho hon 0, Dida nay xAy rm bi va chi kiN’ mim trong oan thdag MP. 6) Neu trong BP 48 cho mye tidu tye chua va cho toa 49 tric chuda cla M= (xy, 29, 3) vA eta N= Gy Ja, 130) th 413, Sy TRYC GIAO (CUA CAC PHANG TRONG E° 1 Diab ghia ‘Trong khong gian Oclit EP cho phing @ vol phuong 2 v8 phiag # v0! phuong BT Hai phing a va f gol lA true © ao ki hig a 4B nBu hal khéng glan-vécts Mya" true {Gino (ttc moi wets ela ZPerye giao vol moi wéeto cia FF. Hai phing ava B got Ik bi trve gico neu 7 va PbL tye glao trong Be 2, Dinh je Hai phdng true giao, od Rong gia mot itm chung. Hai phdng bu tree giao co mot diém chung day made. Ching min, Gid at hal phing a, v8 ff trac glao, New 6 hai dim MN Ca 1 6 th MN © AM A my re MRMN = 0, Theo tak chét ado dinh ote tch vo hudng MEN Neu a va B bo trve giao thi Bh anpa ow dim(a +f) = dime + dims ~ dim@rn fF +1 cuy ra dima + A) = ntl (v0 Wy). Vay @ va pos diém chung ay het He qua: Néu a va DU trye giao trong EP thl téng ota ching 18 EP, 20 F do a6 nou Dinh ti: Néx @ true giao wi fea 7 BU te B00 voi B tha vb 7 [2 ha ede phdng song ene Chang mink. Goi & Fra Flka gt 1 phoong cia cic phing «Bvt 7. Vito giao wi fret 7" Phin bi tre ao eka Boag EF ntn te ey me PC Fr vty song Sone wr He qud te Hoi phing cing be trae giao sot png thi fa ih cong song 0 wha fo cb cing #6 ci He qué 2: Qua mbt ditm 6. cho od dy nhdt mot hing 61 trve fiao vi mot phing dé cho. a$14 KHOANG CACH GIGA HAI PHANG 1 = Dinh nghla. Khoing céch gita bal phing a vi p trong khong glam Oct Br, ki blew dia, f) la oo de, A) = int a0) | Nee Ro ring IA neu a 6 w @ tl ale, A) = 0 2. Dinh nghia. Duong thing a gol lA dung vudng géo chung ci hal hing sh fal 8 eae gO Ce vA A cht cd a vag, * ne 3. Dinh We Nee dung "ong poe chung tia ha il ping «ot 1 giao dim ede & oat 6 oP iateodat da, p) » at, ) Chang. mints Vo mel Mea Neptacs MN = Bi + HR Te 46 sym DS Ti+ + ae WME + Boze pine + aifaitt + a, Vi w= 07 a win? = 4 = 0, nen +B + 1 tay nite » ee. Vey AOGN) > an, ee ale, f= ac») 2 4. Dinh If. Néu hai phdng a vd B Khong co ditm chang tl ching cé duong vudng gSe chung, ua dung uéng gée chung dé lb day mhét Bhi vB chi Bhi aoF= @. Ching mink: xé¢ Wag 3+ Brvk gol FIA khong gien con tye true giao vol Mag 2+ BT nghia 18 FL ae Hm Be weer Lay P © a, @ Ep, thi wécts PQ phtn teh mot etch duy nbét duéi dang PQ = 0+ 4 wie f+ Ver Bay go ga ad T= T+ PFE mye Fr Lay cle dem Ly do do Phe Fa dee Pal ee sep PB + P+ G- Fe" fhe Peep ee Vay = Fe Fe ghia Fa wed a BV a v8 f khong es diém chung 26a 1 Ehtog trong wl J, shu vAy diag thing 4 ai qua T va J la dvOng rudag géc chung cla bal log «18 Nea ngoti a con od dung vutng go chung ola « vA f ww a? obi a, ln uot ta vad tht Baths dea Ge de + +e hoo din 1Y Beh dia, &) = LiL v0 cong bang 17H; fod + Fh = CaeF = Pay mil = vay TF = Ge wn ff Te as ouy ra A tring vol whi va chi RAL ZA B= O}. Dinh Ik doe hod toda dong sik, ‘Theo ching mink dink i 4 thi TF pep chidu len thanh phén the hai cla Khai t +B 7 Vay ta 6 cong ttedq, 6) = IPQ, Pea, Qep ‘TW dioh Ui 4 ta euy ra cde hp qua saw He qua 1: Néu dim 1 khong thuoe phéng th qua t © duong duy mh&t ouong gc wd c&¢ a giao ditm J ela ding thing 46 vdt phdng a goi tk hink chit vudng 60 ofa T tren @. Khi dé dif, @) = dd, J). HE qui 2. Néu phdng a song song di phing B vb phuong @ cia phéng a la khang gian veeto con ale phicong Frei pking f thi v0i I thuge a, dung thdng di qua 1 vd ‘rue giao vi B28 dung wudng gée chung cia a oa B. Vey dia, B) = dC, B) oft bat KT @ 5. Dinh thde Gram. Trong khong gian vects Oclit Bt ace eran eat wa] V8 gil I dink thas Gram cia he vdeto (Gh, &, ., ay BO di, Dinh thie Gram cia At m vleto ton luen Aang am, ub bang khong Ahi vb cht Khi he vécto db phe ‘huge tytn tinh Ching mink: Gol V \A-hOog sian véets Oct con m chide cia BS ches Gi, TH ou, Hy) WA go e = Gh 3 i me oo a8 teye chun oda V. Gid st veto Ty of toa 8 (in 830 on te) AOL vOF eo a8 EVA A IA ma ttn (0), 123, meas ae 2, Gr yy By) = det G 8) = aoe Seay) SetiALA) = (@etA) - eta) = (doe? Vay dinh thee Gram Gr (Gy 3. 3) luo Tuba khong 1H) phe thuge soytin tab kai vk He weto @ & =o chi det = 0, hay (dota)? = 0, toe GrtGh, 3% BG 46 44 duge ching minh TES a6 tren oF ding suy ca: Be visto (3 3 HP die lap tuyda tah Wht va chi hI Gr "Bh TH) > 0 6. Khong edch ti mot diém dén mot m-phing. Cho mot dim T vA mphing @ qua difm S vi od phiong @= (Gj, a, Uf). Gol J 1a hinh chiss van gée eta { xudhg @ thi a, o) = add. Xet Ont, T ., Ty 3b; do SH ~ SF aif va Sa soe w6 hop tapen enh ce Shon BS) Fe 2 nen CHG, Bon Hy Sh = Gra, |, FF + Th = OG, Hh = he, ¥ .. (04 Th tayo gan v0 ede visto 3 3 son Bp. Voy G1 ny Sh #00) = See Vi du 1. @ 1B dung thing tic m= 1, Lay vécte Te 7 huge Fen %Seg # G0) = SEED , BHT Nu trong muetidu trye chun cho a 6 phuong trinh x moh ach * vi che ifm Tod toa 49 Gf af, ou tht ta e6 the sy Sy by oy by) 9A T= Cay ay oy :) nbn of cong he 3a Seen (Saper—m)? Ch a & (0009 ~) ~a¢er 0s)? oes Voi n = 2 bay m= 8, ta 06 td v6 cic cng thie tink bong och ti mpt digm dim mot dung thing d& hee 3 hé thong trung bee Ve du 2c 18 2ephing, te m= 2. Lay mgt co od Hp ote a ag, «) = SESH i be) = aR ‘Thoo ching minh 6 dé 4 trém thi Gri, SH = ‘dot, (HS)? cerong mage co 20 trye chute = Cae cia Bi B chee ofc we to a, 3 5b. vay ic - Do dé thin = 3 tet v6 cong thie tth Hota deh 1 mt digm doo mt AL phdng do hoe ® phd thong ong bos 7. hong och gian bal phbng. Cho bat aif B, § theo tha the hal oko png oo 6 tong ktvng san aie Be gay Ik phlng qua woe ee Be fT Binh chia vung ie cin Bln phing 7 tl BE trv, ao wot Pons 3+ Ea We as im Bre rom do, 2) = eh. few a & mo vos By IA mt co 0d cia Fe w+ Prat GHG, Tey By RB) = a Gri, H, BB+ Gr, HF RY = wR ora, | .., Z) vey GT yi Be B= Ree Vi dy 1. Néw a vif 14 hal dutmg thing song song thi Wa Prva m= 1, ta ted lai vidy 16 phar 6 aVE dy 2 Neu va P Ih bai dung thing kong sone song, Myce vist eh pong cba ova ay cla P th OnG, Si Gr ai n= 8.6) f 8 bal dutag thing chéo nhau, ta td vé cong this tinh ithoing och gita hat duong hing” chen shat @ phd thong nung hos 8. Khoing ofch ti mot diém én mot sisu phing: Gi ot att wot me tte tre chute sit phing @ 86 Phuong tah Be, 8) Sata tot tame tas =O Te alt vita Bm (Oy, ayy ny ay) Ta thy ring F eve fiao voi 2 That viy, gid at Ge af Hl dS gn tal hat Aim MCR, 33, ys Ny) af) 600 cho MN = TT Do 46 ta 06 Senta on Sapte, nen 5) = 0, tae MN a hay BL Tver moi Te & Vay 2 ZG thutng gol 18 vdeto phap tuys ota situ phing 2) Bay gi cho digm 1g, 29... xQ. Gol J 1a hinh chiew cia T tren ola phing a. Hl dé Khoing_edch 12 T den bing 49, dit vécto W. Do 2 2 ntn D = ea © Rd, My Dm GP at ag tat, oy ag ta). VET © X ntn ZoPtang +a, o tay 2 i L deety+ ge jes Suy v2 Sates Ta ~ eat ta suy ra Be = it hay Th = vay Wi dy, Khim = 2 hote m= 3, db they ta td Iai céc fing thc tinh kholng eich ti met diém dén mot dung thdng (hofe ti mgt dim dén mgt mat phang, da hoe 8 phé thong trung hee. ey818. GOc TRONG E* | ~ Gée gita hei vécta Bf hake T trong Be dé a so ma Docs meme Ro cing lt = Neu & Y'phy toute tuys tinh thi @ = 0 hose 0 = x. ‘That vay te P= Ate soy ra aa om? = pay = * - New Ta Feat o = E bio = E aT = Da vr ba dio A B,C at At of sng hoe 30! = AB? + Ac? 248, nomen rong dé te dbag hig MN eh dg, ee ge teeta vas Ah a ‘That vay, Bot = (AG - Abe = AC? + AB - 2k AD = ACE AB? - 2A. AComA 2. Ge gi bal dong thus: Cho advo ing « va b trong EP vi phuong ln Iuot 1a OmdnE-8 és tong me te tee chun cho huang ote « 8 sy te ta” sho = n( = 0) = coor = GEL oe 418, THE TICH TRONG £* 1. ThE tick ota hop. Xe hop Hxde dah Boi m +1 difw dle lbp Py Py Py Ta dB PR, = l= 12 a‘Thé tlch coe m-hop H duge Ki higu WH) va duge dish netie Van » (Gra RD HAL m = 1, hop H 18 doan thing P,Py, kat as van = 1aj1 = ae, 2) Vay trong trutng hyp ny thé tick ebinh 1a 49 dal doan tht, Kal m = 2, th6 tich 2-hop com gol Id dien tich eta nd. ‘Trong m-kOp (Poy Pty uy Pq)y xét (m = U-hop H x60 int 861 (Pay Py Pye), Bri ld dy ela hop Hr Khon Pap ng eich © lah Pa toi (im ~ D-phdng chia H” gol la cnien 00 cia hop ang vei dy H fick eda thé Heh hop dy ub ‘chide coo ting tng, Dink tj: ThE toh hep bang Cheng minh: Got £1 hin shige ofa Py trén (an-1)-phidng a Ht Wo Pe = Fa + ii Pe vay Grit, = Gri, % w= 1% P+ By = = On, a ¥ = Gra, Tu 46 oy ra Vo = VaR). ad, Py) 2. Thé tieh oda don hinh. Cho m-don hinh § v0i ee disk Py Phy on Pp Goi Hf la’ m-hop aide Alah B&F Poy Pyy oy Pos ‘ThE tich cia m-don ink 8, ki igu Vis) va duge dink gle Ia | ve) = dvan Khi n= 2 hay n = 3, te t1d v6: cde dng thie tinh ign tich, thé th & phé thong trung hoe. 517, ANH xa oknG cy COA CAC KHONG GlAN CCLIT 1 ~ Dinh nghia: Anh xa f) B +E cia ofc thong ian oclit E vi B? gol Ik dnk xq déng cy nly f WA met dnb xa afin mi anh x— tuyéa tinh ign kt FE > Ela mot 4h 8 tuyéa tinh trge giao oa Eva EY Tu diph nghle 6 ad dang suy ra doi vl mol cAp diétn MN thuge E vi dah cla ching B= (0), N' = fIN) ta of 4(MN) = JQP, NY). NG ofch kde phép ding of bio én Rhodng ofch gids hai dif bat i Newoe ta: 2 Dinh If: Moi duh x0 fi BE gita ote khong gian elit bio tn Rhodng eich gida hal didm bat AI la mot snk 8 ding cu, “Ching mink: My 1B va FB +B xtc dinh hy sau = AD. Xe ach xe 98Nout e Eta wy Me E sao cho Mi = of va dat TOS = TH, volo = COD. Ta chdng mish Tehong thay él tied v0 hudag cig hai_vésto, Gld a) os thim ve Ee iy Ne E seo cho Til= ¥va fh} = UN’ val N= AND, Vi f bio tn Khptng cfch gida bal diém néa ACM, N= AON). Syy ra MN? = MN? oo ON INO? = OON-ENY? IN ines iN. Bt = Ne + rae = oF a = IN. = TR. TP tae T= TD. Pt vi Peto tén tich vo hung nén Ta Soh xa tuyén tah true giao va 0 ring Fla lien ket cla f Vay £18 phép ding cv. He qui: Anh 24 ding ot bdo Yin a6 chitu cia cée hing, tinh true giao eka cée phing, ahodng cick gite cic hing, thé tleh ela hop ele don hinh vd g6e gia ete hing. 3 ~ Blén d6i ding ov. Nau f BB la doh xp ding ov ti khoog gian oclit vio gbinh ng thi vi f 1A dom anh nén ng tA mot song én, (do E hau hgn chigu). Khi ds te goiné 1A mot bien dét ‘ing cu cia khong gian oclt E. Aah xe [lien ket vei n6 1 mot big d6i tuys tink tre giao. cia E. Ro ring tap hop cd phép bla d6i ding ev cla E® am thanh mot nhém con cia nhém ANE), né duge ki hitu lk om (B®, Cie phép tinh tien hién mhién 1a phép ding oy, “ching lim think hom 0B") 18 nkiém con eda ahém lsom(E) 4. Phép ddi hin va. phép phan chigu. Cho phép bien ‘Adi afin f: Em + En od bifu thee toa dp 46 vol mgt mye teu true busin (0; &, Bn o 5 hi 46 A cing 1A ma tran cla phép ding cfu tuyén sin T7461 voi o9 8 true chuda (@, Bh BO’ vay biém él afln £ 1A bigs bi ding ey Khi va chi ki A 1a ma tran trye giao tte A= 1, VLA la ma trea faye giao én det A= 1, Neu A la ma teda tryo giao va doth = 1 thi f got la mot phép doi hink (hoge phép dei Néu A 1a ma tein trae giao va det A ~1 thi f go la mgt phép phan chidw (hay phan doi hinh). Rs ring tp hop ofc phép ddl cia khoag gian slit EX lam than mgt nhém, Ki bibu Ieom* (BM 5. Phép doi xeng qua m - phing Ta nbde la: moi phép biga aSi afin f: EX + EM nu os Wink che d6t hep (toc = Tag) thi hoge f la phép ding hit bode f la phép doi xtng xler. qua m-phing © theo Phuong Fo B= BY Bey gid n6u phép f ahy sh€ 1k phép bite ddl ding og thi Fa bien dai tuydn tinh trye giao, do ds néw ly EE va We Pehl Wa = WW = nen do tinh tive giao eta Tea of 7 ee ad Phép bign G61 ding ey £ nhw thi gol Ik phép d6t ning gua phang Vay 12 es: Mot phep bite ddi ding ey &6i hap cia EY nés khong hai 1 phip dong mhét hi te mot phip d6i ning qua mephing. DE thay ring phép d6i ang qua m-phing (0 < m < n-1) ela E* la phép ddi inh néan ~ m chan va Ia phép phia chiéw néi n= m le, Dac bidt phép €it sing qua sidu hing cia BM 1a phép phin chigu 9